GUIDANCE FOR MANKIND; Exegesis of Kalam Ullah

GUIDANCE FOR MANKIND; Exegesis of Kalam Ullah10%

GUIDANCE FOR MANKIND; Exegesis of Kalam Ullah Translator: Al-Syyed Abu Mohammad Naqvi
Publisher: Nashriyat-e-Walayat-e-Elahia
Category: Quran Interpretation

GUIDANCE FOR MANKIND; Exegesis of Kalam Ullah
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GUIDANCE FOR MANKIND; Exegesis of Kalam Ullah

GUIDANCE FOR MANKIND; Exegesis of Kalam Ullah

Publisher: Nashriyat-e-Walayat-e-Elahia
English

This book is corrected and edited by Al-Hassanain (p) Institue for Islamic Heritage and Thought

سُوۡرَةُ آل عِمرَان

بِسۡمِ ٱللهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ

هُوَ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَنزَلَ عَلَيۡكَ ٱلۡكِتَـٰبَ مِنۡهُ ءَايَـٰتٌ۬ مُّحۡكَمَـٰتٌ هُنَّ أُمُّ ٱلۡكِتَـٰبِ وَأُخَرُ مُتَشَـٰبِهَـٰتٌ۬‌ۖ فَأَمَّا ٱلَّذِينَ فِى قُلُوبِهِمۡ زَيۡغٌ۬ فَيَتَّبِعُونَ مَا تَشَـٰبَهَ مِنۡهُ ٱبۡتِغَآءَ ٱلۡفِتۡنَةِ وَٱبۡتِغَآءَ تَأۡوِيلِهِۦ‌ۗ وَمَا يَعۡلَمُ تَأۡوِيلَهُ ۥۤ إِلَّا ٱللَّهُ‌ۗ وَٱلرَّاسِخُونَ فِى ٱلۡعِلۡمِ يَقُولُونَ ءَامَنَّا بِهِۦ كُلٌّ۬ مِّنۡ عِندِ رَبِّنَا‌ۗ وَمَا يَذَّكَّرُ إِلَّآ أُوْلُواْ ٱلۡأَلۡبَـٰبِ (٧)

He it is Who has revealed to you the Book, in it are decisive verses, they are the foundation of the Book, and others are similitudes. But those in whose hearts is deviation (from Haqq), they will follow that (deviation) concerning similitudes to seek dissension, and to seek its interpretation (according to their wishes). And no one knows its interpretation except Allah and those firm in knowledge, they say: We believe in it, all of it is from our Rabb. And no one remembers except the people of understanding. (7)

1-Imam Jafar Sadiq asws said: We are Rasikhoon-fil-ilm (firm in knowledge) and we know its interpretation. (al-Burhan, v2, p8)

2-And no one knows its interpretation except Allah and those firm in knowledge, so Rasool Allah sawaw is superior among Rasikheen-fil-ilm. Allah Azza wa Jalla bestowed him knowledge, all of it, what He revealed to him, Tanzeel and Taweel. And Allah has not revealed anything whose Taweel (interpretation) was not taught to him and his Aosiya asws. They have knowledge of all of it. And those who do not know, when Alim (asws) tell them with his knowledge, so Allah said: They say, “We believe in it, this all is from our Rabb.” And Rasikhoon-fil-ilm knows Khas & Aam, Muh’kam & Mutashabeh, Nsikh & Mansookh in Quran. (Imam Mohammad Baqir asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p8)

Lesson:

1-The decisive (Muh’kam) verses of holy Quran are clear, which a wise person can understand. Some verses are similitude (Mutashabeh) i.e. which are similar to decisive verses, looking alike. Muqassireen have deviation (grudge) in their hearts about Walayat, so they follow that deviation while writing Tafseer to fit their own interests. Whereas we have to learn the meaning and interpretation of holy Quran from the teachers & inheritors of Quran who are Lisanullah, who know the outward & inward meanings of Quran, and intention of Allah.

2-So it is wrong to interpret verses with human wisdom, reasoning, and philosophy without considering Ahadees of Masumeen asws. The human intellect & wisdom should be subordinate to the commandments of Masumeen asws.

شَهِدَ ٱللَّهُ أَنَّهُ ۥ لَآ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ وَٱلۡمَلَـٰٓٮِٕكَةُ وَأُوْلُواْ ٱلۡعِلۡمِ قَآٮِٕمَۢا بِٱلۡقِسۡطِ‌ۚ لَآ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ٱلۡعَزِيزُ ٱلۡحَکيمُ (١٨)

Allah (Himself) is Witness that there is no God except Him, and the angels and those vested with knowledge (who are) established with justice, there is no God except Him the Almighty, the Wise. (18)

1-Allah has witnessed for Himself that there is no God except Him, and He is such as He says, and honourable Angels (a.s.) testify submitting in the presence of their Rabb and give testimony as Allah has said about Himself. And Olil-ilm (vested with knowledge) are the prophets (a.s.) and Aosiya (a.s.) who are established on justice (Qist). And the apparent meaning of Qist is justice, and inward meaning of justice is Amirul Momineen asws. (Imam Mohammad Baqir asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p15)

2-We are Oluz-Zikr (owner of Zikr asws) and we are Olil-ilm (owner of knowledge), and we have (knowledge of) Halaal and Haraam. (Imam Mohammad Baqir asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p15)

Lesson:

1-The justice (Qist) of Allah on which all the prophets (a.s.), vicegerents (a.s.), Imams (a.s.) are firmly established is Walayat-e-Ali asws.

2-If anyone gives testimony of Walayat, it is his own benefit. Otherwise Allah and Masumeen asws are needless of witnesses of the people.

3-All the knowledge needed by humans, Halaal & Haraam, commandments & forbiddance has been narrated by Masumeen asws, and it will maintain the same until Qiyamah, which does not need any amendments or upgradation by Zunni Fatawa.

إِنَّ ٱلدِّينَ عِندَ ٱللَّهِ ٱلۡإِسۡلَـٰمُ‌ۗ وَمَا ٱخۡتَلَفَ ٱلَّذِينَ أُوتُواْ ٱلۡكِتَـٰبَ إِلَّا مِنۢ بَعۡدِ مَا جَآءَهُمُ ٱلۡعِلۡمُ بَغۡيَۢا بَيۡنَهُمۡ‌ۗ وَمَن يَكۡفُرۡ بِـَٔايَـٰتِ ٱللَّهِ فَإِنَّ ٱللَّهَ سَرِيعُ ٱلۡحِسَابِ (١٩)

Indeed, the religion near Allah is (only) Islam. And those who were given the Book differed only after knowledge has come to them, to transgress among themselves. And whoever disbelieves the Ayaat of Allah, then surely Allah is swift at reckoning. (19)

1-No doubt, the Deen in the sight of Allah is only Islam, which is submitting to Ali ibne Abi Talib asws with his Walayat. (Imam Mohammad Baqir asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p16)

2-I will define Islam as no one has defined before me nor will define after me. Islam is Tasleem, and Tasleem is Yaqeen, and Yaqeen is Tasdeeq, and Tasdeeq is Iqrar, and Iqrar is Ada, and Ada is Amal. And Momin is that who takes his Deen from his Rabb, and Eman of Momin is recognised by his Amal (practice), and Kufr of Kafir is recognised by his denial. O people! Your Deen is the Deen, because sin in it better than a good deed in other Deen, because the sin in this is forgivable, and good deed in other Deen is not acceptable. (Amirul Momineen asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p16)

3-No doubt Allah has given one degree higher to Eman than Islam, as Ka’ba over Masjid-al-Haraam. (Imam Mohammad Baqir asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p16)

Lesson:

1-Mulla is misguiding public that “Ali un Wali Ullah” is not a part of Islam but it is a part of Eman. While Islam only begins with submittal to Walayat-e-Ali asws. Do Iqrar of Walayat-e-Ali asws with tongue, with Tasdeeq in heart with Yaqeen, and pay its right with Amal.

2-Take Deen from your Rabb, not from Mulla. Momin is that whose Eman-e-Walayat is obvious from his deeds. Any mistake does not harm with faith in Walayat-e-Ali asws. And who believes in Walayat of a fallible, none of his good deeds is acceptable.

وَتُخۡرِجُ ٱلۡحَىَّ مِنَ ٱلۡمَيِّتِ وَتُخۡرِجُ ٱلۡمَيِّتَ مِنَ ٱلۡحَىِّ‌ۖ وَتَرۡزُقُ مَن تَشَآءُ بِغَيۡرِ حِسَابٍ۬ (٢٧)

... And You bring the living out of the dead, and You bring the dead out of the living. And You give Rizq (sustenance) to whom You will without account. (27)

1-No doubt, when a Momin passes away, he is not dead, but Kafir is dead. And the saying of Allah, “You bring the living out of the dead, and You bring the dead out of the living” means Momin from Kafir and Kafir from Momin. (Imam Jafar Sadiq asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p18)

Lesson:

1-A Momin can be born in the house of a Muqassir denier of Walayat-e-Ali asws, and sometimes a Muqassir can be born in the house of a Momin. Every child is born on the Fitrat (nature) of Islam, the Walayat of Ali asws, but the shadow of Muqassir Mulla can make him denier.

2-Beg from Imam-e-Zamana asws, then Allah will give abundant Rizq of Walayat-e-Ali asws. Deniers of Walayat are walking dead bodies, because life & spirit is only Walayat-e-Ali asws.

قُلۡ إِن كُنتُمۡ تُحِبُّونَ ٱللَّهَ فَٱتَّبِعُونِى يُحۡبِبۡكُمُ ٱللَّهُ وَيَغۡفِرۡ لَكُمۡ ذُنُوبَكُمۡ‌ۗ وَٱللَّهُ غَفُورٌ۬ رَّحِيمٌ۬ (٣١)

Say, (O Muhammad sawaw): If you love Allah, then follow me; Allah will love you and forgive you your sins. And Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. (31)

1-Allah says in His decisive Book, “He who obeys Rasool has obeyed Allah, but those who turn away, We have not sent you over them as a guard” (al-Nisa, v80), so declared his (sawaw) obedience as His own obedience, and his (sawaw) disobedience as His own disobedience. So this is the proof on which Allah deputed him (sawaw) and He is Witnessing that who obeys him (sawaw) and who disobeys. And in another place in the great Book Allah Tabarak wa Ta’ala says to persuade his (sawaw) obedience, and to encourage his (sawaw) testification, and to accept his (sawaw) invitation, “Say: If you love Allah, then follow me; Allah will love you and forgive you your sins”, so his (sawaw) obedience is love of Allah, and his (sawaw) pleasure & happiness is forgiveness from sins, and completion of success, and being Jannah obligatory. And who turned away from him (sawaw) and departed, he went far from Allah, and Rage & Wrath is on him, and abode is Fire, and same is His saying, “And whoever disbelieves in it from the factions, the Fire is his promised destination” (Hood, v17) it means who opposed and disobeyed him (sawaw). (Amirul Momineen asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p20)

2-Who wants to be happy by knowing that Allah loves him, then he should perform deeds in the obedience of Allah and obey us. Have you not heard the saying of Allah Azza wa Jalla about Nabi sawaw, “Say: If you love Allah, then follow me; Allah will love you and forgive you your sins.” I swear by Allah, no one can obey Allah at all, until he enters obedience of Allah while obeying us. And I swear by Allah, no one can obey us at all, until Allah loves him. And I swear by Allah, who keep grudge to us, they never claim to obey us. And I swear by Allah, no one keeps grudge with us except who disobeys Allah. And who died in disobedience of Allah, Allah will throw him face-wards in Fire after capturing. And every praise is for Allah, the Rabb of the worlds. (Imam Jafar Sadiq asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p21)

3-Deen is nothing except love, don’t you see the saying of Allah Ta’ala, “Say: If you love Allah, then follow me; Allah will love you.” (Imam Mohammad Baqir asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p22)

4-Imam Jafar Sadiq asws said: He does not love Allah Azza wa Jalla, who disobeys Him.

(then said rhyme meaning)

You disobey Him but show His love,

It is impossible with incompatible deeds,

If your love for Him is true, must obey Him,

Because, the lover obeys whom he loves.

(al-Burhan, v2, p21)

Lesson:

1-Sunnah of Rasool Allah sawaw in Qawl, Fehl, and Taqreer is Walayat-e-Ali asws. Who does not follow the Sunnah of Rasool sawaw, he is disobedient to Allah.

2-It is not right to claim the love of Mohammad-o-Aal-e-Mohammad asws only verbally without practical, if love is true then obey Masumeen asws.

3-Deen of Allah is only and only love & devotion of Masumeen asws.

إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ ٱصۡطَفَىٰٓ ءَادَمَ وَنُوحً۬ا وَءَالَ إِبۡرَاهِيمَ وَءَالَ عِمۡرَانَ عَلَى ٱلۡعَـٰلَمِينَ (٣٣) ذُرِّيَّةَۢ بَعۡضُها مِنۢ بَعۡضٍ۬‌ۗ وَٱللَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ (٣٤)

No doubt, Allah chose Adam and Nuh and the family of Ibraheem and the family of Imran above the worlds (creations). (33) They are descendants one of another. And Allah is Hearer, Knower. (34)

1-Mamoon asked: Did Allah gave superiority to Itrat (Aal-e-Mohammad asws) over the whole Ummah? Imam Ali Raza asws said: No doubt, Allah Azza wa Jalla has made clear the superiority of Itrat asws over all the people in His decisive Book, Allah says, “No doubt, Allah has chosen Adam, and Nuh, and Aal-e-Ibraheem, and Aal-e-Imran obove the worlds, they are descendants one of another.” It means Itrat asws is included in Aal-e-Ibraheem (a.s.), because Rasool Allah sawaw is from the progeny of Ibraheem (a.s.), and he (sawaw) is Dua of Ibraheem (a.s.). (Imam Ali Raza asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p24)

2-People has ignored the saying of Rasool Allah sawaw on the day of Ghadeer-e-Khum about Ali asws, as they ignored the incident of house of Umme Ibraheem (s.a.). People were coming to visit Rasool Allah sawaw, when Ali asws came, he wanted to go near Rasool Allah sawaw but could not find place. When Rasool Allah sawaw saw that they are not giving place to Ali asws, he (sawaw) called loud, “O people, make space for Ali asws”, and took his hand, and made him sit on his bed. And said: O people, he is my Ahlul Bait asws, you are considering him light while I am present among you alive, and what will happen when I will be Ghaib (not visible) from you, while in fact we do not disappear. No doubt, spirit and delight, and pleasure, and happiness, and glad news, and affection, and love is for him who keeps connection with Ali asws and his Walayat, and accepts it, and after him for his Aosiya asws, who are Haqq, they are partner in my intercession, because they follow me, and who follows me, he is from me; as who follows Ibraheem (a.s.) he is from Ibraheem (a.s.), and Ibraheem (a.s.) is from me, and his Deen is my Deen, and my Deen is his Deen, and his Sunnah is my Sunnah, and his merit is my merit, and I am superior to him, and my merit is his merit, and its attestation is saying of Allah, “They are descendants one of another. And Allah is Hearer, Knower.”

Rasool Allah sawaw said this while he was in the chamber of Umme Ibraheem (s.a.), and people were coming to visit him (for sickness). (Imam Jafar Sadiq asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p25)

Lesson:

1-Aal-e-Ibraheem (a.s.) are Mohammad-o-Aal-e-Mohammad asws & their holy forefathers. Aal-e-Imran Abu Talib (asws) are Aal-e-Mohammad asws, who are superior to all the creations.

2-From Allah, spirit, happiness, success, salvation, blessing, forgiveness, peace, good news, spirituality, pleasure, nearness, help, satisfaction, delight, love, and affection is only for him who loves Maola Ali asws as his Wali (guardian), and keeps in touch with him, and keeps steadfast on it and gives testimony of his Walayat and his Aosiya asws after him, so Rasool Allah sawaw will intercede for him and Allah will accept it.

3-The Sunnah of Allah never changes. Deen is only Islam from ever. Deen of Ibraheem (a.s.) is same as Deen of Mohammad Rasool Allah sawaw. To deceive the public, Muqassir Mulla says that laws of Shariah keep changing, so my Fatwa is right for the present situation.

