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Notes

Notes to Chapter 1

N1 W. Montgomery Watt, Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh, 1968), p. 26

N2 See Lane, Lexicon, IV, pp. 1632 f.

N3 e.g. XIX, 69; XXVIII, 15; XXXVII, 83

N4 Ibn Qutayba, Rasa'il al-Bulagha', p. 360

N5 Aghani, I, p. 45

N6 Aghani, I, p. 72; Yaqut, Mu'j'am al-Buldan, III, p.519

N7 Aghani, X, p. 300

N8 Diwan an-Nabhiga adh-Dhubyani, ed. Shukri Faysal (Beirut, 1968), p. 165

N9 Mufaddaliyat, XCIII, v. 14

N10 Mufaddaliyat, XXXI, v. 4: “By God, my cousin, thou art not better in stock than I, (La afdalta fi hasabi)”

N11 Ibn Qutayba, op. cit., p. 348; 'Iqd, III, p. 332

N12 Aghani, I, p. 31

N13 Amr b. Kulthum, Mu'allaqa, vv. 40, 52, 55; Mufaddaliyat, XL, v. 44; LXXXVII, v. 2; Zuhayr b. Abi Salma, Mu'allaqa, v, p. 26; Aghani, X, p. 300

N14 Labid, Mu'allaqa, v. 83; Amr b. Kulthum, Mu'allaqa, v. 52

N15 Aghani, XXII, p. iii

N16 Labid, op. cit., v. 81

N17 Lane, Lexicon, V, pp. 2020 ff.

N18 Yaqut, op. cit., III, p.471

N19 Qur'an, CVI, 3

N20 Ibn Hisham, I, p. 126; 'Iqd, III, p.333

N21 On this see R. B. Serjeant's “Haram and Hawtah, The Sacred Enclave in Arabia”, in Mélanges Taha Husain, ed. Abd al-Rahman Badawi (Cairo, 1962), pp. 42 f.; and “The Saiyids of Hadramawt”, BSOAS, XXI (London, 1957); also Ibn Durayd, Ishtiqaq, p. 173

N22 Ibn Durayd, op. cit., p. 238. Aghani, XIX, p. 128; 'Iqd, III, pp. 331 ff.

N23 Ibn Hisham, I, pp. 143, 145; 'Iqd, III, pp. 313, 333 ff.; Ibn Durayd, loc. cit.; Serjeant, “Haram and Hawtah”, p. 43

N24 EI2 articles “Ahl al-Bayt” and “Buyutat al-Arab”

N25 Serjeant, loc. cit.

N26 See W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Mecca (Oxford, 1953), p. 31; Serjeant, “The Saiyids of Hadramawt”, p. 7

N27 Ibn Hisham, I, pp. 131 ff.; Azraqi, Akhbar Makkah, I, pp. 64 ff.; Ibn Sa'd, I, pp. 69 ff.; 'Iqd, III, pp. 312 f.

N28 Ibn Sa'd, I, p. 74. Azraqi, Akhbar I, p. 66, states that Abd Manaf possessed not only ar-rifada and al-siqaya, but also al-qiyada, leadership of Mecca.

N29 Ibn Hisham, I, pp. 143 f; Ibn Sa'd, I, p. 78. Azraqi, Akhbar, I, p. 67, says that after Abd Manaf, the offices of ar-rifada and as-siqaya passed to Hashim, and that of al-qiyada was given to Abd Shams.

N30 Ibn Hisham, loc. cit.; Ibn Sa'd, loc. cit.

N31 Ibn Hisham, I, pp. 145 f.; Ibn Sa'd, I, pp. 81 ff.

N32 Cf. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Mecca, p. 31

N33 Ibn Sa'd, I, p. 85; Ibn Hisham, I, p. 150

N34 Cf. EI2 article “Abu Talib”

N35 A recurrent theme in the Qur'an, best illustrated in II, 126-7

N36 IX, 19

N37 See Muhammad Hamidullah, “The City State of Mecca”, IC, XII (1938), p. 266

N38 Ibn Hisham, I, p. 145; Tabari, I, pp. 2786 f.