كُلَّمَا دَخَلَ عَلَيۡهَا زَكَرِيَّا ٱلۡمِحۡرَابَ وَجَدَ عِندَهَا رِزۡقً۬ا‌ۖ قَالَ-- يَـٰمَرۡيَمُ أَنَّىٰ لَكِ هَـٰذَا‌ۖ قَالَتۡ هُوَ مِنۡ عِندِ ٱللَّهِ‌ۖ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يَرۡزُقُ مَن يَشَآءُ بِغَيۡرِ حِسَابٍ (٣٧)

...Every time Zakaria entered her prayer chamber, he found with her provision (food). He said: O Mariyam! From where this (comes) for you? She said: It is from Allah. Allah gives without account to whom He wills. (37)

1-When Jafar bin Abi Talib asws returned from Habshah, he met Rasool Allah sawaw at Khaiber. Rasool Allah sawaw said: Should I celebrate the victory of Khaiber or more than that the return of Jafar asws! Jafar asws presented him (sawaw) perfume and velvet cloth woven with gold thread. He (sawaw) said: I will give this cloth only to him who loves Allah & His Rasool sawaw, and Allah & His Rasool sawaw loves him. Companions raised their necks. Rasool Allah sawaw said: Where is Ali asws? Ammar Yasir (a.s.) stood up quickly and called Ali asws. Rasool Allah sawaw said: Ya Ali asws, you can take this velvet cloth. Ali asws hardly waited to reach Madina, and went straight to the goldsmith in the bazaar of Madina towards Baqeh, and ordered him to separate the gold threads (wires) from the cloth, and its weight was equal to one thousand Misqal (about the weight of 1500 Dirhams) gold. Which he distributed among the poor of Muhajireen and Ansaar, and did not save anything for himself, and returned to his home. In the morning he met Rasool Allah sawaw and some companions, and Rasool Allah sawaw said: Yesterday you got one thousand Misqal gold, invite me and my companions today. Imam Ali asws did not have any gold or silver that day, but answered in his respect and honour: Ya Rasool Allah sawaw welcome, please come in who are with you. Rasool Allah sawaw entered, and told Huzaifa, Ammar, Salman, Abu Zarr, and Miqdad to come in as well. Ali asws went to Syyeda Fatima Zahra asws that perhaps can find something to eat. He saw that a big pot is lying in the house filled with Sureed, containing meat and soup. Ali asws brought it and put it in front of Rasool Allah sawaw. Everybody ate to full stomach, but nothing became less from it. Rasool Allah sawaw stood up and went to Syyeda Fatima asws and said: O Fatima asws, from where this came to you? Syyeda asws said: It came from Allah, He gives without account to whom He wills. Tears came in the eyes of Rasool Allah sawaw and said: Every praise to Allah, I saw for my daughter what Zakaria (a.s.) saw for Mariyam (s.a.), “Every time Zakaria entered her prayer chamber, he found with her provision (food). He said: O Mariyam! From where this (comes) for you? She said: It is from Allah. Allah gives without account to whom He wills.” (al-Burhan, v2, p31)

2-Imam Ali asws asked one day: Ya Fatima asws, do you have something? She said: I swear, there is nothing for three days that I can give you to eat. He said: Why did not you tell me? Syyeda asws said: Rasool Allah sawaw forbade me not to ask you for anything, he (sawaw) said, “Do not demand anything from son of my uncle, if he brings something be grateful, but never demand.” Imam Ali asws went out and took one Dinar as loan from somebody. It was evening time, Miqdad met and Maola asws asked: For what you are out at this time? He said: O Amirul Momineen asws, due to hunger. Ali asws gave Dinar to him, and returned home, and saw that Rasool Allah sawaw is sitting and Syyeda Fatima Zahra asws is praying, and there is something lying covered in between them. After finishing, Syyeda asws presented that thing which was a big pot containing bread & meat. Said: O Fatima asws, from where this came for you? Replied: This is from Allah, surely Allah gives without account to whom He wills. Rasool Allah sawaw said: Let me tell the example of both of you, that every time Zakaria (a.s.) entered the chamber of Mariyam (a.s.), found food there and asked, “O Mariyam, from where this came for you?” and she said, “This is from Allah, certainly He gives without account whom He wills.” Syyeda Fatima asws and Imam Ali asws ate from it for a month, that pot is with Masumeen asws, and Imam Qaim asws will eat from it as well. (Imam Mohammad Baqir asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p31)

Lesson:

1-Rasool Allah sawaw has double love for Jafar asws and Aqeel asws. One is their own dignity & status, and second they are the great sons of Abu Talib asws. Rasool Allah sawaw was more happy to meet Jafar asws than the victory of Khaiber.

2-Rasool Allah sawaw wanted to show to the companions that Ali asws does not keep wealth for even a single day, he gives away in the Way of Allah. And Syyeda Fatima Zahra asws is the chief of the ladies of the worlds, including infallible ladies as well.

وَإِذۡ قَالَتِ ٱلۡمَلَـٰٓٮِٕکةُ يَـٰمَرۡيَمُ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ ٱصۡطَفَٮٰكِ وَطَهَّرَكِ وَٱصۡطَفَٮٰكِ عَلَىٰ نِسَآءِ ٱلۡعَـٰلَمِينَ (٤٢)

And when the angels said: O Mariyam! Certainly Allah has chosen you and made you pure, and has chosen you above the women of the worlds. (42)

1-Mufazzal asked Imam Jafar Sadiq asws: What is the saying of Rasool Allah sawaw about Syyeda Fatima Zahra asws that she is the chief of all the women of the worlds or the women of her time? Imam asws said: She was Mariyam (s.a.) who was the chief of the women of her time, and Fatima asws is the chief of all the women of the worlds, first and the last ones, all of them. (al-Burhan, v2, p31)

Lesson:

1-Muqassir Mulla who does not consider the Haqq claim of Syyeda-e-Kaonain asws, he is certainly the product of partnership of Shaitan. Syyeda asws is authority over all the companions of Jannah (men, ladies, Hoors, Ghilmans, Angels, etc.). Who opposes Masoom asws from any aspect, can he even smell Jannah? Never at all.

وَرَسُولاً إِلَىٰ بَنِىٓ إِسۡرَآءِيلَ أَنِّى قَدۡ جِئۡتُكُم بِـَٔايَةٍ۬ مِّن رَّبِّکمۡ‌ۖ أَنِّىٓ أَخۡلُقُ لَکم مِّنَ ٱلطِّينِ كَهَيۡـَٔةِ ٱلطَّيۡرِ فَأَنفُخُ فِيهِ فَيَكُونُ طَيۡرَۢا بِإِذۡنِ ٱللَّهِ‌ۖ وَأُبۡرِئُ ٱلۡأَکۡمَهَ وَٱلۡأَبۡرَصَ وَأُحۡىِ ٱلۡمَوۡتَىٰ بِإِذۡنِ ٱللَّهِ‌ۖ وَأُنَبِّئُكُم بِمَا تَأۡكُلُونَ وَمَا تَدَّخِرُونَ فِى بُيُوتِکمۡ‌ۚ إِنَّ فِى ذَالِكَ لَأَيَةً۬ لَّكُمۡ إِن كُنتُم مُّؤۡمِنِينَ (٤٩)

And (will be) a Messenger to the Children of Israel, (saying): Indeed, I have come to you with a sign from your Rabb, that I fashion for you out of clay the model of a bird, and I breathe into it and it is a bird, by Allah's permission, and I cure the congenital blind, and the leper, and I give life to the dead, by Allah's permission. And I inform you what you eat and what you store up in your houses. No doubt, in that is a sign for you, if you are believers. (49)

1-Eesa (a.s.) had a good faithful friend, for sometime he did not meet him, so he went to visit him. His mother came out and said Salam and told: O Messenger of Allah (a.s.), he has passed away. Eesa (a.s.) said: Do you want to see him? She said: Yes. He said: Come in the morning, I will make him alive for you with the permission of Allah. Next day went to his grave with her and supplicated and he came out of grave alive. When they saw each other, started weeping. Eesa (a.s.) felt mercy on them, and asked: Do you want to live with your mother in the world? He said: O Messenger of Allah (a.s.), with eating, drinking, provision, and duration, or without duration, provision, eating, and drinking? Eesa (a.s.) said: Rather with provision, eating, drinking, and duration twenty years life and marriage and children as well. Eesa (a.s.) gave him to his mother, and he kept alive for twenty years, and had children. (Imam Jafar Sadiq asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p39)

Lesson:

1-Eesa (a.s.) was giving the news of unseen (Ghaib) at the age of seven or eight years, was curing the sick, had knowledge of Taurat, made the dead alive. Imam Qaim asws who governs time & space, his Wazir should be like Eesa (a.s.).

رَبَّنَآ ءَامَنَّا بِمَآ أَنزَلۡتَ وَٱتَّبَعۡنَا ٱلرَّسُولَ فَٱکۡتُبۡنَا مَعَ ٱلشَّـٰهِدِينَ (٥٣) وَمَکرُواْ وَمَکرَ ٱللَّهُ‌ۖ وَٱللَّهُ خَيۡرُ ٱلۡمَـٰكِرِينَ (٥٤)

Our Rabb! We believe in that which You have revealed and we follow the Rasool, so register us with the witnesses. (53) And they (the disbelievers) made a plot, and Allah planned and Allah is the best of planners. (54)

1-Imam Musa Kazim asws said: We are those who will witness for Messengers (a.s.) over their Ummahs. (al-Burhan, v2, p40)

2-Imam Ali Raza asws said about the saying of Allah, “And they made a plot, and Allah planned”: Indeed, Allah Tabarak wa Ta’ala does not make plot, but Allah Azza wa Jalla punishes them for their plot. (al-Burhan, v2, p40)

Lesson:

1-Infallible Imams asws are witness over all the creations, and Rasool Allah sawaw is witness over Imams asws. Masumeen asws are Hazir Nazir from ever.

2-Those who conclude meanings from the apparent words of Quran without guidance of Masumeen asws, they translate (Naoozobillah) “They made a plot, and Allah plotted, and Allah is the best of plotters” Such verses are revealed to realize who are the teachers of Quran and inheritors of Quran who will tell the real translation and interpretation of the holy Quran. And on the other hand, the opponents of Haqq will be exposed that how they translate the verses by following the deviation of their hearts.

فَمَنۡ حَآجَّكَ فِيهِ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ مَا جَآءَكَ مِنَ ٱلۡعِلۡمِ فَقُلۡ تَعَالَوۡاْ نَدۡعُ أَبۡنَآءَنَا وَأَبۡنَآءَكُمۡ وَنِسَآءَنَا وَنِسَآءَكُمۡ وَأَنفُسَنَا وَأَنفُسَكُمۡ ثُمَّ نَبۡتَهلۡ فَنَجۡعَل لَّعۡنَتَ ٱللَّهِ عَلَى ٱلۡکـٰذِبِينَ (٦١)

Then whoever disputes with you about it, after the knowledge which has come to you, so say : Come! We will call our sons and your sons, and our women and your women, and ourselves and yourselves, then we will supplicate earnestly (together) and invoke the curse of Allah upon the liars. (61)

1-A delegation of Christians from Najran came to Rasool Allah sawaw, whose chiefs were Aqib, Syed, and Ahtam. They performed their worship in Masjid-e-Nabwi with the permission of Rasool Allah sawaw. Then Rasool Allah sawaw invited them to accept Tauheed, his Risalat, and Eesa (a.s.) being the servant of Allah. And told them the saying of Allah, “The example of Eesa is like Adam near Allah, created him with earth, then said “Be” and he was.” But they did not believe, so Rasool Allah sawaw invited for Mubahila that if we are truthful then Allah will send Curse on you. They promised for the next day. Rasool Allah sawaw came out with such a splendor that Ali asws was in place of his self (Nafs), and Hassan asws & Hussain asws in place of sons, and Syyeda Fatima Zahra asws in place of ladies, only took Ahlul Bait asws in spite of presence of all the people, whose flesh, blood, and soul (Nafs) is same. Rasool Allah sawaw took hands of Hassan asws & Hussain asws, Syyeda Fatima Zahra asws behind him, and Imam Ali asws was walking behind Syyeda asws. Rasool Allah sawaw ordered to stretch (tie) his Qatwani Chadar between two trees, and Masumeen asws sat under it. Rasool Allah sawaw said to Masumeen asws: I will supplicate and you all will say “Ameen.” Rasool Allah sawaw was supporting on his bow, and raised his right hand for Dua, so the Christian chiefs became pale. Their priest said: O Christians, I am seeing those faces that if they ask Allah, the mountain will move from its place, do not do Mubahila with them, you will perish, and no Christian will be left on the earth until Qiyamah. So they accepted to pay tax, and promised to give every year one thousand swords, one thousand armour, one thousand leather shields, and one thousand Dinars. (Summary of Ahadees) (al-Burhan, v2, p43)

2-Haroonur Rasheed said to Imam Musa Kazim asws: How you can say that you are progeny of Nabi sawaw, while Nabi sawaw did not have children (sons), and inheritor is son not the daughter, and you are children of his daughter, from whom family tree does not progress? Imam asws said to the accursed: Excuse me from this issue. He insisted: You have to give the answer, O son of Ali asws, you are the chief and Imam of the time, you have to give the proof from the Quran, and you say to the people that you have all the interpretation of the Quran, and you give proof by the saying of Allah, “And We did not leave any shortfall in the Book” (al-An’am 38), and definitely you do not need the Rai (opinion) and Qiyas (conjecture) of Ulma. Imam asws said that listen the answer, and after reciting Aoozobillah and Bismillah recited the verse, “...and among his descendants, Dawood and Sulaiman and Ayyoob and Yousuf and Musa and Haroon, thus do We reward the doers of good. And Zakaria and Yahya and Eesa and Ilyas,...” (al-An’am 84-85) Then O king! Who is the father of Eesa (a.s.)? He said: He had no father. Imam asws said: Allah linked him to the progeny of the Prophets (a.s.) through Mariyam (s.a.). And similarly, Allah Ta’ala declared us from the progeny of Nabi sawaw through our grandmother Fatima asws. And moreover, listen, Allah says, “Then whoever disputes with you about it, after the knowledge which has come to you, so say : Come! We will call our sons and your sons, and our women and your women, and ourselves and yourselves, then we will supplicate earnestly (together) and invoke the curse of Allah upon the liars”, and no one can claim that during Mubahila with Christians, Nabi sawaw let anyone enter under the Kisa (Chadar) except Ali ibne Abi Talib asws and Fatima asws, and Hassan asws and Hussain asws. Thus this is the interpretation of the saying of Allah Azza wa Jalla: “Abna’ana” (sons) are Hassan asws & Hussain asws, and “wa Nisa’ana” is Fatima asws, and “wa Anfosana” is Ali ibne Abi Talib asws. (al-Burhan, v2, p48)

Lesson:

1-No one has the right to prohibit anyone to worship Allah Ta’ala in the mosque.

2-Who does not want to believe in Haqq in spite of clear proofs from the Quran & Hadees, then there is no option except to invoke curse on him.

3- So-called Muslim accursed kings were forcing Imams asws to prove their superiority from the Quran, then they were martyring them with poison. They knew very well that the Haqq faith is that everything is mentioned in Quran and Ahadees and there is no need of Ijtihad. Muqassireen are the same that they are martyring Imam asws with their tongues in spite of Walayat-e-Ali asws being crystal clear in Quran and Hadees.

4-Maola Ali asws is Nafsullah and Nafs-e-Rasool as well.

مَا كَانَ إِبۡرَاهِيمُ يَهودِيًّ۬ا وَلَا نَصۡرَانِيًّ۬ا وَلَـٰكِن كَانَ حَنِيفً۬ا مُّسۡلِمً۬ا وَمَا كَانَ مِنَ ٱلۡمُشۡرِكِينَ (٦٧)

Ibraheem was neither a Jew, nor a Christian; but he was Haneef (inclined towards Truth) Muslim and he was not from among the polytheists. (67)

1-Amirul Momineen asws said: “Ibraheem was neither a Jew nor a Christian” means that he was not a Jew that prayed facing towards the west, and nor he was Christian that he was praying facing towards the east, but he was Haneef Muslim meaning on the Deen of Mohammad Mustafa sawaw. (al-Burhan, v2, p53)

Lesson:

1-Deen of Allah from Azal is Islam, which is Deen of Mohammad sawaw. It is Deen-e-Mohammad sawaw which all the Prophets (a.s.) and Messengers (a.s.) preached, and took covenant of Tauheed, Nabuwat of Mohammad sawaw, and Walayat of Ali asws from their Ummahs. Forefathers of Rasool Allah sawaw and Ibraheem (a.s.) were on Deen-e-Mohammad sawaw.

إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ يَشۡتَرُونَ بِعَهۡدِ ٱللَّهِ وَأَيۡمَـٰنِهمۡ ثَمَنً۬ا قَلِيلاً أُوْلَـٰٓٮِٕكَ لَا خَلَـٰقَ لَهُمۡ فِى ٱلۡأَخِرَةِ وَلَا يُکلِّمُهُمُ ٱللَّهُ وَلَا يَنظُرُ إِلَيۡهمۡ يَوۡمَ ٱلۡقِيَـٰمَةِ وَلَا يُزَکيهِمۡ وَلَهُمۡ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ۬ (٧٧)

No doubt, those who exchange the covenant of Allah and their oaths for a small price, they will have no share in the Hereafter. And Allah will neither speak to them nor look upon them on the Day of Qiyamah, nor will He purify them, and for them will be a painful punishment. (77)

1-On the day of Qiyamah, Allah will not look upon three (types of) persons, and will not purify them, and for them is painful punishment: Who claimed to be Imam from Allah, which is not for him; and who opposed Imam appointed by Allah; and who said that Fulana and Fulana have share in Islam. (Imam Jafar Sadiq asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p57)

Lesson:

1-Covenant of Allah is the Covenant of Walayat-e-Ali asws which was taken from all the creations, and the Oath to keep steadfast on it. Who sells the Covenant of Allah and Oath in the greed of the world, and deceives people that “I am your Imam, because Imam Mahdi asws is in Ghaibah, so in the meantime I will take the responsibility of your salvation, but pay attention towards me (i.e. to turn away from Walayat-e-Ali asws), and O my Muqallideen, say something in my praise as well e.g. Imam Fulana has saved the Islam, he is recognition of Islam, he is Hujjatul-Islam, no one can insult him.”