N39 Qur'an, II, 135-7

N40 ibid., II, 125

N41 Ibn Khaldun, Proleg., I, p. 289. Cf. Von Kremer, Staatsidee des Islam; trans. Khuda Bukhsh, Politics in Islam (Lahore, 1920), p. 10

N42 Muhammedanische Studien, trans. S. M. Stern and C. R. Barber, Muslim Studies (London, 1967), I, pp. 79-100

N43 The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall, trans. M. Weir (Calcutta, 1927), passim

N44 A Literary History of the Arabs (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 1 ff.

N45 Goldziher, Muslim Studies, I, pp. 12-13

N46 ibid., p. 14

N47 Tabari, I, p. 2769 f.

N48 Most of the Supporters of Ali in the early disagreement over the caliphate were of South Arabian origin and were quite clear in their defence of Ali's claims on religious grounds.

N49 III, 33

N50 Ibn Hisham, I, pp. 262 f.; II, pp. 150 f.; Baladhuri, I, p-270; Ibn Habib, Muhabbar, p. 70

N51 According to Ibn Ishaq, Ali was ten years old at the time when Muhammad received his first revelation and was the first who prayed with the Prophet and Khadija (Ibn Hisham, I, p. 262; Baladhuri, I, p. 112). Those comparatively few early writers who mention Abu Bakr as the first Muslim among men do so because of Ali's young age. See Isti'ab, III, pp. 1090 ff., which gives numerous traditions with different isnads supporting the view that Ali was the first male to accept Islam and to pray with Muhammad, whereas Abu Bakr was the first to publicly announce his Islam.

N52 Sa'd al-Ash'ari, Firaq, p. 15; Nawbakhti, Firaq, p. 23

N53 Mas'udi, Muruj, II, p. 277. Also see commentaries of Tabari, Ibm Kathir, and Tha'labi under verse 214, Sura XXVI

N54 Ibn Hisham, II, p.264; III, p.349; Isti'ab, III, p. 1097; 'Iqd, IV, p. 312

N55 Ibn Hisham, IV, p. 163

N56 Ibn Hisham, loc. cit.; Bukhari, Sahih, II, p. 194; Nawbakhti, Firaq, p. 19; 'Iqd, IV, p. 311; Isti'ab, III, pp. 1099 f.

N57 Ibn Hisham, IV, p. 190 (repeated by the majority of historians and traditionists)

N58 See Veccia Vaglieri, EI2 Art. “Ghadir Khum”, where there are mentioned exact references to all of the above works except 'Iqd, IV, p.311

N59 Al-Bidaya wa 'l-Nihaya (Cairo, 1348-51 AH), V, pp. 208-14

N60 Ta'rikh ash-Shi'a (Karbala, n.d.), p. 77. In modern times numerous voluminous works on Ghadir Khum have appeared, thus Amini's An-Ghadir in 38 volumes, and Al-Musawi's Abaqat al-Anwar, in 34 volumes; all dealing with the rijal of the tradition.

N61 EI1 article “Kumayt”

N62 Cf. EI2 article “Ghadir Khum”, Bibliography

N63 Amini, Ghadir, II, p. 32; also see Amili, A'yan ash-Shi'a, III/i, pp. 524-32

N64 EI2 article “Ghadir Khum”

N65 Ibn Kathir, loc. cit.

N66 ibid.

N67 Azraqi, Akhbar Makkah, I, p. 65; Ibn Durayd, Ishtiqaq, p. 97

N68 'Iqd, III, p. 315

Notes to Chapter 2

N1 Ibn Hisham, IV, pp. 306 f.

N2 Abd al-Aziz ad-Duri, “Al-Zuhri, A Study on the Beginnings of History Writing in Islam”, BSOAS, XIX (1957), p. 8

N3 Ibn Hisham, IV, pp. 307-10

N4 Tahdhib, V, p. 164

N5 Wafayat, IV, pp. 177 f.; Tahdhib, IX, p-445

N6 Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri (Chicago, 1957-72), I, pp. 5-31; II, pp. 5-64

N7 Tahdhib, I, p. 97

N8 Wafayat, III, pp. 255 ff.

N9 ibid., VI, pp. 35 f.

N10 Tahdhib, VII, p. 23; Aghani, IX, pp. 135 ff.

N11 Ibn Sa'd, II, pp. 379 ff.

N12 Ibn Sa'd, II, p. 382; Aghani, IX, p. 137

N13 Ibn Sa'd, II, pp. 365 ff.