Such people who think that they gave a big favour to Islam by accepting Islam or by becoming Mulla, Allah will not speak to them, nor He will look upon them with Mercy, nor will He purify them from Nijasaat, because in spite of knowing Ayat-e-Tat’heer they were talking nonsense about the merits of Masumeen asws. Such people will have no share in the Hereafter except painful punishment.

Nijasat is Bughz-e-Ali asws.

وَإِذۡ أَخَذَ ٱللَّهُ مِيثَـٰقَ ٱلنَّبِيِّـۧنَ لَمَآ ءَاتَيۡتُکم مِّن کتَـٰبٍ۬ وَحِكۡمَةٍ۬ ثُمَّ جَآءَکمۡ رَسُولٌ۬ مُّصَدِّقٌ۬ لِّمَا مَعَكُمۡ لَتُؤۡمِنُنَّ بِهِۦ وَلَتَنصُرُنَّهُ ۥ‌ۚ قَالَ ءَأَقۡرَرۡتُمۡ وَأَخَذۡتُمۡ عَلَىٰ ذَالِكُمۡ إِصۡرِى‌ۖ قَالُوٓاْ أَقۡرَرۡنَا‌ۚ قَالَ فَٱشۡهدُواْ وَأَنَا۟ مَعَكُم مِّنَ ٱلشَّـٰهِدِينَ (٨١)

And when Allah made covenant with the prophets, (He said): Which I have given you of the Book and wisdom, then, when Rasool comes to you, confirming what is with you, you must believe in him and you must help him. Said He: Do you agree, and do you take responsibility of My commitment in that (matter)? They said: We agree. He said: Then you bear witness, and I am with you among the witnesses. (81)

1-Allah has not raised any man as Prophet from the progeny of Adam (a.s.) except that he will return to the world and will help Amirul Momineen asws, and this is the saying of Allah, “You must believe in him” means Rasool Allah sawaw, “And must help him” means Amirul Momineen asws. Then said to them in Alam-e-Zarr (state of particles), “Do you acknowledge and promise with Me on these conditions” means My Covenant. They said: We acknowledge. Allah said to the Angels (a.s.): So you be witness, and I am witness with you as well. And this is similar to that verse which is in Sura al-Ahzab (v7), “And when We took covenant from the Prophets and from you and from Nuh...”, and verse which is in Sura al-A’raf, “And when your Rabb took out children of Adam from his progeny....”, these three verses were recorded in three Suras. (Imam Jafar Sadiq asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p60)

2-No doubt Allah Tabarak wa Ta’ala is Ahad and Wahid, Unique in His Oneness, so He spoke with one word (Kalima), it became Noor, then created Mohammad sawaw from that Noor, and created me and my progeny. Then spoke with one word (Kalima), it became Ruh, Allah Ta’ala placed it in that Noor, and placed it in our bodies, so we are Ruhullah and His Kalimat, and Allah presented proof to the creations through us. We were under Green shade from ever, when there was neither sun, nor moon, nor night, nor day, nor blinking eye; and we were worshiping, glorifying, and praising Allah, and this story is before the creation of the creations. And Allah took firm promise from the Prophets (a.s.) to believe in us and to help us, and this is the saying of Allah Azza wa Jalla, “Which I have given you of the Book and wisdom, then, when Rasool comes to you, confirming what is with you, you must believe in him and you must help him” means believe in Mohammad sawaw and help his Wasi asws. So they believed in Mohammad sawaw, but they have not helped his Wasi asws yet, and they will soon help him all together. And no doubt, Allah took my covenant along with the covenant of Mohammad sawaw, to help each other. Indeed I helped Mohammad sawaw, and did Jihad in front of him, and killed his enemies. And the covenant and promise which Allah took from me to help Mohammad sawaw, I fulfilled. And no one from among the Prophets (a.s.) and Messengers (a.s.) have helped me yet, and this will happen that time when Allah will gather them towards Him, then they will come to help me. (Amirul Momineen asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p60)

Lesson:

1-During the time of Raj’at, Prophets (a.s.) will come to fight with Taghooti forces under the command of Maola Ali asws. Then blind of wisdom will know who is Amirul Momineen asws. And the Covenant of Allah will be also fulfilled. Only his Deen will be acceptable who fulfils the Covenant of Walayat taken with Allah.

2-Allah has created Maola Ali asws and all of his holy children from Noor, before Time & Space was created. This whole holy house is Infallible Noorani.

أَفَغَيۡرَ دِينِ ٱللَّهِ يَبۡغُونَ وَلَهُ ۥۤ أَسۡلَمَ مَن فِى ٱلسَّمَـٰوَاتِ وَٱلۡأَرۡضِ طَوۡعً۬ا وَکرۡهً۬ا وَإِلَيۡهِ يُرۡجَعُونَ (٨٣)

Do they seek other than the Deen of Allah, while to Him submits whoever is in the heavens and the earth, willingly or unwillingly, and to Him they will be returned. (83)

1-Before the creation of the creations, Allah created two oceans, one of sweet like honey water, and second of salty bitter water. Then created the earth of Adam (a.s.) from the sweet ocean, then put it on the bitter water and blew the fast hot wind. After creating Adam (a.s.), took earth in the right hand and put it in the Sulb of Adam (a.s.) in the form of particles and said: These will go to Jannah, I do not care anyone. Then took earth in the left hand and placed in the Sulb of Adam (a.s.) in the form of particles and said: These will go in Fire, I do not care anyone, and no one can question Me, what I do. So the companions of Shimal who were in the state of particles asked their Creator, “O our Rabb, why Fire is made obligatory on us? You are Wise and Just. Before that You should have given proof to us by sending Rasool (a.s.) to give education of obedience and forbiddance.” Allah Tabarak wa Ta’ala said: So I will give you proof now about excuse after obedience and forbiddance and after getting knowledge. Allah ordered the Angel (a.s.) of Hell to bring Jahannum, and told the companions of Shimal to enter in it with obedience (accepting the order of Allah without any objection). They answered: We will not enter with obedience (willingly). Said He: Enter into it with obedience, otherwise I will surely give you punishment in it forcefully. They answered: We will run away from it towards You, and complain, how this Fire is obligatory on us, and declared us companions of Shimal, so how we can enter willingly, rather would have started with the companions of Yameen to enter into it, so that there would be justice between us and them? Then Allah commanded to the companions of Yameen, who were present in front in the state of particles: Enter this Fire while obeying. When they entered, the Fire extinguished and became cool and they all entered into it, and Allah made it cool with peace. Then took them out of it, and Allah Tabarak wa Ta’ala addressed the companions of Yameen and the companions of Shimal: Am I not your Rabb? The companions of Yameen said: Yes, O our Rabb, we are Your creation, and we are testifying and obeying creation. And the companions of Shimal said: Yes O our Rabb, we are Your creation, and unwillingly Your creation. (Imam Jafar Sadiq asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p63)

2-Whoever is in the skies and the earth submits to Him willingly or unwillingly. This was revealed about Imam Qaim asws, that he will present Islam to the Jews, Christians, Star worshipers, atheists, reverts, and disbelievers of the east and the west of the world. Who will accept willingly, he will be ordered about Salaah and Zakat, and the commandments which are for Muslims, and what Allah has made obligatory on them. And who will not accept, he will be beheaded, until no one will be left in the easts and the wests except monotheist of Allah. (Imam Abul Hassan asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p65)

Lesson:

1-There is no compulsion on the creations. But it is in the Knowledge of Allah before creating that who will obey and who will disobey. And Allah proved it in the state of particles already, that if He orders an obedient to jump into the Fire, he will obey the order without any argument. Imam Jafar Sadiq asws gave such example to the world. Sahal bin Hassan Khurasani who claimed to be Shia, Imam asws asked him to jump into blazing Tanoor (oven) but he excused. Then Imam asws told the true Shia and companion Haroon Makki to do the same, and he immediately jumped into it and he remained safe and sound.

2-The companions of Yameen do hard Matam, give homage by shedding blood with sword & knives (Qama & Zanjeer), do Matam while walking on burning coals for Imam Hussain asws, but it irritates the companions of Shimal. But the Creator does not care, only the companions of Yameen (Momineen steadfast on Walayat-e-Ali asws) will go to Paradise.

3-The inhabitants of the skies and Momineen on the earth obey the Deen of Walayat-e-Elahi with happiness and willingly. While hypocrites Muqassireen accept it unwillingly, i.e. they accept verbally but deny the testification of Walayat practically.

إِنَّ أَوَّلَ بَيۡتٍ۬ وُضِعَ لِلنَّاسِ لَلَّذِى بِبَكَّةَ مُبَارَكً۬ا وَهُدً۬ى لِّلۡعَـٰلَمِينَ (٩٦) فِيهِ ءَايَـٰتُۢ بَيِّنَـٰتٌ۬ مَّقَامُ إِبۡرَاهِيمَ‌ۖ وَمَن دَخَلَهُ ۥ كَانَ ءَامِنً۬ا‌ۗ وَلِلَّهِ عَلَى ٱلنَّاسِ حِجُّ ٱلۡبَيۡتِ مَنِ ٱسۡتَطَاعَ إِلَيۡهِ سَبِيلاً۬‌ۚ وَمَن كَفَرَ فَإِنَّ ٱللَّهَ غَنِىٌّ عَنِ ٱلۡعَـٰلَمِينَ (٩٧)

Indeed, the first House established for mankind was that at Bakkah (Makkah), blessed, and guidance for the worlds. (96) In it are the clear Signs, the standing place of Ibraheem, and whoever enters it is safe. And pilgrimage to the House is a duty unto Allah for mankind, for him who is able to find a way to it. And whoever disbelieves (refuses), then indeed Allah is free from need of the worlds. (97)

1-When Allah Azza wa Jalla intended to make earth, ordered to strike air on the surface of the water, until tides were raised and foam was created which was collected on the place of the House (i.e. made the earth of Baitullah). Then made hills with the foam and spread the earth underneath, and this is the saying of Allah, “Indeed, the first House established for mankind was that at Makkah.” (Imam Mohammad Baqir asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p70)

2-Maqam-e-Ibraheem (a.s.), the stone on which he stood and marks of his feet were imprinted on it, and Hijr-e-Aswad, and Manzal-e-Ismael (a.s.) are the clear Signs. (Imam Jafar Sadiq asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p70)

3-Who intended for this House, and knows that this is the House about which Allah Azza wa Jalla has commanded, and keeps Marifat of us Ahlul Bait asws, as is the right of having Marifat, then he is safe in the world and Hereafter. (Imam Hussain asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p70)

4-Imam Jafar Sadiq asws said about the saying of Allah, “And whoever enters into it, is safe” that it is about the Qaim asws of us Ahlul Bait asws, that who paid allegiance to him, and entered with him, and touched his hand, be with his companions, he is safe. (al-Burhan, v2, p71)

5-The place of the House is Bakkah, and its town (habitat) is Makkah. Its name is Bakkah because men and women weep in it. (Imam Jafar Sadiq asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p70)

6-Imam Mohammad Baqir asws was asked about the House (Bait): Did people used to perform Hajj before Nabi sawaw was raised? Said: Yes, you do not know that people used to do its Hajj, and let me tell you that Adam (a.s.), and Nuh (a.s.) and Sulaiman (a.s.) along with Jinns, humans, and birds, did Hajj of Bait. And Musa (a.s.) did its Hajj while riding on the red camel, and was saying, “Labbaik, Labbaik” And this is what Allah says, “Indeed, the first House established for mankind was that at Bakkah (Makkah), blessed, and guidance for the worlds.” (al-Burhan, v2, p73)

7-Abdul Azia asked about this verse: Murjai, Qadri, Harori, and Zandeeq who do not believe in Allah, also enter Baitullah? Imam Jafar Sadiq asws said: No, there is no blessing for them. But who enters in it and have knowledge of our Right, as he has knowledge of the Bait, then he will exit from the sins, and will get rid of hardships of the world and Hereafter. (al-Burhan, v2, p76)

8-Isalm is based on Five things: Salaah, Zakat, Hajj, Saom, and Walayat. Walayat is superior to all of them because it is their key and their guardian, and proof on them... (Imam Mohammad Baqir asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p79)

Lesson:

1-Pilgrim of Baitullah can only get salvation after getting rid of sins when he has the knowledge of the Bait, and Ahlul Bait asws as well, and acknowledges their Haqq (right) with heart, tongue, and in practice while performing deeds, and is under the allegiance of Imam-e-Zamana asws, and is not doing blind Taqleed of any fallible Mulla.

2-Walayat is superior to all Ibadaat, it is spirit & foundation of Islam, it is the fruit of the toil of all the Anmbiya (a.s.) and Mursaleen (a.s.), it is the key of the Door of Allah, it is the proof of acceptance of all the deeds, it is the guardian of Usool and Farooh. After Walayat is Salaah which is the pillar of Deen, then is its equal Zakat which finishes the sins, then Hajj which is forgiveness, and then Saom which is shield against Hell.

يَـٰٓأَيُّها ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ ٱتَّقُواْ ٱللَّهَ حَقَّ تُقَاتِهِۦ وَلَا تَمُوتُنَّ إِلَّا وَأَنتُم مُّسۡلِمُونَ (١٠٢)

O you who believe! Fear Allah as He should be feared, and you should not die except you are Muslims (102)

1-Amirul Momineen asws said about the saying of Allah, “O you who believe! Fear Allah as He should be feared”: Swear by Allah, no one acted upon it except Ahl-Bait-e-Rasool asws, we remember Allah and never forget Him and we are grateful to Him and never ungrateful to Him and we obey Him and never disobey.

When this verse was revealed, the companions said: We have no power to do that. Then Allah revealed: So fear Allah as much as you are able.... (al-Taghabun, v16) (al-Burhan, v2, p82)

2-You should not die except in obedience of Rasool Allah sawaw and Imams asws after him. (Imam Ali Raza asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p82)

Lesson:

1-Only Mohammad-o-Aal-e-Mohammad asws can fulfil the right of Glorifying and Praising Allah Azza wa Jalla. Therefore Allah gave concession to the people to fear Him (Taqwa) according to intellect & wisdom.

2-Allah is commanding to keep submitted to the Walayat of Masumeen asws until the last breath, to give yourself completely in the custody of Walayat-e-Ali asws, and to enter into Silm (Walayat-e-Ali asws) wholly. But not like that when it is Salaah time, you jump out of Walayat like Shaitan.

وَٱعۡتَصِمُواْ بِحَبۡلِ ٱللَّهِ جَمِيعً۬ا وَلَا تَفَرَّقُواْ‌ۚ وَٱذۡكُرُواْ نِعۡمَتَ ٱللَّهِ عَلَيۡكُمۡ إِذۡ كُنتُمۡ أَعۡدَآءً۬ فَأَلَّفَ بَيۡنَ قُلُوبِكُمۡ فَأَصۡبَحۡتُم بِنِعۡمَتِهِۦۤ إِخۡوَانً۬ا وَكُنتُمۡ عَلَىٰ شَفَا حُفۡرَةٍ۬ مِّنَ ٱلنَّارِ فَأَنقَذَكُم مِّنۡها‌ۗ كَذَالِكَ يُبَيِّنُ ٱللَّهُ لَكُمۡ ءَايَـٰتِهِۦ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تَهۡتَدُونَ (١٠٣)

And hold fast the Habl (rope) of Allah all together, and do not disunite, and remember Allah's Favour upon you, when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together so that you became brothers by His Favour. And you were upon the brink of an abyss of Fire, and He did save you from it. Thus Allah makes clear His Ayaat to you, that perhaps you may be guided. (103)

1-One delegate of lovers with true faith came from the people of Yamen and said: Ya Rasool Allah sawaw, who is your vicegerent? Said:That about whom Allah has commanded to hold him fast, Allah Azza wa Jalla said, “And hold fast the Habl (rope) of Allah all together, and do not disunite.” They said: Make clear that Habl for us. Said: That, Allah is saying, “But due to Rope from Allah and Rope among the people..” (Aal-e-Imaran, v112), so Rope from Allah is His Book and Rope among the people is my vicegerent. They said: Ya Rasool Allah sawaw, who is your vicegerent? Said: About whom Allah has revealed, “That a person will say, “Oh, my regret over what I neglected in regard to Janbullah” (az-Zumar, v56). They said: Ya Rasool Allah sawaw, who is this Janbullah? Said: About whom Allah says, “That day an unjust will bite his hands, saying would that I had adopted (accepted) Sabeel along with Rasool” (al-Furqan, v27), that is my vicegerent and Sabeel toward me after me. They said: Ya Rasool Allah sawaw, for the sake of Who sent you as Nabi with Haqq, let us see him, we are eager to see him. Said: That whom Allah has made Ayat for the wise people, so when you look to him, then about whom heart gives witness, then know that he is my vicegerent, as you knew I am your Nabi, so go between the lines of the people and recognise the faces, so towards whom your hearts incline, he is that about whom Allah Azza wa Jalla says in His Book, “So make hearts of the people inclined towards them” (Ibraheem, v37) i.e. his and his progeny. Then Abu Amir Ash’ari, Abu Gharrah Kholani, Zabeyan bin Qais & Usman bin Qais, Urfa Doosi, and Lahiq bin Alaqa stood up and went in lines looking the faces, and held the hand of bright foreheaded knowledgeable, and said: Ya Rasool Allah sawaw, our hearts are inclined to him. Said: You are chosen people of Allah because you recognised the vicegerent of Rasool Allah sawaw before that he was introduced to you, how you recognised him? They wept loud and said: Ya Rasool Allah sawaw, we saw the people but our hearts did not incline towards them, and when we saw him, our hearts were ringing, and our souls were satisfied, and our eyes and hearts were filled (with tears of gladness), and our chest were alight, so that we realized that this is our father, and we are his sons. Rasool Allah sawaw said: “And no one knows the reality except Allah and who are firmly rooted in Knowledge” (Aal-e-Imran, v7), you have (high) status near Him due to taking lead in virtue, and you got rid of Fire. These mentioned companions remained alive until they did Jihad along with Amirul Momineen asws in Jamal and Siffeen, and got martyrdom, Allah’s Blessing on them. Nabi Akram sawaw gave them good news of Jannah and told: You will be martyred with Ali ibne Abi Talib asws. (al-Burhan, v2, p83)

2-One day Rasool Allah sawaw was sitting in the mosque with the companions and said: One person from the companions of Paradise is about to come to you, will ask his desire from me. So one tall man from the men of Mazar came, advanced and said Salam to Rasool Allah sawaw, and after sitting said: Ya Rasool Allah sawaw, I have heard that Allah Azza wa Jalla has revealed, “And hold fast the Habl (rope) of Allah all together, and do not disunite” what is that Habl about which Allah commanded to hold fast, and warned not to leave it? Rasool Allah sawaw stood up swiftly and raised his head and pointed towards Ali ibne Abi Talib asws, and said: This is Hablullah to keep in touch (adherent) and hold fast in the world, and due to it you will not go astray in the Hereafter. So that man quickly went to Ali asws and embraced Maola from the back and said: I have held Hablullah and Habl of His Rasool sawaw. Then he stood up went away. Rasool Allah sawaw said: Who wants to be glad that he has seen a man from the companions of the Paradise, then he should see this man. One person stood up from the gathering, took permission and went behind him, to ask him to supplicate to get forgiveness for him, and after meeting said to him: Make Dua for me to Allah for forgiveness. He answered: Did not you understand what Rasool Allah sawaw said to me, but did not tell you? That if you become adherent to Habl, Allah will forgive you, and if not then will not forgive you. (Imam Zainul Abideen asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p85)

3-When Rasool Allah sawaw was not feeling well, said: Call my uncle Abbas (a.s.). Then came out with support of him and Ali asws, and lead the prayer. Then they made him (sawaw) sit on the pulpit. And all the people of Madina were gathered, Muhajireen and Ansaar, and sounds of lamenting were raised. Nabi sawaw was addressing for a short while and then keeping quiet, and said in the sermon: O group of Muhajireen and Ansaar, whoever human and jinn is present today and this time, who are present among you must convey the message to those who are absent. Beware certainly I am leaving the Book of Allah among you, in which is Noor and guidance, and whatever Allah has made obligatory, it is narrated, it is proof of Allah, my proof and my Wali’s proof. And I am leaving among you the great Standard, Standard of Deen, Noor of guidance, and light, and he is Ali ibne Abi Talib asws, who is Hablullah, “And hold fast the Habl (rope) of Allah all together, and do not disunite, and remember Allah's Favour upon you, when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together so that you became brothers by His Favour. And you were upon the brink of an abyss of Fire, and He did save you from it. Thus Allah makes clear His Ayaat to you, that perhaps you may be guided.” O people, This is Ali asws, who loves him today and in the coming days, and made him Wali (guardian) then Allah will fulfil His promise with him. And who keeps animosity and grudge with him today and in the coming days, he will be raised on the day of Qiyamah as deaf and blind, he will have no excuse for Allah. (Imam Abul Hassan asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p 86)

4-Imam Mohammad Baqir asws said about the saying of Allah, “And do not disunite”: Allah Tabarak wa Ta’ala knows that they will be disunited after Nabi sawaw and will dispute, so they were forbidden from disunity, as it was forbidden to those who were before them (previous Ummahs) and commanded to gather on Walayat of Aal-e-Mohammad asws and do not depart from it. (al-Burhan, v2, p87)

5- Imam Jafar Sadiq asws said that Allah says, “And you were upon the brink of an abyss of Fire, and He did save you from it” for the sake of Mohammad sawaw. (al-Burhan, v2, p88)

Lesson:

1-Walayat-e-Ali asws is that Strong Handle and Rope of Allah which is guarantee of Salvation, and Allah commands to hold it fast, so that on the day of Qiyamah one should not become deaf & blind, biting his hands in regrets.

2-Unity & harmony only means to get together on Walayat-e-Ali asws. All other slogans of unity are corruption & disunity.

3-Who leaves adherence to Walayat-e-Ali asws, and goes to fallible Mulla to supplicate for him for pardon, and considers Mulla responsible for his deeds, he will not find anything except regret & disappointment on the day of Qiyamah.

4-Preaching Walayat-e-Ali asws is obligatory on every human and jin, so that he may save others from falling in the deep ditch of Fire.

وَلۡتَكُن مِّنكُمۡ أُمَّةٌ۬ يَدۡعُونَ إِلَى ٱلۡخَيۡرِ وَيَأۡمُرُونَ بِٱلۡمَعۡرُوفِ

وَيَنۡهَوۡنَ عَنِ ٱلۡمُنكَرِ‌ۚ وَأُوْلَـٰٓٮِٕكَ هُمُ ٱلۡمُفۡلِحُونَ (١٠٤)

And there is surely a nation (Ummah) among you who invites to goodness (Khair), and commands what is right and forbids what is wrong. And those are they who are successful. (104)

1-It was asked from Imam Jafar Sadiq asws: Is it obligatory on whole Ummah to command good and forbid wrong? Imam asws said: No, only on him who has the power, who is being obeyed, and who is Alim of all Maroof (good) and all Munkir (wrong), it is not on the weak who can not recognise the way, which is right, of Haqq or Batil, and its proof is in the Book of Allah, His saying, “And there is surely one Ummah among you who commands good and forbids wrong”, this is specific verse not general, as Allah Azza wa Jalla says, “And there was one Ummah among the nation of Musa (a.s.) who used to guide with Haqq and did justice with it” (al-A’raf, v159) and this is not for some of Musa’s (a.s.) nation nor for whole nation, they were different nations, this is only one Ummah with high status, as Allah Azza wa Jalla says, “No doubt, Ibraheem (a.s.) was an Ummah, obedient of Allah” (al-Nahal v120) and this is not for a coward weak that he can be objected that he has neither power (authority) nor proof and nor anyone listens to him. (Imam Jafar Sadiq asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p88)

2-Imam Jafar Sadiq asws said about this verse: This verse is not about the people of Qibla (Muslims) due to disobedience, because who (Muslim) does not invites towards Khair and does not command good and does not forbid wrong, he is not from among the Ummah whose quality is this, because you think all Muslims are Ummah of Mohammad sawaw. This verse exposed and told the qualities of Ummah of Mohammad sawaw that invites towards Khair, and commands good, and forbids wrong. And who has not got this quality, how he is from among the Ummah, and this is opposite to what Allah has narrated the conditions & qualities of Ummah. (Imam Jafar Sadiq asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p89)

Lesson:

1-According to Allah, what is good or bad or Halaal or Haraam, the authority of its decision & command is only with Masumeen asws, who have knowledge of every thing and authority over everything. Fallible Mulla can neither decide about Maroof & Munkir, nor he can change it.

2-For Momineen it is only to remind each other about Khair, Maroof, and good, and to warn about Munkir, wrong and evils.

Khair, Maroof, Hasana, good, all of them means to keep firm on Walayat-e-Ali asws. And Munkir, wrong, and evils mean to oppose Walayat-e-Ali asws.

يَوۡمَ تَبۡيَضُّ وُجُوهٌ۬ وَتَسۡوَدُّ وُجُوهٌ۬‌ۚ فَأَمَّا ٱلَّذِينَ ٱسۡوَدَّتۡ وُجُوهُهُمۡ أَكَفَرۡتُم بَعۡدَ إِيمَـٰنِكُمۡ فَذُوقُواْ ٱلۡعَذَابَ بِمَا كُنتُمۡ تَكۡفُرُونَ (١٠٦) وَأَمَّا ٱلَّذِينَ ٱبۡيَضَّتۡ وُجُوهُهُمۡ فَفِى رَحۡمَةِ ٱللَّهِ هُمۡ فِيها خَـٰلِدُونَ (١٠٧)

On the Day when (some) faces will be white and (some) faces will be black; and as for those whose faces have been blackened (it will be said to them): Did you disbelieve after your belief? Then taste the punishment for that you disbelieved. (106) And as for those whose faces have been whitened, (they will be) in the mercy of Allah, they dwell therein for ever. (107)

1-Rasool Allah sawaw said: On the day of Qiyamah, my Ummah will come to me under five flags. I will ask the people with the flag of the Calf of this Ummah, “How you dealt with Saqalain after me?” They will say: We altered Quran and turned back to it, and kept animosity and grudge to your Itrat asws and did injustice. I will say: Take them towards Hell, thirsty and with black faces. Then those with the flag of Firoun of this Ummah will be presented, then I will ask them: How did you treat Saqalain after me? They will reply: We did alteration in Quran, made pieces of it, opposed it, and kept animosity to your Itrat asws and fought. So I will say: Take them thirsty toward Hell, be their faces black. Then those with the flag of Samri of this Ummah will come, and I will ask them: How did you treat Saqalain after me? They will answer: We disobeyed Quran and left it, and insulted Itrat and weakened it and did all evils against them. Then I will say: Take these black faced ones thirsty towards Hell. Then those with Zu-Sadaya flag will come, with the first and last Kharji, I will ask them: How did you treat Saqalain after me? They will reply: Made pieces of Quran, showed immunity to it, and fought with Itrat and martyred them. So I will say: Take them thirsty with black faces toward Hell. Then those with the flag of Imamul Muttaqeen, Syyedul Wasiyyeen, Qaid Gharrul Mohajjileen and Wasi Rasool e Rabbil Aalameen asws will come, I will ask them: How did you treat Saqalain after me? They will reply: We followed and obeyed Quran, and we loved Itrat, and accepted our guardian, and supported them, helped them, and shed our blood for them. So I will say: Take these bright faced ones toward Jannah after quenching them. Then Rasool Allah sawaw recited these verses (Aal-e-Imran, v106-107) (al-Burhan, v2, p90)

Lesson:

1-Beware, Quran & Hadees is for until Qiyamah. Do not worship fallible Muqassir Mulla like Calf, that you accept without proof whatever he says. And do not make him Firoun, that you listen even if he says against Quran & Sunnah. And beware of Samri type people, who misguide the people by doing propaganda in favour of the Calf Mulla. And do not alter Quran in meaning by writing exegesis according to your wishes. Believe in whole Quran, do not make its pieces, by taking only few hundred verses and turn back to others. Do not accept Fatawa which are clearly opposite to Quran, so that you start accepting Zunni Fatawa instead of Quran & Sunnah. And don’t do injustice to Ahlul Bait asws, testify the right of their Walayat. And do not snatch their Alqabaat (agnomen) due to animosity and grudge. Do not talk nonsense about Infallibility & Purity of Masumeen asws. Do not become Kharji by performing deeds without testimony of Walayat, and do not martyr Itrat asws with hands or tongues. After being Momin, do not blacken your face by denying Walayat-e-Ali asws, otherwise you will be cast into the lowest cell of Hell along with the Calf, Firoun, Samri and Kharjis without quenching with Kauser.

كُنتُمۡ خَيۡرَ أُمَّةٍ أُخۡرِجَتۡ لِلنَّاسِ تَأۡمُرُونَ بِٱلۡمَعۡرُوفِ وَتَنۡهَوۡنَ عَنِ ٱلۡمُنکرِ وَتُؤۡمِنُونَ بِٱللَّهِ‌ۗ وَلَوۡ ءَامَنَ أَهۡلُ ٱلۡکتَـٰبِ لَكَانَ خَيۡرً۬ا لَّهُم‌ۚ مِّنۡهُمُ ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنُونَ وَأَکۡثَرُهُمُ ٱلۡفَـٰسِقُونَ (١١٠) لَن يَضُرُّوکمۡ إِلَّآ أَذً۬ى‌ۖ وَإِن يُقَـٰتِلُوكُمۡ يُوَلُّوكُمُ ٱلۡأَدۡبَارَ ثُمَّ لَا يُنصَرُونَ (١١١) ضُرِبَتۡ عَلَيۡهمُ ٱلذِّلَّةُ أَيۡنَ مَا ثُقِفُوٓاْ إِلَّا بِحَبۡلٍ۬ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَحَبۡلٍ۬ مِّنَ ٱلنَّاسِ وَبَآءُو بِغَضَبٍ۬ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَضُرِبَتۡ عَلَيۡهمُ ٱلۡمَسۡكَنَةُ‌ۚ ذَالِكَ بِأَنَّهُمۡ كَانُواْ يَكۡفُرُونَ بِـَٔايَـٰتِ ٱللَّهِ وَيَقۡتُلُونَ ٱلۡأَنۢبِيَآءَ بِغَيۡرِ حَقٍّ۬‌ۚ ذَالِكَ بِمَا عَصَواْ وَّكَانُواْ يَعۡتَدُونَ (١١٢)

You are the best Ummah that has been raised for mankind, you command what is right and you forbid from wrong; and you believe in Allah. And if the People of the Book had believed it had been better for them. Some of them are believers, but most of them are corrupt. (110) They will not harm you except for annoyance, and if they fight against you they will show you their backs (turn and flee), then they will not be helped. (111) Disgrace has been struck on them wherever they are found except (where they grasp) a Rope from Allah and a Rope among the people. And they have incurred Anger from their Rabb, and destitution has struck them, that is because they used to disbelieve the Ayaat of Allah, and slew the prophets without right, that is because they disobeyed and used to transgress. (112)

1-Is that the best Ummah who martyred Amirul Momineen asws and his sons Hassan asws & Hussain asws? Rather the Best Ummah is Imams asws who are raised for the guidance of the people, whom Allah is praising that they command virtues and forbid from evils, and believe in Allah. (Imam Jafar Sadiq asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p91)

2-Imam Mohammad Baqir asws said (about verse 112): The Rope from Allah is the Book of Allah, and Rope among people is Ali ibne Abi Talib asws. (al-Burhan, v2, p92)

3-About the verse, “that is because they used to disbelieve the Ayaat of Allah, and slew the prophets without right, that is because they disobeyed and used to transgress”, Imam Jafar Sadiq asws said: By Allah, they were not killing them with hands and nor murdering them with swords, but they were listening their words and listening their secrets, then they were spreading rumours so that they can capture them and fight against them, so this is murder, transgression, and disobedience. (al-Burhan, v2, p94)

Lesson:

1-The Best Ummah is Infallible Imams asws who are the guides for the worlds. If unjust people used to martyr them apparently, there is no loss to them in reality, they are immortal and Hazir Nazir, their authority is unlimited beyond the universe.

2-Salvation is with Quran and Walayat-e-Ali asws. Whoever denies to recite the testimony of Walayat-e-Ali asws after listening Quran & Hadees, he is counted among the murderers of Masumeen asws.

وَلَٮِٕن قُتِلۡتُمۡ فِى سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ أَوۡ مُتُّمۡ لَمَغۡفِرَةٌ۬ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَرَحۡمَةٌ خَيۡرٌ۬ مِّمَّا يَجۡمَعُونَ (١٥٧)

And if you are killed in the Sabeel (way) of Allah or die, then surely pardon from Allah and mercy are better than whatever they accumulate (wordly things). (157)

1-Imam Mohammad Baqir asws said: Sabeel of Allah is Ali asws and his progeny asws. And whoever is killed for the cause of their Walayat he is killed in the way of Allah, and who die on their Walayat he died in the way of Allah. (al-Burhan, v2, p123)

Lesson:

1-Who is established on Walayat-e-Ali asws with heart, tongue, and practice, he is blessed & forgiven, then whether dies in bed or is he is murdered, in any case he gave life in the way of Allah.