N14 See W. Montgomery Watt, “Abd Allah b. al-Abbas”, EI2

N15 Ibn Sa'd, III, pp. 169-213

N16 ibid., pp. 169-71

N17 ibid., pp. 171-2

N18 See Ch. I, footnote 51

N19 Ibn Sa'd, III, pp. 172-8

N20 ibid., pp. 178-81

N21 ibid., p. 179

N22 ibid., pp. 181-5

N23 Ibn Sa'd, V, p. 187; Ibn Hajar, Tahdhib, VIII, p-333; Wafayat, IV, pp. 59 f.

N24 For the life and work of Baladhuri, see Goitein's introduction to Volume V of the Ansab, pp. 9-32

N25 On these early writers, see, respectively, Ibn Nadim, Fihrist, pp. 100 ff., 95, 277, 91, 93

N26 Ansab al-Ashraf, ed. Muhammad Hamidullah (Cairo, 1960), I, pp. 579-91

N27 Goitein, op. cit., p. 18

N28 See footnote 12

N29 Dhahabi, Mizan, II, p. 299

N30 ibid., IV, p. 154

N31 ibid., p. 436

N32 Ta'rikh (Beirut, 1960), II, pp. 123-6

N33 E. L. Petersen, Ali And Mu'awiya In Early Arabic Tradition (Copenhagen 1964), pp. 169 ff.

N34 Najashi, Rijal, p. 245

N35 Ibn Nadim, Fihrist, p. 101

N36 Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, ed. Muhammad Abu'l-Fadl Ibrahim, 2nd ed. (Beirut, 1965), II, pp. 21-60

N37 ibid., pp. 44-60. For Al-Jawhari see Adh-Dhari'a, XII, p. 206

N38 Adh-Dhari'a ila Tasanif ash-Shi'a, 24 volumes, Najaf, passim

N39 Dhahabi, Mizan, II, p. 367

N40 ibid., p-365

N41 Tabari, I, pp. 1837-45

N42 Muruj adh-Dhahab, ed. Daghir (Beirut 1965), II, p. 301, and at-Tanbih wa'l-Ishraf (Beirut 1965), p. 284, in both of which he mentions Saqifa only in passing, referring his reader to his exclusive work on the subject, which unfortunately is lost.

N43 Al-Kamil fi't-Ta'rikh, II, pp. 221 ff. in which his account of Saqifa is almost the same as that of Tabari

N44 Al-'Iqd al-Farid, IV, pp. 257 ff.

N45 Ta'rikh al-Khulafa', ed. Abd al-Hamid, (Cairo, 1964), pp. 61-72

N46 Al-Ihtijaj, ed. Muhammad Baqir al-Khursan (Najaf 1966), I, pp. 89-118

N47 Bihar al-Anwar

N48 A. Guillaume, translating the Sira, collected all the assertions and comments of Ibn Hisham and arranged them separately at the end of the book under the heading, “Ibn Hisham's Notes”. There are 922 notes of various length, some of them are as long as a page or more. See A. Guillaume, The Life of Muhammad (Oxford, 1955), pp. 690-798

N49 This is a common accusation levelled against Ibn Ishaq. See, however, Nabia Abbott's comments on this subject in Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri (Chicago, 1957-72), I, p.97. The remarkable lack of any partiality in a fragment of the Ta'rikh al-Khulafa' leads Abbott to question the accuracy of such accusations.

N50 For the translation of Ibn Ishaq's account, I have largely drawn on Guillaume's translation of the Sira.

N51 Dhahabi, Mizan, I, p. 133

N52 ibid., p. 33

N53 Ibn Hisham, IV, pp. 306 f.

N54 Hadid, Sharh, II, p. 25

N55 Later he explained to Ibn Abbas that he wrongly understood the Qur'anic verse (II, 143) which says, “Thus we have made you a middle people that you may be a witness against men, and that the Apostle may be a witness against you.” Ibn Hisham, IV, pp. 311 f.

N56 e.g. Tabari, I, p. 1683

N57 Isti'ab, III, p. 1248

N58 ibid., IV, p. 1441

N59 ibid., p. 1449. His father's name must be Arfaja.