وَمَا كَانَ لِنَبِىٍّ أَن يَغُلَّ‌ۚ وَمَن يَغۡلُلۡ يَأۡتِ بِمَا غَلَّ يَوۡمَ ٱلۡقِيَـٰمَةِ‌ۚ ثُمَّ تُوَفَّىٰ کلُّ نَفۡسٍ۬ مَّا كَسَبَتۡ وَهُمۡ لَا يُظۡلَمُونَ (١٦١)

It is not for Nabi to be dishonest. And whoever does dishonesty will bring (what he took with) that dishonesty on the Day of Qiyamah. Then every soul will be paid (compensated in full) what it has earned; and they will not be wronged. (161)

1-On the day of Badar people put wrong allegation on our Nabi Mohammad sawaw, that he has kept a red velvet cloth for himself from the booty. So Allah Azza wa Jalla exposed that velvet, proved His Nabi sawaw immune (free) from dishonesty, and revealed this verse in His Book. (Imam Jafar Sadiq asws) (al-Burhan, v2, p127)

Lesson:

1-All non-Muslims believed that Rasool Allah is honest even before the announcement of Risalat, and he was called as Sadiq and Ameen. But one so-called companion hid velvet cloth in the ground for himself and allegated Rasool Allah sawaw, but Allah exposed his hypocrisy. Even today there are some ill-fated so-called Muslims as well who think Rasool Allah sawaw did dishonesty in trust of Allah (Naoozobillah), and that is even the biggest Trust of the universe which is Walayat-e-Ali asws, which Rasool Allah sawaw kept conveying to the people from the first day to the last day by repeatedly announcing it, by written statements, recited daily in Azaan, Aqamah, and Salaah, showed in Quran, and commanded to convey this message to the next generations. In spite of all that, still Muqassir Mulla allegates Rasool Allah sawaw that he did not convey such trust to us.

أَفَمَنِ ٱتَّبَعَ رِضۡوَانَ ٱللَّهِ كَمَنۢ بَآءَ بِسَخَطٍ۬ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَمَأۡوَٮٰهُ جَهَنَّمُ‌ۚ وَبِئۡسَ ٱلۡمَصِيرُ (١٦٢) هُمۡ دَرَجَـٰتٌ عِندَ ٱللَّهِ‌ۗ وَٱللَّهُ بَصِيرُۢ بِمَا يَعۡمَلُونَ (١٦٣)

Is one who follows the Pleasure of Allah like one who has earned Anger from Allah, whose habitation is the Hell, what an evil destination? (162) There are degrees with Allah for them, and Allah is Seer of whatever they do. (163)

1-Imam Jafar Sadiq asws said about this saying of Allah Ta’ala: Those who follow the Pleasure of Allah are pure Imams asws, and by Allah only they are (i.e. Mashiyat-e-Elahi are only 14 Masumeen asws). And those having degrees are Momineen, and Allah increases their virtues for the sake of Walayat & Marifat of Imams asws, and for their sake raises their degrees to high. And O Ammar! Who is surrounded in the Anger of Allah, and his abode is Hell, and it is worst destination, by Allah, they are those people who deny the right of Ali ibne Abi Talib asws and the right of us Imams the Ahlul Bait asws, so due to this reason Wrath of Allah is on them. (al-Burhan, v2, p128)

Lesson:

1-Momineen who have Marifat of Mashiyat-e-Elahi Masumeen asws and testify their Walayat, for them Allah has high degrees which keep increasing as Momin goes further in the ocean of Marifat. The destination of the opponents of Walayat-e-Masumeen asws is Hell.

يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ ٱصۡبِرُواْ وَصَابِرُواْ وَرَابِطُواْ وَٱتَّقُواْ ٱللَّهَ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تُفۡلِحُونَ (٢٠٠)

O you who believe! Be patient and persevere and keep contact and fear Allah that you may be successful. (200)

1-Imam Jafar Sadiq asws said: Be patient on obligations, and persevere during hardships, and keep in contact with Imams asws. (al-Burhan, v2, p149)

2-Imam Mohammad Baqir asws said: Be patient in performing obligations, and steadfast in front of your enemies, and keep in contact with Imam-e-Muntazar asws. (al-Burhan, v2, p149)

Lesson:

1-Walayat-e-Masumeen asws is inevitable Obligation, keep preaching it with patience and perseverance, and face the hardships from the enemies of Walayat with patience and steadfastness, and do not keep contact with any Muqassir Mulla but all Momineen should keep contact themselves with Imam Qaim asws, and fear Allah i.e. do only what Allah & Masumeen asws command, and avoid Zunni Fatawa of fallible Mulla.

Lesson 10: The Divine Unity in Lordship

Rubūbiyyah or Lordship is one of the Attributes of Perfection of God.Rubūbiyyah is derived from the wordrabb and lexicographically an infinite (maṣdar ) which meanstarbiyyah (nurture) but it is most frequently used in the sense of the doer of action (ism fā‘il ) meaning ‘nurturer’. This word, in the latter sense, is exclusively and absolutely applied to God, but it is also applied sometimes to other than God, as in the wordsrabb al-dār (head of the house),rabb al-firdaws (doyen of the paradise), etc.1

The wordtadbīr (management) in the sense ofrubūbiyyah (lordship) has been used a lot in Qur’anic verses and traditions (aḥādīth ).Tadbīr means to put a thing next to another thing in a particular order and arrangement in such a way that the intended purpose of each of them could be attained.

For example, managing (tadbīr ) home affairs is to put each thing in its suitable place so that it could be used in the most appropriate manner without wasting anything. Managing the affairs of the universe means to create a particular order among the creatures in such a way that every creature could attain its desired perfection.

This kind of management is a specific management which pertains to every phenomenon but the general management in relation to the entire universe is to let such an order govern the universe so that the world of creation could reach its ultimate goal which is the return to God and the emergence of the hereafter.2

Cosmic and Legislative Lordship

What has been discussed so far pertains to the cosmic (takwīnī ) Lordship and management of the universe, but with respect to some creatures, legislative (tashrī‘ī ) lordship and management are also raised, and this pertains to the creatures which, in addition to the instinctive guidance, also possess rational guidance.

For this reason, they have also rational responsibility but since their reason is not that perfect and that capable in every aspect, they are also in need of legislative guidance which has been provided by the prophets of God (‘a ) and the heavenly religion. This subject constitutes the foundation of prophethood (nubuwwah ) and heavenly codes of law. Therefore, one of the manifestations of Lordship is the legislative one.

Lordship in This World and the Hereafter

The scope of Lordship (rubūbiyyah ) is not limited to this world as it also extends to the Hereafter, and the issues such as forgiveness and expiation of sins, permission to intercede (shafā‘ah ) and granting it and others related to the Hereafter are also among the myriad manifestations of Lordship.

Hence, Lordship or Management (tadbīr ) has numerous manifestations and expressions, some of which are related to this world while others pertain to the next world. Some concern the cosmic realm while others are relevant to the legislative domain, and the concomitance of the principle of the Divine Unity in Lordship is that all these manifestations and expressions [of Lordship] emanate from Him and Him alone. Of course, this exclusivity is related to the Independent and Essential Lordship and not to lordshipper se , for the Holy Qur’an has also acknowledged indirect lordships emanating

from God and and affirmed the causes and intermediaries in the management of the universe. It has even sworn by the managers of the affairs of the universe:

﴿ فَالْمُدَبِّرٰتِ أَمْرًا ﴾

“By those who direct the affairs [of creatures]!” 3

The Proofs of the Divine Unity in Lordship

1. The concomitance between management (tadbīr ) and creation (khalqiyyah )

In terms of meaning and implication, management and creation are two different things, just as in terms of applicability regarding the human artifacts they can also be distinguished from each other. That is, it is possible for a person to cause something to exist and for another person to manage it, but this state of affairs is impossible with respect to the creation and management of the universe, for management of all phenomena in the universe cannot persist and be sustained except through creation.

For instance, managing the plant is done in such a way that it is constantly provided with air, heat and other elements of subsistence and the process of life’s growth continues. In reality, they are manifestations of the Divine creation which is reflected in the law of nature. As such, the Holy Qur’an has mentioned creation and management together. We shall mention here some examples of such verses:

﴿ أَلا لَهُ الْخَلْقُ وَالأمْرُ تَبَارَكَ اللَّهُ رَبُّ الْعَالَمِينَ ﴾

“Look! All creation and command belong to Him. Blessed is Allah, the Lord of all the worlds.” 4

﴿ رَبُّنَا الَّذِي أَعْطَى كُلَّ شَيْءٍ خَلْقَهُ ثُمَّ هَدَى ﴾

“Our Lord is He who gave everything its creation and then guided it.” 5

﴿ سَبِّحِ اسْمَ رَبِّكَ الأعْلَى ٭ الَّذِي خَلَقَ فَسَوَّى ٭ وَالَّذِي قَدَّرَ فَهَدَى ﴾

“Celebrate the Name of your Lord, the Most Exalted, who created and proportioned, who determined and guided.” 6

2. Harmony and concordance in the creation and management

Harmony and concordance in the natural phenomena is something indisputable from the perspective of casual observations and scientific studies. On the other hand, the involvement of two independent entities in the creation and management of the universe necessitates chaos and disorder in the order of nature. In view of these two premises, it can be proved that the manager and controller of the universe is One. The following holy verse supports this argument:

﴿ لَوْ كَانَ فِيهِمَا آلِهَةٌ إِلا اللَّهُ لَفَسَدَتَا ﴾

“Had there been gods in them other than Allah, they would surely have fallen apart.” 7

Hishām ibn al-Ḥakam asked Imām al-Ṣādiq (‘a ) about the proof of the Oneness of God. The Imām (‘a ) replied, thus:

إتِّصالُ التَّدْبيرِ وَتَمامُ الصُّنْعِ.

“The cohesion of the management and the harmony of creation [is the proof of the Oneness of God].”8

The Imām (‘a ) then recited the holy verse quoted above.

Human Being’s Deviation Relative to the Divine Unity in Lordship

It can be inferred from a study of the history of religions that many deviations have been made relative to the Divine Unity (tawḥīd ) in Lordship (rubūbiyyah ) - be it cosmic or legislative Lordship. The Holy Qur’an which is the most reliable source in this regard has mentioned examples of polytheism in Lordship. Among them are the verses which give the account of Prophet Ibrāhīm’s (Abraham) (‘a ) debate with the polytheists of his time. It can be deduced from the said verses that they believed in the lordship of the sun and the moon.9

Prophet Yūsuf (Joseph) (‘a ) is also quoted in the Qur’an, addressing his two companions in prison, thus:

﴿ يَا صَاحِبَيِ السِّجْنِ أَأَرْبَابٌ مُتَفَرِّقُونَ خَيْرٌ أَمِ اللَّهُ الْوَاحِدُ الْقَهَّارُ ﴾

“O my prison mates! Are different masters better, or Allah, the One, the All-paramount?” 10

And Pharaoh is also quoted to have said, thus:

﴿ أَنَا رَبُّكُمُ الأعْلَى ﴾

“I am your exalted lord!” 11

It also says about the polytheists during the time of the Holy Prophet ( ):

﴿ وَاتَّخَذُوا مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ آلِهَةً لِيَكُونُوا لَهُمْ عِزًّا ﴾

“They have taken gods besides Allah that they may be a [source of] might to them.” 12

Based on historical accounts, the polytheists used to regard their idols as different manifestations of the natural forces, worshipping them in a bid to benefit from these forces or to be immune from the threat and danger they brought. For instance,Ba‘l was supposed to be the embodiment of soul, fountains and underground water sources. Worship of thejinn was also prevalent among them and they usually took refuge in the goddess of thejinn in horrifying deserts.13

The same point can also be deduced from an account of the beginning of idol-worship in the Arabian Peninsula, for in one of his travels to Shām,14 ‘Amr ibn Laḥī observed that the people there used to worship idols. He asked them about their motive in worshipping idols. They told him that they were doing so with the aim of seeking the idols’ help in solving their problems. ‘Amr was convinced of their practice and brought idols with him upon his return to Makkah. He then named one of these idols asHubal and put it on top of theKa‘bah and called upon the people to worship it.15

It is worth mentioning that it is pointed out in some verses of the Qur’an that the polytheists during the time of the Prophet ( ) only believed in God’s Lordship and Management of the universe,16 but in view of the earlier quoted verses and historical evidences, it must be said that the management of the entire universe and the important and basic issues of Lordship was considered exclusive to God. On issues, however, like victory, success and warding off undesirable things related to the individual and social life, they

only believed in the lordship of gods and goddesses, and thus, they were polytheists.17

The Divine Unity in Legislation

One of the manifestations and expressions of the Divine Unity in Lordship is Oneness in legislation and law-making. The Holy Qur’an says:

﴿ إِنِ الْحُكْمُ إِلا لِلَّهِ أَمَرَ أَلّا تَعْبُدُوا إِلا إِيَّاهُ ﴾

“Sovereignty belongs only to Allah. He has commanded you to worship none except Him.” 18

Since legislation and determining the duties of individuals is a kind of guardianship (wilāyah ) on them and interference in their affairs and that the guardianship and involvement in the affairs of the universe (including the human beings and others) is exclusive to God on the basis of the Divine Unity in Lordship, no one except Him has the right of legislation and determining the rights and duties of others. One the other hand, what shall be enacted as laws in the legislative houses are actually declarations of the practical and executive ways of realizing the Divine laws and decrees.

For this reason, these laws must be harmonious with the Islamic laws and decrees without any conflict with them; otherwise, they shall be devoid of legitimacy.

The Divine Unity in Sovereignty

The right of sovereignty is primarily and essentially exclusive to God, for sovereignty is a kind of guardianship and management which is peculiar to God alone. On the other hand, governance is one of the social needs of the human being and its realization depends on his sovereignty and domination.

The outcome of these two principles is that some individuals are granted the right of sovereignty by God so as to assume the leadership in society and exercise the right of sovereignty by observing the rational and legislative principles and rules. There is no dispute that the prophets of God (‘a ), in general, and the Holy Prophet ( ), in particular, have enjoyed such a station.

From the Shī‘ah point of view, after the Holy Prophet ( ) this station has been entrusted to his infallible successors, viz. the Imāms from theAhl al-Bayt (‘a ), just as it was during the Period of Occultation (ghaybah ), the just, pious and competent jurists (fuqahā ) also have such a right. In other words, the system of government in Islam is founded on the concept of guardianship (wilāyah ) and the guardianship of the prophets, the Imāms and the jurists is a manifestation and expression of it.19

We will deal again with this issue in the discussions on Imamate.

The Divine Unity in Obedience

The right to earn obedience (iṭā‘ah ) is primarily and essentially exclusive to God, for He is the Creator and Master of the universe and the human beings. For this reason, obedience to God - so is servitude (‘ubūdiyyah ) to Him - is necessary for all beings. Meanwhile, God’s bestowal of the right of sovereignty and leadership on specific individuals (the prophets and the like) necessitates that obedience to them is also essential for others; otherwise, their guardianship and leadership shall be void and useless in practice.

The way of reconciling the two is to argue that obedience to other than Godper se is not obligatory on anyone, but obedience to those who are granted guardianship by God on the human beings is obligatory on others by the decree and commandment of God, as it is thus said:

﴿ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ أَطِيعُواْ اللّهَ وَأَطِيعُواْ الرَّسُولَ وَأُوْلِي الأَمْرِ مِنكُمْ ﴾

“O you who have faith! Obey Allah and obey the Apostle and those vested with authority among you.”20

And it is also stated, thus:

﴿ وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَا مِنْ رَسُولٍ إِلا لِيُطَاعَ بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ ﴾

“We did not send any apostle but to be obeyed by Allah’s leave.” 21

It is worth mentioning that the manifestations and expressions of the Divine Unity in Lordship and Management are not limited to the abovementioned cases, and they are only mentioned because of their particular importance in the social life of the human beings.

Review Questions

1. State the meanings and types of lordship (rubūbiyyah ).

2. Is the Lordship of God limited only to this world? Explain why.

3. State the proofs of the Divine Unity in Lordship while taking into account the verses of the Holy Qur’an.

4. By taking into account the verses of the Holy Qur’an, explain human beings’ deviation relative to the Divine Unity in Lordship.

5. Explain the Divine Unity in legislation.

6. Explain the Divine Unity in sovereignty.

7. Explain the Divine Unity in obedience while keeping in view of the verses of the Holy Qur’an.

References

1. Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Al-Mufradāt, under the word rabb.

2. Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-Ṭabāṭabā’ī, Al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-Qur’ān, vol. 11, pp. 289-290.

3. Sūrat al-Nāzi‘āt 79:5.

4. Sūrat al-A‘rāf 7:51.

5. Sūrat Ṭā Ḥā 20:50.

6. Sūrat al-A‘lā 87:1-3.

7. Sūrat al-Anbiyā’ 21:22.

8. Shaykh al-Ṣadūq, Al-Tawḥīd, section (bāb) 36, ḥadīths 1-2.

9. Sūrat al-An‘ām 6:76-78.

10. Sūrat Yūsuf 12:39.

11. Sūrat al-Nāzi‘āt 79:24.

12. Sūrat Maryam 19:81.

13. Jihān dar ‘Aṣr-e Bi‘thah (The World during the Prophet’s Mission), p. 21.

14. Shām: the land that included today’s Syria, Lebanon and parts of Jordan and Palestine up until five centuries ago. [Trans.]

15. Ibn Hishām, Al-Sīrat al-Nabawiyyah, vol. 1, p. 79.

16. Sūrat Yūnus 10:31; Sūrat al-‘Ankabūt 29:63; Sūrat al-Mu’minūn 23:86-89.

17. Sayyid Muḥsin Amīn, Kashf al-Irtiyāb, p. 170.

18. Sūrat Yūsuf 12:39.

19. For further information, see the book Dīn wa Dawlat (Religion and Government) by the author.

20. Sūrat al-Nisā’ 4:59.

21. Sūrat al-Nisā’ 4:64.

Lesson 11: The Divine Unity in Worship

Calling to the worship (‘ibādah ) of One and Only God and abandoning the worship of false deities is one of the most important objectives of all the prophets of God (‘a ), as the Holy Qur’an thus says:

﴿ وَلَقَدْ بَعَثْنَا فِي كُلِّ أُمَّةٍ رَّسُولاً أَنِ اعْبُدُواْ اللّهَ وَاجْتَنِبُواْ الطَّاغُوتَ ﴾

“Certainly We raised an apostle in every nation [to preach:] ‘Worship Allah, and keep away from the Rebel’.” 1

The Muslim schools of thought have a consensus of opinion on worship as exclusive to God alone, but some sects (such as the Wahhābīs) have committed mistakes in interpreting worship. As a result, they mistakenly regard many practices of Muslim as a gesture of honor and respect to the prophets and righteous people as worshipping them and polytheism in worship (shirk fī ’l-‘ibādah ).

So, by referring to the Holy Qur’an, it is necessary for us to know the true meaning of worship. Regarding the issue of the Divine Unity (tawḥīd ) in worship, the Holy Qur’an has focused on the following concepts:

1. Godhood or Divinity (ulūhiyyah );

2. Mastership or Ownership (mālikiyyah );

3. Creatorship (khāliqiyyah ); and

4. Lordship (rubūbiyyah ).

That is, only the Being who possesses the abovementioned Attributes is worthy of worship, and since the said Attributes can only be found in God, it follows that worship is due to Him alone, and now we shall quote examples of Qur’anic verses in this regard:

1.Sūrat al-Fātiḥah first mentions the Lordship and Mastership of God and then declares that worship is exclusive to God alone:

﴿ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ ٭ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ ٭ مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ ٭ إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ ﴾

“All praise belongs to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, the All-beneficent, the All-merciful, Master of the Day of Retribution. You [alone] do we worship, and to You [alone] do we turn for help.” 2

2. In a universal invitation, the human beings have been summoned to the worship of God who has created all the human beings:

﴿ يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اعْبُدُوا رَبَّكُمُ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُمْ وَالَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ ﴾

“O mankind! Worship your Lord, who created you and those who were before you.” 3

3. The apostles and prophets of God (‘a ) are reminded that Godhood (ulūhiyyah ) is exclusive to God alone. For this reason, they must worship Him alone:

﴿ وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَا مِنْ قَبْلِكَ مِنْ رَسُولٍ إِلا نُوحِي إِلَيْهِ أَنَّهُ لا إِلَهَ إِلا أَنَا فَاعْبُدُونِ ﴾

“We did not send any apostle before you but We revealed to him that ‘There is no god except Me; so worship Me.” 4

4. In another place, by citing that the Lordship (rubūbiyyah ), Godhood (ulūhiyyah ) and Creatorship (khāliqiyyah ) exclusively belong to God, all the human beings are invited to worship Him [alone]:

﴿ ذلِكُمُ اللّهُ رَبُّكُمْ لا إِلهَ إِلاّ هُوَ خالِقُ كُلِّ‏ِ شَيْ‏ءٍ فَاعْبُدُوهُ ﴾

“That is Allah, your Lord, there is no god except Him, the creator of all things; so worship Him.” 5

5. Addressing the Holy Prophet ( ), it is thus stated in another verse:

﴿ وَلِلَّهِ غَيْبُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأرْضِ وَإِلَيْهِ يُرْجَعُ الأمْرُ كُلَّهُ فَاعْبُدْهُ ﴾

“To Allah belongs the Unseen of the heavens and the earth, and to Him all matters are returned. So worship Him.” 6

6. In many verses, the idol-worshippers have been reproached for worshipping objects which cannot give them neither harm nor benefit:

﴿ قُلْ أَتَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ مَا لا يَمْلِكُ لَكُمْ ضَرًّا وَلا نَفْعًا ﴾

“Say, ‘Do you worship, besides Allah, what has no power to bring you any benefit or harm?” 7

﴿ وَيَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ مَا لا يَضُرُّهُمْ وَلا يَنْفَعُهُمْ ﴾

“They worship besides Allah that which neither causes them any harm, not brings them any benefit.” 8

﴿ وَيَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ مَا لا يَمْلِكُ لَهُمْ رِزْقًا ﴾

“They worship besides Allah what has no power to provide them.” 9

﴿ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ تَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ لا يَمْلِكُونَ لَكُمْ رِزْقًا ﴾

“Indeed those whom you worship besides Allah have no control over your provision.” 10

What is Worship?

By studying the totality of the quoted verses, the meaning of worship (‘ibādah ) can be inferred; that worship means any word or gesture of humility and humbleness before a being that is believed to have possessed all or some of the following characteristics:

1. He is Independent and Self-sufficient in His existence and existential perfections;

2. He is the Creator and Originator of all human beings and the universe, and all other creatures;

3. He controls anything and anyone what or who brings benefit and harm to the human beings and other creatures; and

4. He has direct and total involvement or interference in the destiny of the human being and the universe, and He occupies the station of [Exclusive] Lordship [over the entire Creation].

Therefore, the meaning of worship is constituted by two elements, viz. belief and action.

Belief is related to one of the abovementioned characteristics while action refers to any gesture coupled with humility and humbleness, but mere belief or action cannot constitute what is called ‘worship’.

In addition to the fact that this point can clearly be established by studying the verses quoted above, other proofs and pieces of evidence also indicate the same:

1. If we say that every gesture of humility before others - though not coupled with the belief in their Creatorship or Lordship - is considered ‘worship’, we must declare that the child’s meekness in front of her parents, the student’s humility before his teacher, the young’s show of respect to an elder, the ignorant’s humbleness toward the learned, and the like are all examples of worship. As a result, doing these gestures is an act of polytheism in worship although all these actions are encouraged and appreciated by the religious law and reason. Meanwhile, polytheism is essentially evil and knows no exception. For instance, the Qur’an has described it as a great injustice (ẓulmun ‘aẓīm ),11 and injustice is essentially evil.

2. Prostration (sajdah ) in front of others is regarded as the ultimate stage of actual humility, yet as stated in the Qur’an the angels were ordered to prostrate before Prophet Ādam (‘a ),12 and Prophet Ya‘qūb (Jacob) (‘a ) and his wife and children prostrated before Prophet Yūsuf (Joseph) (‘a ).13 If humility without the belief in Godhood is an act of worship, it follows that the action of the angels, Prophet Ya‘qūb (‘a ) and his children are clear manifestations of polytheism in worship.

3. In principle, it must be stated that humility of an imperfect being in front of a perfect being is one of the universal precedents (sunan ) governing the creation. Whenever an entity feels a sense of weakness and inferiority toward another entity that is considered stronger and more perfect, he/it impulsively feels a sense of humbleness and humility toward the other entity.

4. Then, in order to benefit from the said perfection and power or to be immune from any harm to be brought by the other entity, through a suitable gesture, he/it would express his/its humility and humbleness. The humility and modesty of an ignorant person in front of a learned person, a learned person in front of a more learned person is among the many manifestations of the said innate humility, and as such, reason (‘aql ) and natural disposition (fiṭrah ) regard it as something laudable, although the agent may be totally unaware of whether or not this action earns the approval and pleasure of the Law-giver.

Therefore, once humility and lowliness is expressed on account of a perfection which exists in another entity, we cannot consider it blameworthy and objectionable; in fact, such an action is rationally and religiously laudable.

It is very well acknowledged that expressing humility in front of another person is not permissible in two instances:

1. The person to whom humility is expressed is devoid of the perceived perfection for which humility is expressed. It is like the case of someone who expresses humility in front of another person, thinking that the latter person is learned or more learned than the former. In this case, what may be inadmissible would be the action and not the agent, because the motive of the agent in doing so is desirable. Similar is the case of someone who fasts on the day of‘Īd al-Fiṭr ,14 thinking that it is the last day of the month of Ramaḍān. Although fasting on that day is blameworthy and prohibited from

the perspective of religious law, this kind of undue expression of obedience cannot be treated as ‘worship’.

2. The said being possesses the intended existential perfection but not as independent and intrinsic in nature, as in the case of all beings in the universe. Now, if someone regards that existential perfection as inherent in a being and independently his/its own and in spite of knowing that such being is created by God and is in need of his Creator in many of his existential perfections, he still believes that some of the existential attributes and effects are delegated to that being, and therefore, that being acts independently of those aspects. In this case that person worships that being in view such belief he holds and expresses humility and lowliness in front of that being. This kind of humility or worship is not only inappropriate and blameworthy but also an act of polytheism.

At any rate, this conceptual analysis arrives at the same conclusion from a study of Qur’anic verses, and thus, the essence of worship is constituted by two elements. One is belief and intention while the other is actual humility and lowliness (belief and action).

The Wahhābīs and Polytheism in Worship

It becomes clear from the abovementioned points that the scope of polytheism in worship (manifest polytheism and not the other levels of polytheism) is so restricted and it has two types: one is the practical aspect while the other is the ideological aspect. That is, the expression of humility and lowliness in front of any being other than God - in whatever manner - coupled with the belief in his/its Godhood and Lordship.

The Wahhābīs15 have taken a very broad scope of polytheism, particularly in worship. According to them, any kind of humility or humbleness expressed in front of any being other than God is considered polytheism, particularly in worship. They cite two sets of Qur’anic verses to support this point. One set refers to the verses that refer to the polytheism, particularly in worship, committed by the polytheists during the time of Prophet Muḥammad ( ).

In these verses, actions such as supplication, seeking intercession (shafā‘ah ) and worshipping the idols with the intention of seeking nearness (qurb ) to God have been regarded by them, the Wahhābīs, as examples of polytheism in worship. Another set refers to the verses which indicate that the polytheists during the time of Prophet Muḥammad ( ) had acknowledged the Divine Unity in Creatorship and Lordship. From this perspective, therefore, they were monotheists and not polytheists.

What can be concluded from these two sets of verses is that polytheism in worship has nothing to do with the belief in the Lordship and Mastership of the Object of Worship (ma‘būd ); it is rather concerned with the performance of actions which are themselves considered acts of worship, and since worship is exclusive to God, performing those practices toward any being other than God constitutes polytheism in worship. This is the most important basis of the Wahhābīs in regarding as polytheists all other Muslims and recognizing themselves as monotheists (muwaḥḥid ) with respect to worship.

Considering what we have stated in the discussion related to the Divine Unity in Lordship, the incorrectness of this basis is manifest, for the polytheists during the time of Prophet Muḥammad ( ) used to worship idols and other deities and their motive behind those acts of worship was to seek proximity to God and winning the intercession of the deities before God, as declared by the Qur’an, thus:

﴿ وَيَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ مَا لا يَضُرُّهُمْ وَلا يَنْفَعُهُمْ وَيَقُولُونَ هَؤُلاءِ شُفَعَاؤُنَا عِنْدَ اللَّهِ ﴾

“They worship besides Allah that which neither causes them any harm, not brings them any benefit, and they say, ‘These are our intercessors with Allah.’” 16

And it also says, thus:

﴿ وَالَّذِينَ اتَّخَذُوا مِنْ دُونِهِ أَوْلِيَاءَ مَا نَعْبُدُهُمْ إِلا لِيُقَرِّبُونَا إِلَى اللَّهِ زُلْفَى ﴾

“…and those who take guardians besides Him [claiming,] ‘We only worship them so that they may bring us near to Allah’.” 17

The polytheists (during the Age of Ignorance) supposed that since the Divine Essence is unfathomable and one cannot comprehend the truth of His Essence, worshipping Him directly without any intermediary is not possible. For this reason, they used to worship other beings such as angels, deceased pious people and other creatures whom and which they believed to have some influence on the destiny of man and the universe. By doing so, they were expecting to gain the intercession of their objects of worship and thus attaining comfort in life, and to get nearness to the Lord of lords (rabb al-arbāb ).

Accordingly, the idols made of wood or stone were in reality representations of those deities and objects of worship, although those deities and objects of worship were gradually forgotten in the public memory and the idols became the real deities and objects of worship.

In any case, they used to worship their idols and objectes of worship, and as declared in the previous discussion, belief in the Lordship and Mastership of the Object of Worship is implied in the meaning of worship. This is so while none of the Muslims observes the rites and ceremonies which are performed for the sake of saints (awliyā’ ) with the intention of worshipping them. They recognize God alone as the only One worthy of worship and they worship Him alone.

They observe these rites and ceremonies with the intention of honor and reverence to the sublime station of the saints who enjoy the special favor of God, and in reality, this in itself is a sort of worship to God, just as some Wahhābī scholars have interpreted worship (‘ibādah ) to mean the performance of any action (verbal or bodily) which earns the good pleasure of God and has been enjoined by the Qur’an and the Prophet ( ):18

أَلعِبادَةُ إسْمٌ جامِعٌ لِكُلِّ ما يُحِبُّهُ اللهُ وَيَرْضاهُ مِنْ أقْوالِ العِبادِ وَأفْعالِهِم مِمّا أمَرَهُمْ بِهِ في كِتابِهِ عَلىٰ لِسانِ رَسولِهِ.

There is no doubt that showing honor and respect to the prophets and saints of God (‘a ) by means of any action which is permissible and not

prohibited by the religious law earns the pleasure of God, and it is one of the manifestations of honoring the Divine sacraments (sha‘ā’ir Allāh ), and the Qur’an regards it as an indication of the purity of hearts, saying thus:

﴿ وَ مَنْ يُعَظِّمْ شَعَائِرَ اللَّهِ فَإِنَّهَا مِنْ تَقْوَى الْقُلُوبِ ‏ ﴾

“And whoever venerates the sacraments of Allah—indeed that arises from God-wariness of hearts.” 19

Therefore, comparing the practices of Muslims with respect to the practices which are observed for the sake of honoring the sublime station of the holy saints (awliyā’ ) with the intention of worshipping God and not worshipping the saints, with the practices of the polytheists with respect to their idols and objects of worship which are done with the intention of worshipping them is totally incorrect and baseless.

If we are supposed to compare the Muslims’ visitation to the graves of pious people to something else, we must do so with the rites pertaining to the visitation to the House of God (Ka‘bah ), in general, and the kissing of the Black Stone (ḥajar al-aswad ), in particular, which are done with no intention other than worshipping God and honoring the Divine sacraments.

At this juncture, one can know the refutation to all the Wahhābī objections to the other Muslim schools of thought with respect to the Divine Unity in worship. They regard as manifestations of polytheism in worship such practices as entreating (tabarruk ) and imploring (istighāthah ) the saints of God (awliyā’ ), seeking their intercession (tawassul ), swearing to God by their right, seeking blessings (tabarruk ) from their remnants, making a vow (nadhr ) for the buried ones (ahl al-qubūr ), and the like.

And their basis is nothing but comparison of these practices to the practices of the polytheists during the time of Prophet Muḥammad ( ) which are outwardly similar to each other. This is exactly their error because outward similarity of two actions can never be the basis of uniformity of religious ruling for both actions; otherwise, fighting and struggle in the way of God and in the way ofṭāghūt 20 must have the same religious ruling, for they are the same outwardly and their only difference is in the intention or motive, as the Qur’an testifies, thus:

﴿ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا يُقَاتِلُونَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا يُقَاتِلُونَ فِي سَبِيلِ الطَّاغُوتِ ﴾

“Those who have faith fight in the way of Allah, and those who are faithless fight in the way of the Rebel” 21

The practices of the polytheists with respect to their objects of worship are coupled with the belief in the Lordship and Mastership of their objects of worship and the intention of worshipping them, while the practices of the Muslims in relation to the saints of God and their graves are in no way coupled with the belief in their Lordship and Mastership and the motive is to worship God through giving respect and honor to them as Divine sacraments - something which is acceptable and pleasing to God.

Review Questions

1. Concerning the issue of the Divine Unity (tawḥīd ) in worship, what are the points emphasized by the Holy Qur’an?

2. Elucidate the two elements that constitute the essence of worship.

3. In what way will humility and lowliness in front of any being other than God become laudable and in what way will the same become blameworthy and unacceptable?

4. Why do the Wahhābīs regard any gesture of humility and humbleness in front of any being other than God as polytheism?

5. Write down the invalidity of the Wahhābī view on the Divine Unity in worship.

6. Are entreating (tawassul ) and imploring (istighāthah ) the saints of God (awliyā’ ) in conflict with the Divine Unity (tawḥīd )? Why?