N60 ibid., I., p. 316

N61 On these rivalries, see Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Mecca, pp. 4-8, 16-20, 141-4; idem, Muhammad at Medina (Oxford, 1956), pp. 151-91

N62 Isti'ab, II, p. 594

N63 ibid., I., pp. 92 ff. Ya'qubi's description of him (II, p. 124) as a Khazraji leader must be a scribal error.

N64 Isti'ab, I., pp. 172 ff. Our sources are not clear on who paid homage first. Ya'qubi, loc. cit., says it was Bashir b. Sad, while according to Baladhuri, I, p. 582, it was Usayd b. Hudayr.

N65 See Henri Lammens, “Le 'triumvirat' Aboû Bakr, 'Omar, et Aboû 'Obaida”, Mélanges de la Faculté Orientale de l'Université St Joseph de Beyrouth, IV (1910), pp. 113-44

N66 From here on, our sources are utterly confused about the timing of the sequence of events, since each tradition is recorded separately. We are not, therefore, sure whether the demand of homage from Ali and his supporters was made immediately after they came to the mosque from the Saqifa, or after the burial of the Prophet on the following day when general homage was being paid to Abu Bakr. A careful reading of the sources (e.g. Baladhuri, I, p. 582) strongly suggests, however, that it was demanded as soon as they came to the mosque from the Saqifa.

N67 Many versions of this tradition may be found in Baladhuri, I, pp. 585 f.; Ya'qubi, II, p. 126; Tabari, I, p. 1818; Abu Bakr al-Jawhari in Hadid, Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, II, pp. 47, 50, 56 f.; 'Iqd, IV pp. 259 f. Al-Imama Wa's-Siyasa, I, pp. 12-13, (though its attribution to Ibn Qutayba is incorrect, it is certainly a very early work extremely rich in sources) gives a very detailed account of the episode of 'Umar and Abu Bakr's attack on the house of Fatima and the force used to secure Ali's homage. Also L. V. Vaglieri, EI2 article “Fatima”, who, commenting on these events, says “Even if they have been expanded by invented details, they are based on facts.”

N68 Ya'qubi, II, p. 126; Baladhuri, I, p.586; Tabari, I, p. 1825; 'Iqd, IV, p. 260; Hadid, II, p. 22

N69 For the details and certain differences in names see Ya'qubi, loc. cit.; Baladhuri, I, p. 588; 'Iqd, IV, p. 259; Hadid, II, pp. 50 ff.

N70 Ibn Sa'd, VI, p. 15; Isti'ab, I, p. 334

N71 Ibn Sa'd, IV, pp. 378 ff.; Isti'ab, II, p.448

N72 Ibn Sa'd, III, pp. 484 ff.; Isti'ab, II, p. 424; IV, p. 1606

N73 Ibn Sa'd, III, pp. 471 f.; Isti'ab, II, p.662

N74 Isti'ab, III, p. 1033

N75 Ibn Sa'd, IV, p-364; Isti'ab, I, pp. 155 f.

N76 Ibm Sa'd, III, p-498; Isti'ab, I, pp. 65 f.

N77 Ibn Sa'd, IV, p. 219; Isti'ab, IV, pp. 1652 f.

N78 Ibn Sa'd, III, p. 246; Isti'ab, III, pp. 1135 ff.

N79 Isti'ab, IV, pp. 1480 ff.

N80 Ibn Sa'd, IV, p.75; Isti'ab, II, p. 634

N81 Isti'ab, II, p. 5I0

N82 Ibn Sa'd, IV, p. 97. Isti'ab, II, pp. 420 ff. For his support to Ali, see Baladhuri, I, p. 588; Ya'qubi, p. 126; Hadid, II, p. 58

N83 e.g. see Tabarsi, Ihtijaj, I, pp. 118-89.

N84 e.g. see Ibn Sa'd, III, pp. 181-5

Notes to Chapter 3

N1 For Ali's active participation and unceasing services in furthering the cause of Islam during Muhammad's lifetime, the fullest and most reliable source is Ibn Hisham's Sira.

N2 This contrast is pointed out by Veccia Vaglieri, in EI2 article Ali”.