References

1. l 16:36.Sūrat an-Nah

2. ah 1:2-5.Sūrat al-Fātih

3. Sūrat al-Baqarah 2:21.

4. Sūrat al-Anbiyā’ 21:25.

5. Sūrat al-An‘ām 6:102.

6. Sūrat Hūd 11:123.

7. Sūrat al-Mā’idah 5:76.

8. Sūrat Yūnus 10:18.

9. l 16:73.Sūrat al-Nah

10. Sūrat al-‘Ankabūt 29:17.

11. Sūrat Luqmān 31:13.

12. “And when We said to the angels, ‘Prostrate before Adam,’ they prostrated, except Iblis: he refused and acted arrogantly.” (Sūrat al-Baqarah 2:34)

13. “And he seated his parents high upon the throne, and they fell down prostrate before him.” (Sūrat Yūsuf 12:100)

14. ān. [Trans.]r: the Islamic feast marking the end of the fasting month of Ramad Īd al-Fit

15. ammad ibn ‘Abdul-Wahhāb, the founder of theWahhābī: follower of Muh Wahhābī sect. For a critical review of Wahhabism, see Āyatullāh Ja‘far ānī, Wahhabism (Tehran: Naba’ Organization, 1996),ubh S http://www.al-islam.org/wahhabism; Hamid Algar, Wahhabism: A Critical Essay (New York: Islamic Publications International, 2002). [Trans.]

16. Sūrat Yūnus 10:18.

17. Sūrat al-Zumar 39:3.

18. Al-Jāmi‘ al-Farīd, p. 290, quoting the book Al-Kalimāt al-Nāfi‘ah written by ‘Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhāb.

19. Sūrat al-Ḥajj 22:32.

20. āghūt, which has been used eight times in the Qur’an,The term t applies to any idol, object, or individual that prevents people from āghūt haddoing what is good, and leads them astray. Prior to Islam, t been the name of one of the idols of the Quraysh tribe. This name is also used to mean Satan. Moreover, the term is attributed to the one who rebels against lofty values, or whose despotism surpasses all bounds and who claims the prerogatives of divinity for himself either explicitly or implicitly. [Trans.]

21. Sūrat al-Nisā’ 4:76.

Lesson 10: The Divine Unity in Lordship

Rubūbiyyah or Lordship is one of the Attributes of Perfection of God.Rubūbiyyah is derived from the wordrabb and lexicographically an infinite (maṣdar ) which meanstarbiyyah (nurture) but it is most frequently used in the sense of the doer of action (ism fā‘il ) meaning ‘nurturer’. This word, in the latter sense, is exclusively and absolutely applied to God, but it is also applied sometimes to other than God, as in the wordsrabb al-dār (head of the house),rabb al-firdaws (doyen of the paradise), etc.1

The wordtadbīr (management) in the sense ofrubūbiyyah (lordship) has been used a lot in Qur’anic verses and traditions (aḥādīth ).Tadbīr means to put a thing next to another thing in a particular order and arrangement in such a way that the intended purpose of each of them could be attained.

For example, managing (tadbīr ) home affairs is to put each thing in its suitable place so that it could be used in the most appropriate manner without wasting anything. Managing the affairs of the universe means to create a particular order among the creatures in such a way that every creature could attain its desired perfection.

This kind of management is a specific management which pertains to every phenomenon but the general management in relation to the entire universe is to let such an order govern the universe so that the world of creation could reach its ultimate goal which is the return to God and the emergence of the hereafter.2

Cosmic and Legislative Lordship

What has been discussed so far pertains to the cosmic (takwīnī ) Lordship and management of the universe, but with respect to some creatures, legislative (tashrī‘ī ) lordship and management are also raised, and this pertains to the creatures which, in addition to the instinctive guidance, also possess rational guidance.

For this reason, they have also rational responsibility but since their reason is not that perfect and that capable in every aspect, they are also in need of legislative guidance which has been provided by the prophets of God (‘a ) and the heavenly religion. This subject constitutes the foundation of prophethood (nubuwwah ) and heavenly codes of law. Therefore, one of the manifestations of Lordship is the legislative one.

Lordship in This World and the Hereafter

The scope of Lordship (rubūbiyyah ) is not limited to this world as it also extends to the Hereafter, and the issues such as forgiveness and expiation of sins, permission to intercede (shafā‘ah ) and granting it and others related to the Hereafter are also among the myriad manifestations of Lordship.

Hence, Lordship or Management (tadbīr ) has numerous manifestations and expressions, some of which are related to this world while others pertain to the next world. Some concern the cosmic realm while others are relevant to the legislative domain, and the concomitance of the principle of the Divine Unity in Lordship is that all these manifestations and expressions [of Lordship] emanate from Him and Him alone. Of course, this exclusivity is related to the Independent and Essential Lordship and not to lordshipper se , for the Holy Qur’an has also acknowledged indirect lordships emanating

from God and and affirmed the causes and intermediaries in the management of the universe. It has even sworn by the managers of the affairs of the universe:

﴿ فَالْمُدَبِّرٰتِ أَمْرًا ﴾

“By those who direct the affairs [of creatures]!” 3

The Proofs of the Divine Unity in Lordship

1. The concomitance between management (tadbīr ) and creation (khalqiyyah )

In terms of meaning and implication, management and creation are two different things, just as in terms of applicability regarding the human artifacts they can also be distinguished from each other. That is, it is possible for a person to cause something to exist and for another person to manage it, but this state of affairs is impossible with respect to the creation and management of the universe, for management of all phenomena in the universe cannot persist and be sustained except through creation.

For instance, managing the plant is done in such a way that it is constantly provided with air, heat and other elements of subsistence and the process of life’s growth continues. In reality, they are manifestations of the Divine creation which is reflected in the law of nature. As such, the Holy Qur’an has mentioned creation and management together. We shall mention here some examples of such verses:

﴿ أَلا لَهُ الْخَلْقُ وَالأمْرُ تَبَارَكَ اللَّهُ رَبُّ الْعَالَمِينَ ﴾

“Look! All creation and command belong to Him. Blessed is Allah, the Lord of all the worlds.” 4

﴿ رَبُّنَا الَّذِي أَعْطَى كُلَّ شَيْءٍ خَلْقَهُ ثُمَّ هَدَى ﴾

“Our Lord is He who gave everything its creation and then guided it.” 5

﴿ سَبِّحِ اسْمَ رَبِّكَ الأعْلَى ٭ الَّذِي خَلَقَ فَسَوَّى ٭ وَالَّذِي قَدَّرَ فَهَدَى ﴾

“Celebrate the Name of your Lord, the Most Exalted, who created and proportioned, who determined and guided.” 6

2. Harmony and concordance in the creation and management

Harmony and concordance in the natural phenomena is something indisputable from the perspective of casual observations and scientific studies. On the other hand, the involvement of two independent entities in the creation and management of the universe necessitates chaos and disorder in the order of nature. In view of these two premises, it can be proved that the manager and controller of the universe is One. The following holy verse supports this argument:

﴿ لَوْ كَانَ فِيهِمَا آلِهَةٌ إِلا اللَّهُ لَفَسَدَتَا ﴾

“Had there been gods in them other than Allah, they would surely have fallen apart.” 7

Hishām ibn al-Ḥakam asked Imām al-Ṣādiq (‘a ) about the proof of the Oneness of God. The Imām (‘a ) replied, thus:

إتِّصالُ التَّدْبيرِ وَتَمامُ الصُّنْعِ.

“The cohesion of the management and the harmony of creation [is the proof of the Oneness of God].”8

The Imām (‘a ) then recited the holy verse quoted above.

Human Being’s Deviation Relative to the Divine Unity in Lordship

It can be inferred from a study of the history of religions that many deviations have been made relative to the Divine Unity (tawḥīd ) in Lordship (rubūbiyyah ) - be it cosmic or legislative Lordship. The Holy Qur’an which is the most reliable source in this regard has mentioned examples of polytheism in Lordship. Among them are the verses which give the account of Prophet Ibrāhīm’s (Abraham) (‘a ) debate with the polytheists of his time. It can be deduced from the said verses that they believed in the lordship of the sun and the moon.9

Prophet Yūsuf (Joseph) (‘a ) is also quoted in the Qur’an, addressing his two companions in prison, thus:

﴿ يَا صَاحِبَيِ السِّجْنِ أَأَرْبَابٌ مُتَفَرِّقُونَ خَيْرٌ أَمِ اللَّهُ الْوَاحِدُ الْقَهَّارُ ﴾

“O my prison mates! Are different masters better, or Allah, the One, the All-paramount?” 10

And Pharaoh is also quoted to have said, thus:

﴿ أَنَا رَبُّكُمُ الأعْلَى ﴾

“I am your exalted lord!” 11

It also says about the polytheists during the time of the Holy Prophet ( ):

﴿ وَاتَّخَذُوا مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ آلِهَةً لِيَكُونُوا لَهُمْ عِزًّا ﴾

“They have taken gods besides Allah that they may be a [source of] might to them.” 12

Based on historical accounts, the polytheists used to regard their idols as different manifestations of the natural forces, worshipping them in a bid to benefit from these forces or to be immune from the threat and danger they brought. For instance,Ba‘l was supposed to be the embodiment of soul, fountains and underground water sources. Worship of thejinn was also prevalent among them and they usually took refuge in the goddess of thejinn in horrifying deserts.13

The same point can also be deduced from an account of the beginning of idol-worship in the Arabian Peninsula, for in one of his travels to Shām,14 ‘Amr ibn Laḥī observed that the people there used to worship idols. He asked them about their motive in worshipping idols. They told him that they were doing so with the aim of seeking the idols’ help in solving their problems. ‘Amr was convinced of their practice and brought idols with him upon his return to Makkah. He then named one of these idols asHubal and put it on top of theKa‘bah and called upon the people to worship it.15

It is worth mentioning that it is pointed out in some verses of the Qur’an that the polytheists during the time of the Prophet ( ) only believed in God’s Lordship and Management of the universe,16 but in view of the earlier quoted verses and historical evidences, it must be said that the management of the entire universe and the important and basic issues of Lordship was considered exclusive to God. On issues, however, like victory, success and warding off undesirable things related to the individual and social life, they

only believed in the lordship of gods and goddesses, and thus, they were polytheists.17

The Divine Unity in Legislation

One of the manifestations and expressions of the Divine Unity in Lordship is Oneness in legislation and law-making. The Holy Qur’an says:

﴿ إِنِ الْحُكْمُ إِلا لِلَّهِ أَمَرَ أَلّا تَعْبُدُوا إِلا إِيَّاهُ ﴾

“Sovereignty belongs only to Allah. He has commanded you to worship none except Him.” 18

Since legislation and determining the duties of individuals is a kind of guardianship (wilāyah ) on them and interference in their affairs and that the guardianship and involvement in the affairs of the universe (including the human beings and others) is exclusive to God on the basis of the Divine Unity in Lordship, no one except Him has the right of legislation and determining the rights and duties of others. One the other hand, what shall be enacted as laws in the legislative houses are actually declarations of the practical and executive ways of realizing the Divine laws and decrees.

For this reason, these laws must be harmonious with the Islamic laws and decrees without any conflict with them; otherwise, they shall be devoid of legitimacy.

The Divine Unity in Sovereignty

The right of sovereignty is primarily and essentially exclusive to God, for sovereignty is a kind of guardianship and management which is peculiar to God alone. On the other hand, governance is one of the social needs of the human being and its realization depends on his sovereignty and domination.

The outcome of these two principles is that some individuals are granted the right of sovereignty by God so as to assume the leadership in society and exercise the right of sovereignty by observing the rational and legislative principles and rules. There is no dispute that the prophets of God (‘a ), in general, and the Holy Prophet ( ), in particular, have enjoyed such a station.

From the Shī‘ah point of view, after the Holy Prophet ( ) this station has been entrusted to his infallible successors, viz. the Imāms from theAhl al-Bayt (‘a ), just as it was during the Period of Occultation (ghaybah ), the just, pious and competent jurists (fuqahā ) also have such a right. In other words, the system of government in Islam is founded on the concept of guardianship (wilāyah ) and the guardianship of the prophets, the Imāms and the jurists is a manifestation and expression of it.19

We will deal again with this issue in the discussions on Imamate.

The Divine Unity in Obedience

The right to earn obedience (iṭā‘ah ) is primarily and essentially exclusive to God, for He is the Creator and Master of the universe and the human beings. For this reason, obedience to God - so is servitude (‘ubūdiyyah ) to Him - is necessary for all beings. Meanwhile, God’s bestowal of the right of sovereignty and leadership on specific individuals (the prophets and the like) necessitates that obedience to them is also essential for others; otherwise, their guardianship and leadership shall be void and useless in practice.

The way of reconciling the two is to argue that obedience to other than Godper se is not obligatory on anyone, but obedience to those who are granted guardianship by God on the human beings is obligatory on others by the decree and commandment of God, as it is thus said:

﴿ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ أَطِيعُواْ اللّهَ وَأَطِيعُواْ الرَّسُولَ وَأُوْلِي الأَمْرِ مِنكُمْ ﴾

“O you who have faith! Obey Allah and obey the Apostle and those vested with authority among you.”20

And it is also stated, thus:

﴿ وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَا مِنْ رَسُولٍ إِلا لِيُطَاعَ بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ ﴾

“We did not send any apostle but to be obeyed by Allah’s leave.” 21

It is worth mentioning that the manifestations and expressions of the Divine Unity in Lordship and Management are not limited to the abovementioned cases, and they are only mentioned because of their particular importance in the social life of the human beings.

Review Questions

1. State the meanings and types of lordship (rubūbiyyah ).

2. Is the Lordship of God limited only to this world? Explain why.

3. State the proofs of the Divine Unity in Lordship while taking into account the verses of the Holy Qur’an.

4. By taking into account the verses of the Holy Qur’an, explain human beings’ deviation relative to the Divine Unity in Lordship.

5. Explain the Divine Unity in legislation.

6. Explain the Divine Unity in sovereignty.

7. Explain the Divine Unity in obedience while keeping in view of the verses of the Holy Qur’an.

References

1. Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Al-Mufradāt, under the word rabb.

2. Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-Ṭabāṭabā’ī, Al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-Qur’ān, vol. 11, pp. 289-290.

3. Sūrat al-Nāzi‘āt 79:5.

4. Sūrat al-A‘rāf 7:51.

5. Sūrat Ṭā Ḥā 20:50.

6. Sūrat al-A‘lā 87:1-3.

7. Sūrat al-Anbiyā’ 21:22.

8. Shaykh al-Ṣadūq, Al-Tawḥīd, section (bāb) 36, ḥadīths 1-2.

9. Sūrat al-An‘ām 6:76-78.

10. Sūrat Yūsuf 12:39.

11. Sūrat al-Nāzi‘āt 79:24.

12. Sūrat Maryam 19:81.

13. Jihān dar ‘Aṣr-e Bi‘thah (The World during the Prophet’s Mission), p. 21.

14. Shām: the land that included today’s Syria, Lebanon and parts of Jordan and Palestine up until five centuries ago. [Trans.]

15. Ibn Hishām, Al-Sīrat al-Nabawiyyah, vol. 1, p. 79.

16. Sūrat Yūnus 10:31; Sūrat al-‘Ankabūt 29:63; Sūrat al-Mu’minūn 23:86-89.

17. Sayyid Muḥsin Amīn, Kashf al-Irtiyāb, p. 170.

18. Sūrat Yūsuf 12:39.

19. For further information, see the book Dīn wa Dawlat (Religion and Government) by the author.

20. Sūrat al-Nisā’ 4:59.

21. Sūrat al-Nisā’ 4:64.

Lesson 11: The Divine Unity in Worship

Calling to the worship (‘ibādah ) of One and Only God and abandoning the worship of false deities is one of the most important objectives of all the prophets of God (‘a ), as the Holy Qur’an thus says:

﴿ وَلَقَدْ بَعَثْنَا فِي كُلِّ أُمَّةٍ رَّسُولاً أَنِ اعْبُدُواْ اللّهَ وَاجْتَنِبُواْ الطَّاغُوتَ ﴾

“Certainly We raised an apostle in every nation [to preach:] ‘Worship Allah, and keep away from the Rebel’.” 1

The Muslim schools of thought have a consensus of opinion on worship as exclusive to God alone, but some sects (such as the Wahhābīs) have committed mistakes in interpreting worship. As a result, they mistakenly regard many practices of Muslim as a gesture of honor and respect to the prophets and righteous people as worshipping them and polytheism in worship (shirk fī ’l-‘ibādah ).