N3 Tabari, I, p. 1827; Baladhuri, I, p. 588

N4 e.g. Isti'ab, III, p. 1104. For Shi'i sources see Majlisi, Bihar, VIII, p. 59; Ihtijaj, I, p. 103

N5 L. V. Vaglieri, EI2 article “Ali”

N6 For the Ithna Asharites, see Kulayni, Usul al-Kafi and Furu' al-Kafi; for the Isma'ilites, see Qadi Nu'man, Da'a'im al-Islam

N7 Some scholars have questioned the authenticity of the Nahj al-Balagha and have suggested that it was written by Ash-Sharif ar-radi himself and attributed to Ali. This allegation, in light of my own research on the subject, is absolutely without foundation. Ash- Sharif ar-Radi, the compiler of the Nahj al-Balagha, died in 406/1115, but most of the material of the Nahj al-Balagha I have found word-for-word in sources written long before the fifth century of Islam. These sources include, for example, Nasr b. Muzahim al-Minqari's Waq'at Siffin, Ya'qubi's Ta'rikh, Jahiz' Al-Bayan wa'l-Tabyin, Mubarrad's Kamil, Baladhuri's Ansab al-Ashraf, and many other standard works of the second, third, and fourth centuries. I am currently preparing a critical translation of the Nahj al-Balagha in which these sources will be fully analysed and cited.

N8 Hayyan had a princely estate in Al-Yamama where he used to keep the poet A'sha, of the tribe of Banu Qays, under his protection and in luxury and comfort. After the death of Hayyan the poet lost all those privileges and was stricken by poverty, wandering about from place to place. By quoting A'sha, Ali compares his prestigious status and active life during the lifetime of the Prophet with the negligent attitude of the people towards him after the death of the Prophet. See Hadid, Sharh, I, pp. 166 f.

N9 Nahj al-Balagha, ed. Muhammad Abu'l-Fadl Ibrahim (Cairo, 1963), I, p. 29. For other references before Ash-Sharif ar-Radi see Ibn Abi'l Hadid, Sharh, I, pp. 205 f. and passim, where Abu Ja'far Ahmad b. .Muhammad (d. 274/887) Kitab al-Mahasin, Ibrahim b. Muhammad ath-Thaqafi (d. 283/896) Kitab al-Gharat, Abu Ali Muhammad b. Abd al-Wahhab al-Jubba'i (d.303/915), and Abu 'l-Qasim al-Balkhi (d. 502/1108) Kitab al-Insaf, are quoted. Also see Saduq (d. 381/991), 'Ilal ash-Shara'i', p. 68; Ma'ani, Al-Akhbar, p. 132; Mufid (d. 413/1022), Irshad, p. 166; Tusi (d. 460/1067), Amali, p. 237

N10 Ibn Sa'd, II, pp. 314 ff.; Ibn Hisham, II, pp. 352, 368; Ya'qubi, II, p. 127; Isti'ab, II, p. 571. Also cf. Vaglieri, EI2 article “Fadak”. For the Shi'i position see Tabarsi, Ihtijaj, I, pp. 131-149

N11 Various versions in Ibn Sa'd, 11, pp. 314 ff.; Bukhari, Sahih, II, p. 435. For the Shi'i position, see Ya'qubi, II, p. 127, also Amini, A'yan, II, pp. 461 ff.

N12 Jahiz, Rasa'il, ed. Sandubi, “Min Kitabihi fi'l-Abbasiyya”, p. 300

N13 Tabari, I, p. 1825; Bukhari, Sahih, V, p. 288; Ibn Sa'd, VIII, p. 29; Mas'udi, Tanbih, p. 288; Ibn Hajar, Sawa'iq, pp. 12 f.

N14 See the whole account in Tabari, I, pp. 2137 ff.; Ya'qubi, II, p. 136 f.; Hadid, Sharh, I, p. 163 ff.

N15 Ya'qubi, ibid.; also see Tabari, I, p. 2138; 'Iqd, IV, p. 267, with slight variations in wording

N16 Tabari, I, p. 2137; Ya'qubi, loc. cit.; Hadid, Sharh, I, p. 164. Also see Mubarrad, Kamil, I, p. 7

N17 cf. Mas'udi, Muruj, II, pp. 332 f. Nl8 cf. Vaglieri, EI2 article “Ali”

N19 Tabari, I, p. 2769

N20 Reference to Qur'an, XLVII, 9

N21 Reference to Qur'an, XXXIII, 33

N22 Tabari, I, pp. 2770 f.

N23 Abu 'Ubayda b. al-Jarrah, in whom 'Umar had full confidence and who was one of the triumvirate, had died in the plague of 639-640.

N24 Ibn Sa'd, III, pp. 61 f., pp. 331 ff.; Baladhuri, V, pp. 16 ff.; Ya'qubi, II, pp. 160 ff.; Tabari, II, pp. 2778 ff.; Mas'udi, Tanbih, pp. 290 f.; Dhahabi, Ta'rikh, II, pp. 74 ff.; Hadid, Sharh, I, pp. 163 ff.; pp. 185 ff.; 'Iqd, IV, p-275

N25 Isti'ab, IV, pp. 1697-9; Tahdhib, III, p.414

N26 Ibn Sa'd; III, pp. 341 ff.; Baladhuri, V, p. 18; Ya'qubi, II, p. 160; Tabari, I, pp. 2779 ff.; Mas'udi. Tanbih, p. 291; 'Iqd, IV, p. 275; Hadid, Sharh, I, p. 187

N27 e.g., see different isnads in Tabari, loc. cit., and Baladhuri, loc. cit., where the reports of Muhammad b. Sa'd from Waqidi, a die-hard pro-'Uthmnanid, are exactly the same as that of Abu Mikhnaf, a confirmed Shi'i. Even reports going back to 'Umar's son Abd Allah and that of Ibn Abbas are the same.

N28 Studies, I, pp. 80-99

N29 Ibn Sa'd, III, pp. 344 ff.; Baladhuri, V, pp. m6, 18. Tabari, I, p. 2778; 'Iqd, IV, p. 275

N30 See 'Umar's conversation with the members of the Shura and especially with Ali and 'Uthman in Tabari, I, p. 2779; Baladhuri, V, p. 16. The oldest source on this subject, the fragment of the , records the same conversations of 'Umar with Ta'rikh al-Khulafa' the electors and indicates at least 'Umar's awareness (though not his acceptance) of the strength of Ali's claims. See Abbott, Studies, I, p. 81. Also see Ibn Sa'd, III, pp. 62 and 339 ff., where a later version incorporates some dramatic changes in the tradition at the expense of Ali.

N31 Baladhuri, V, p. 19; Tabari, I, p. 2780; 'Iqd, IV, p. 276, Hadid, Sharh, I, p. 191

N32 Aghani, VI, pp. 334 f.

N33 Baladhuri, V, p. 19; Tabari, I, p-2780; 'Iqd, IV, pp. 275 f.

N34 Baladhuri, V, pp. 21 f.; Tabari, I, pp. 2779 f.

N35 i.e. “When my personal excellence was not questionable in comparison to Abu Bakr, how can it be then compared to men like Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas, Abd ar-Rahman, and 'Uthman etc.?”

N36 See note 8 above

N37 Baladhuri, V, p.22; Ya'qubi, I, p. 162; Tabari, I, p-2793; 'Iqd, IV, p. 279; Hadid, Sharh, I, pp. 188, 194

N38 Baladhuri, V, p. 24; Tabari, I, p. 2796

N39 Baladhuri, V, p. 33; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 225

N40 Tabari, I, pp. 3082 ff., 3o85; Dinawari, Akhbar, p. 142; Mas'udi, Muruj, II, pp. 353 f.; Ya'qubi, II, p. 180

N41 See Vaglieri, EI2 article “Ali”

N42 Minqari, Waqi'at Siffin, p. 87

N43 ibid., p. 89

N44 Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddima, pp. 542 f; 'Iqd, IV, p. 313; also see Mas'udi, Muruj, II, pp. 425 ff.

N45 For the details of each one's wealth, see Ibn Khaldun, loc. cit.; Mas'udi, Muruj, II, p. 332

N46 Baladhuri, V, p. 49; Tabari, I, p. 2871

N47 Tabari, I, p. 2785; 'Iqd, IV, p. 279

N48 ibid.

N49 Tabari, I, pp. 2786 f.; 'Iqd, loc. cit.

Notes to Chapter 4

N1 Aghani, VI, pp. 334 f ; Mas'udi, Muruj, II, pp. 342 f.