So, by referring to the Holy Qur’an, it is necessary for us to know the true meaning of worship. Regarding the issue of the Divine Unity (tawḥīd ) in worship, the Holy Qur’an has focused on the following concepts:

1. Godhood or Divinity (ulūhiyyah );

2. Mastership or Ownership (mālikiyyah );

3. Creatorship (khāliqiyyah ); and

4. Lordship (rubūbiyyah ).

That is, only the Being who possesses the abovementioned Attributes is worthy of worship, and since the said Attributes can only be found in God, it follows that worship is due to Him alone, and now we shall quote examples of Qur’anic verses in this regard:

1.Sūrat al-Fātiḥah first mentions the Lordship and Mastership of God and then declares that worship is exclusive to God alone:

﴿ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ ٭ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ ٭ مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ ٭ إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ ﴾

“All praise belongs to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, the All-beneficent, the All-merciful, Master of the Day of Retribution. You [alone] do we worship, and to You [alone] do we turn for help.” 2

2. In a universal invitation, the human beings have been summoned to the worship of God who has created all the human beings:

﴿ يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اعْبُدُوا رَبَّكُمُ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُمْ وَالَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ ﴾

“O mankind! Worship your Lord, who created you and those who were before you.” 3

3. The apostles and prophets of God (‘a ) are reminded that Godhood (ulūhiyyah ) is exclusive to God alone. For this reason, they must worship Him alone:

﴿ وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَا مِنْ قَبْلِكَ مِنْ رَسُولٍ إِلا نُوحِي إِلَيْهِ أَنَّهُ لا إِلَهَ إِلا أَنَا فَاعْبُدُونِ ﴾

“We did not send any apostle before you but We revealed to him that ‘There is no god except Me; so worship Me.” 4

4. In another place, by citing that the Lordship (rubūbiyyah ), Godhood (ulūhiyyah ) and Creatorship (khāliqiyyah ) exclusively belong to God, all the human beings are invited to worship Him [alone]:

﴿ ذلِكُمُ اللّهُ رَبُّكُمْ لا إِلهَ إِلاّ هُوَ خالِقُ كُلِّ‏ِ شَيْ‏ءٍ فَاعْبُدُوهُ ﴾

“That is Allah, your Lord, there is no god except Him, the creator of all things; so worship Him.” 5

5. Addressing the Holy Prophet ( ), it is thus stated in another verse:

﴿ وَلِلَّهِ غَيْبُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأرْضِ وَإِلَيْهِ يُرْجَعُ الأمْرُ كُلَّهُ فَاعْبُدْهُ ﴾

“To Allah belongs the Unseen of the heavens and the earth, and to Him all matters are returned. So worship Him.” 6

6. In many verses, the idol-worshippers have been reproached for worshipping objects which cannot give them neither harm nor benefit:

﴿ قُلْ أَتَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ مَا لا يَمْلِكُ لَكُمْ ضَرًّا وَلا نَفْعًا ﴾

“Say, ‘Do you worship, besides Allah, what has no power to bring you any benefit or harm?” 7

﴿ وَيَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ مَا لا يَضُرُّهُمْ وَلا يَنْفَعُهُمْ ﴾

“They worship besides Allah that which neither causes them any harm, not brings them any benefit.” 8

﴿ وَيَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ مَا لا يَمْلِكُ لَهُمْ رِزْقًا ﴾

“They worship besides Allah what has no power to provide them.” 9

﴿ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ تَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ لا يَمْلِكُونَ لَكُمْ رِزْقًا ﴾

“Indeed those whom you worship besides Allah have no control over your provision.” 10

What is Worship?

By studying the totality of the quoted verses, the meaning of worship (‘ibādah ) can be inferred; that worship means any word or gesture of humility and humbleness before a being that is believed to have possessed all or some of the following characteristics:

1. He is Independent and Self-sufficient in His existence and existential perfections;

2. He is the Creator and Originator of all human beings and the universe, and all other creatures;

3. He controls anything and anyone what or who brings benefit and harm to the human beings and other creatures; and

4. He has direct and total involvement or interference in the destiny of the human being and the universe, and He occupies the station of [Exclusive] Lordship [over the entire Creation].

Therefore, the meaning of worship is constituted by two elements, viz. belief and action.

Belief is related to one of the abovementioned characteristics while action refers to any gesture coupled with humility and humbleness, but mere belief or action cannot constitute what is called ‘worship’.

In addition to the fact that this point can clearly be established by studying the verses quoted above, other proofs and pieces of evidence also indicate the same:

1. If we say that every gesture of humility before others - though not coupled with the belief in their Creatorship or Lordship - is considered ‘worship’, we must declare that the child’s meekness in front of her parents, the student’s humility before his teacher, the young’s show of respect to an elder, the ignorant’s humbleness toward the learned, and the like are all examples of worship. As a result, doing these gestures is an act of polytheism in worship although all these actions are encouraged and appreciated by the religious law and reason. Meanwhile, polytheism is essentially evil and knows no exception. For instance, the Qur’an has described it as a great injustice (ẓulmun ‘aẓīm ),11 and injustice is essentially evil.

2. Prostration (sajdah ) in front of others is regarded as the ultimate stage of actual humility, yet as stated in the Qur’an the angels were ordered to prostrate before Prophet Ādam (‘a ),12 and Prophet Ya‘qūb (Jacob) (‘a ) and his wife and children prostrated before Prophet Yūsuf (Joseph) (‘a ).13 If humility without the belief in Godhood is an act of worship, it follows that the action of the angels, Prophet Ya‘qūb (‘a ) and his children are clear manifestations of polytheism in worship.

3. In principle, it must be stated that humility of an imperfect being in front of a perfect being is one of the universal precedents (sunan ) governing the creation. Whenever an entity feels a sense of weakness and inferiority toward another entity that is considered stronger and more perfect, he/it impulsively feels a sense of humbleness and humility toward the other entity.

4. Then, in order to benefit from the said perfection and power or to be immune from any harm to be brought by the other entity, through a suitable gesture, he/it would express his/its humility and humbleness. The humility and modesty of an ignorant person in front of a learned person, a learned person in front of a more learned person is among the many manifestations of the said innate humility, and as such, reason (‘aql ) and natural disposition (fiṭrah ) regard it as something laudable, although the agent may be totally unaware of whether or not this action earns the approval and pleasure of the Law-giver.

Therefore, once humility and lowliness is expressed on account of a perfection which exists in another entity, we cannot consider it blameworthy and objectionable; in fact, such an action is rationally and religiously laudable.

It is very well acknowledged that expressing humility in front of another person is not permissible in two instances:

1. The person to whom humility is expressed is devoid of the perceived perfection for which humility is expressed. It is like the case of someone who expresses humility in front of another person, thinking that the latter person is learned or more learned than the former. In this case, what may be inadmissible would be the action and not the agent, because the motive of the agent in doing so is desirable. Similar is the case of someone who fasts on the day of‘Īd al-Fiṭr ,14 thinking that it is the last day of the month of Ramaḍān. Although fasting on that day is blameworthy and prohibited from

the perspective of religious law, this kind of undue expression of obedience cannot be treated as ‘worship’.

2. The said being possesses the intended existential perfection but not as independent and intrinsic in nature, as in the case of all beings in the universe. Now, if someone regards that existential perfection as inherent in a being and independently his/its own and in spite of knowing that such being is created by God and is in need of his Creator in many of his existential perfections, he still believes that some of the existential attributes and effects are delegated to that being, and therefore, that being acts independently of those aspects. In this case that person worships that being in view such belief he holds and expresses humility and lowliness in front of that being. This kind of humility or worship is not only inappropriate and blameworthy but also an act of polytheism.

At any rate, this conceptual analysis arrives at the same conclusion from a study of Qur’anic verses, and thus, the essence of worship is constituted by two elements. One is belief and intention while the other is actual humility and lowliness (belief and action).

The Wahhābīs and Polytheism in Worship

It becomes clear from the abovementioned points that the scope of polytheism in worship (manifest polytheism and not the other levels of polytheism) is so restricted and it has two types: one is the practical aspect while the other is the ideological aspect. That is, the expression of humility and lowliness in front of any being other than God - in whatever manner - coupled with the belief in his/its Godhood and Lordship.

The Wahhābīs15 have taken a very broad scope of polytheism, particularly in worship. According to them, any kind of humility or humbleness expressed in front of any being other than God is considered polytheism, particularly in worship. They cite two sets of Qur’anic verses to support this point. One set refers to the verses that refer to the polytheism, particularly in worship, committed by the polytheists during the time of Prophet Muḥammad ( ).

In these verses, actions such as supplication, seeking intercession (shafā‘ah ) and worshipping the idols with the intention of seeking nearness (qurb ) to God have been regarded by them, the Wahhābīs, as examples of polytheism in worship. Another set refers to the verses which indicate that the polytheists during the time of Prophet Muḥammad ( ) had acknowledged the Divine Unity in Creatorship and Lordship. From this perspective, therefore, they were monotheists and not polytheists.

What can be concluded from these two sets of verses is that polytheism in worship has nothing to do with the belief in the Lordship and Mastership of the Object of Worship (ma‘būd ); it is rather concerned with the performance of actions which are themselves considered acts of worship, and since worship is exclusive to God, performing those practices toward any being other than God constitutes polytheism in worship. This is the most important basis of the Wahhābīs in regarding as polytheists all other Muslims and recognizing themselves as monotheists (muwaḥḥid ) with respect to worship.

Considering what we have stated in the discussion related to the Divine Unity in Lordship, the incorrectness of this basis is manifest, for the polytheists during the time of Prophet Muḥammad ( ) used to worship idols and other deities and their motive behind those acts of worship was to seek proximity to God and winning the intercession of the deities before God, as declared by the Qur’an, thus:

﴿ وَيَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ مَا لا يَضُرُّهُمْ وَلا يَنْفَعُهُمْ وَيَقُولُونَ هَؤُلاءِ شُفَعَاؤُنَا عِنْدَ اللَّهِ ﴾

“They worship besides Allah that which neither causes them any harm, not brings them any benefit, and they say, ‘These are our intercessors with Allah.’” 16

And it also says, thus:

﴿ وَالَّذِينَ اتَّخَذُوا مِنْ دُونِهِ أَوْلِيَاءَ مَا نَعْبُدُهُمْ إِلا لِيُقَرِّبُونَا إِلَى اللَّهِ زُلْفَى ﴾

“…and those who take guardians besides Him [claiming,] ‘We only worship them so that they may bring us near to Allah’.” 17

The polytheists (during the Age of Ignorance) supposed that since the Divine Essence is unfathomable and one cannot comprehend the truth of His Essence, worshipping Him directly without any intermediary is not possible. For this reason, they used to worship other beings such as angels, deceased pious people and other creatures whom and which they believed to have some influence on the destiny of man and the universe. By doing so, they were expecting to gain the intercession of their objects of worship and thus attaining comfort in life, and to get nearness to the Lord of lords (rabb al-arbāb ).

Accordingly, the idols made of wood or stone were in reality representations of those deities and objects of worship, although those deities and objects of worship were gradually forgotten in the public memory and the idols became the real deities and objects of worship.

In any case, they used to worship their idols and objectes of worship, and as declared in the previous discussion, belief in the Lordship and Mastership of the Object of Worship is implied in the meaning of worship. This is so while none of the Muslims observes the rites and ceremonies which are performed for the sake of saints (awliyā’ ) with the intention of worshipping them. They recognize God alone as the only One worthy of worship and they worship Him alone.

They observe these rites and ceremonies with the intention of honor and reverence to the sublime station of the saints who enjoy the special favor of God, and in reality, this in itself is a sort of worship to God, just as some Wahhābī scholars have interpreted worship (‘ibādah ) to mean the performance of any action (verbal or bodily) which earns the good pleasure of God and has been enjoined by the Qur’an and the Prophet ( ):18

أَلعِبادَةُ إسْمٌ جامِعٌ لِكُلِّ ما يُحِبُّهُ اللهُ وَيَرْضاهُ مِنْ أقْوالِ العِبادِ وَأفْعالِهِم مِمّا أمَرَهُمْ بِهِ في كِتابِهِ عَلىٰ لِسانِ رَسولِهِ.

There is no doubt that showing honor and respect to the prophets and saints of God (‘a ) by means of any action which is permissible and not

prohibited by the religious law earns the pleasure of God, and it is one of the manifestations of honoring the Divine sacraments (sha‘ā’ir Allāh ), and the Qur’an regards it as an indication of the purity of hearts, saying thus:

﴿ وَ مَنْ يُعَظِّمْ شَعَائِرَ اللَّهِ فَإِنَّهَا مِنْ تَقْوَى الْقُلُوبِ ‏ ﴾

“And whoever venerates the sacraments of Allah—indeed that arises from God-wariness of hearts.” 19

Therefore, comparing the practices of Muslims with respect to the practices which are observed for the sake of honoring the sublime station of the holy saints (awliyā’ ) with the intention of worshipping God and not worshipping the saints, with the practices of the polytheists with respect to their idols and objects of worship which are done with the intention of worshipping them is totally incorrect and baseless.

If we are supposed to compare the Muslims’ visitation to the graves of pious people to something else, we must do so with the rites pertaining to the visitation to the House of God (Ka‘bah ), in general, and the kissing of the Black Stone (ḥajar al-aswad ), in particular, which are done with no intention other than worshipping God and honoring the Divine sacraments.

At this juncture, one can know the refutation to all the Wahhābī objections to the other Muslim schools of thought with respect to the Divine Unity in worship. They regard as manifestations of polytheism in worship such practices as entreating (tabarruk ) and imploring (istighāthah ) the saints of God (awliyā’ ), seeking their intercession (tawassul ), swearing to God by their right, seeking blessings (tabarruk ) from their remnants, making a vow (nadhr ) for the buried ones (ahl al-qubūr ), and the like.

And their basis is nothing but comparison of these practices to the practices of the polytheists during the time of Prophet Muḥammad ( ) which are outwardly similar to each other. This is exactly their error because outward similarity of two actions can never be the basis of uniformity of religious ruling for both actions; otherwise, fighting and struggle in the way of God and in the way ofṭāghūt 20 must have the same religious ruling, for they are the same outwardly and their only difference is in the intention or motive, as the Qur’an testifies, thus:

﴿ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا يُقَاتِلُونَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا يُقَاتِلُونَ فِي سَبِيلِ الطَّاغُوتِ ﴾

“Those who have faith fight in the way of Allah, and those who are faithless fight in the way of the Rebel” 21

The practices of the polytheists with respect to their objects of worship are coupled with the belief in the Lordship and Mastership of their objects of worship and the intention of worshipping them, while the practices of the Muslims in relation to the saints of God and their graves are in no way coupled with the belief in their Lordship and Mastership and the motive is to worship God through giving respect and honor to them as Divine sacraments - something which is acceptable and pleasing to God.

Review Questions

1. Concerning the issue of the Divine Unity (tawḥīd ) in worship, what are the points emphasized by the Holy Qur’an?

2. Elucidate the two elements that constitute the essence of worship.

3. In what way will humility and lowliness in front of any being other than God become laudable and in what way will the same become blameworthy and unacceptable?

4. Why do the Wahhābīs regard any gesture of humility and humbleness in front of any being other than God as polytheism?

5. Write down the invalidity of the Wahhābī view on the Divine Unity in worship.

6. Are entreating (tawassul ) and imploring (istighāthah ) the saints of God (awliyā’ ) in conflict with the Divine Unity (tawḥīd )? Why?

References

1. l 16:36.Sūrat an-Nah

2. ah 1:2-5.Sūrat al-Fātih

3. Sūrat al-Baqarah 2:21.

4. Sūrat al-Anbiyā’ 21:25.

5. Sūrat al-An‘ām 6:102.

6. Sūrat Hūd 11:123.

7. Sūrat al-Mā’idah 5:76.

8. Sūrat Yūnus 10:18.

9. l 16:73.Sūrat al-Nah

10. Sūrat al-‘Ankabūt 29:17.

11. Sūrat Luqmān 31:13.

12. “And when We said to the angels, ‘Prostrate before Adam,’ they prostrated, except Iblis: he refused and acted arrogantly.” (Sūrat al-Baqarah 2:34)

13. “And he seated his parents high upon the throne, and they fell down prostrate before him.” (Sūrat Yūsuf 12:100)

14. ān. [Trans.]r: the Islamic feast marking the end of the fasting month of Ramad Īd al-Fit

15. ammad ibn ‘Abdul-Wahhāb, the founder of theWahhābī: follower of Muh Wahhābī sect. For a critical review of Wahhabism, see Āyatullāh Ja‘far ānī, Wahhabism (Tehran: Naba’ Organization, 1996),ubh S http://www.al-islam.org/wahhabism; Hamid Algar, Wahhabism: A Critical Essay (New York: Islamic Publications International, 2002). [Trans.]

16. Sūrat Yūnus 10:18.

17. Sūrat al-Zumar 39:3.

18. Al-Jāmi‘ al-Farīd, p. 290, quoting the book Al-Kalimāt al-Nāfi‘ah written by ‘Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhāb.

19. Sūrat al-Ḥajj 22:32.

20. āghūt, which has been used eight times in the Qur’an,The term t applies to any idol, object, or individual that prevents people from āghūt haddoing what is good, and leads them astray. Prior to Islam, t been the name of one of the idols of the Quraysh tribe. This name is also used to mean Satan. Moreover, the term is attributed to the one who rebels against lofty values, or whose despotism surpasses all bounds and who claims the prerogatives of divinity for himself either explicitly or implicitly. [Trans.]

21. Sūrat al-Nisā’ 4:76.


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