N2 Tabari, I, pp. 2948 f. For other versions, see Ibn Sa'd, III, 64; Baladhuri, V, p. 25; Ya'qubi, II, pp. 164 ff.; Dinawari, Akhbar, p. 139; Mas'udi, Muruj, II, pp. 334 ff.; 'Iqd, IV, pp. 280 ff.

N3 See Tabari, I, pp. 2932-3; Mas'udi, Muruj, II, p. 337

N4 Tabari, I, p. 2871; Baladhuri, V p. 49

N5 Baladhuri, V, pp. 31 ff.; Tabari, I, p. 2845; Mas'udi, Muruj, II, p.335; 'Iqd, IV, p.307

N6 Baladhuri, V, pp. 40 ff.; Mas'udi, Muruj II, p. 337. Tabari, I, pp. 2916 f.

N7 Baladhuri, V. pp. 27 f.; Tabari, I, pp. 2953 f.; Ash'ari, Tamhid, p.99

N8 Baladhuri, V, pp. 36 f.; Ya'qubi, II, p. 170

N9 Baladhuri, V, pp. 48 f.; 'Iqd, IV, p. 307. Also see Mowdudi, Abu'l-A'la, Khilafai wa Mulukiyat, pp. 105 ff., 321 ff., which gives an admirable exposition of 'Uthman's weakness for his kinsmen and of their misdeeds.

N10 Baladhuri, V, pp. 52 ff.; Tabari, I, pp. 2858 ff.; Mas'udi, Muruj II, pp. 339 ff.; Ya'qubi, II, p. 171

N11 Ya'qubi, loc. cit.

N12 For these comments see S. M. Yusuf, “The Revolt Against 'Uthman”, Islamic Culture, XXVII (1953), pp. 4-5

N13 Baladhuri, V, pp. 26, 57; Tabari, I, pp. 2955, 2980; 'Iqd, IV, p. 280

N14 Baladhuri, V, pp. 53 ff.; Mas'udi, Muruj, II, pp. 341 f.; Ya'qubi, II, pp. 172 f.; Hadid, Sharh, VIII, pp. 252 ff.

N15 Nahj al-Balagha, I, p-303

N16 Cf. sources in note 14 above

N17 Baladhuri, v, pp. 26, 60-61 Tabari, I, pp. 2948 f., pp. 2955 ff.; Mas'udi, Muruj II, p. 344; Ash'ari, Tamhid, p. 54

N18 Baladhuri, V p. 40

N19 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 72

N20 ibid., pp. 79-87

N21 ibid., pp. 75-78

N22 Tabari, I, p. 2942; Ash'ari, Tamhid, pp. 55 f.

N23 Wa'az as-Salatin (Baghdad, 1954), pp. 148 ff.

N24 Bernard Lewis, Origins of Isma'ilism (Cambridge, 1940), p. 25; Marshal G. S. Hodgson, “How Did the Early Shi'a Become Sectarian?” JAOS, LXXV (1955), p.2. For further sources, see EI2 article “Abd Allah b. Saba”.

N25 Hodgson, “Early Shi'a”, p. 3

N26 Baladhuri, V, p. 49. The son of Abu Bakr, Muhammad was a devoted follower of Ali and a bitter critic of 'Uthman. Cf. Hodgson, “Early Shi'a”, p. 2

N27 Baladhuri, V, pp. 34, 48-49; Tabari, I, p. 3112; Ya'qubi, II, p. 175; Al-Imama wa's-Siyasa, I, p. 30

N28 Baladhuri, V, pp. 62 ff., 69; Tabari, I, pp. 2988 f.; Mas'udi, Muruj' II, p. 232; 'Iqd, IV, p. 290

N29 Baladhuri, V, pp. 70 f.; Tabari, I, pp. 3066 ff.; 'Iqd, IV, pp. 291, 310

N30 'Iqd, IV, p. 3 18

N31 Baladhuri, V, p. 70; Tabari, I, p. 3068; Ya'qubi, II, p. 178; Ash'ari, Tamhid, p. 107; Dinawari, Akhbar, p. 140

N32 Tabari, I, p. 3080

N33 Tabari, I, p. 3127

N34 Tabari, I, pp. 3091, 31 12 ff.; Ya'qubi, II, p. 180; Hadid, Sharh, I, p. 232

N35 Tabari, I, p. 3255

N36 'Iqd, IV, p. 334. Also see Baladhuri, IV A, p. 108, where some companions rejected Mu'awiya's right to call for the blood of 'Uthman while there were other nearer relatives of 'Uthman to claim it.

N37 See Chapter 3, n. 8, above

N38 Ya'qubi, II, p. 179

N39 Hodgson, “How Did the Early Shi'a Become Sectarian?”, JAOS, p. 2

N40 W. Montgomery Watt, “Shi'ism Under the Umayyads”, JRAS, 1960, p. 161. Cf. J. Ryckmans, L'institution monarchique en Arabia avant l'Islam (Louvain, 1951), pp. 229 ff.

N41 Mubarrad, Kamil, III, p. 205; Mas'udi, Muruj, II, p. 416; Aghani, XII, p. 326. R. Strothmann agrees that there are distinguish able religious honours accorded to Ali in the poetry of ad-Du'ali (cf. EI1 article “Shi'a”). Also see similar verses composed by Kumayt and Kuthayyir in Mubarrad, Kamil, III, pp. 204 f.

N42 e.g. Qur'an, XIX, 6

N43 Hadid, Sharh, I, pp. 144-9

N44 Ibn Nadim, Fihrist, p. 93

N45 e.g. pp. 18, 23 f., 43, 49, 365, 382, 385. See also Askafi, Naqd al-Uthmaniya, p. 84

N46 Baladhuri, V, p. 34. Even the verses of Ibn Umm Kilab ,.attribute to A'isha the responsibility for the murder of 'Uthman. Cf. Tabari, I, p. 31 12

N47 Mufid, Irshad, p. 146; Nahj al-Balagha, i, p.63

N48 This incident is known as the Hadith al-Ifk, and Bukhari records a detailed account of it (See Sahih, III, pp. 25 ff.). Cf. other hadith works under the heading “Hadith al-Ifk”.

N49 'Umar Abu Nasr, Ali wa 'A'isha (Baghdad, n.d.), pp. 25 ff.

N50 Mubarrad, Kamil, I, p. 267

N51 These expressions are frequently used in the Arabic sources: e.g. Tabari I, pp. 3196, 3199; Ya'qubi, II, pp. 183, 184, 199; Aghani, XII, p. 334; XIV p. 219

N52 Tabari, I, p. 1272

N53 XLVIII, 10. See Hadid, Sharh, I, p. 201

N54 LXXII, 15. See Hadid, loc. cit.

N55 Hadid, loc. cit.; Ya'qubi, II, p. 193

N56 Minqari, Waq'at Siffin, p. 504; Tabari, I, pp. 3336 f.

N57 Fihrist, p. 175; Tabari, II, p. 1; Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 4 f.

N58 Tabari, I, pp. 3350 f. Cf. W. Montgomery Watt, “Shi'ism Under the Umayyads”, JRAS (1960), pp. 160-161

Notes to Chapter 5

N1 Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan, trans. Philip K. Hitti, The Origins of the Islamic State (Beirut, 1966), p. 434; Yaqut, Mu'jam al-Buldan (Tehran, 1965), IV, p. 323; Tabari, I, p. 2485; Khalifa b. Khayyat, Ta'rikh, ed. Zakkar (Cairo, I967), I, p. 129

N2 See sources cited in note 1 above

N3 Muhammad Husayn al-Zubaydi, Al-Hayat al-ijtima'iya wa'l iqtisadiyafi'l-Kufa (Cairo, 1970), p.25 ; Yusuf Khalif, Hayat al-Shi'r fi'l-Kufa (Cairo, 1968), p. 23

N4 Tabari, I, p. 2360; Yaqut, Mu'jam al-Buldan, IV, p. 322

N5 Baladhuri, Origins, p-434

N6 M. Hind, “Kufan Political Alignments in the Mid-7th Century AD”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, (October, 1971), p.351

N7 Baladhuri, Origins, pp. 435 f ; Yaqut, Mu'jam al-Buldan, IV, p. 323

N8 Tabari, I, p. 2495

N9 ibid.

N10 For Kinana see 'Umar Rida Kahhala, Mu'jam Qaba'il al-'Arab (Damascus, 1949), p. 996; 'Iqd, III, pp. 339, 359; for Jadila of Qays 'Aylan see Kahhala, p. 173; 'Iqd, III, p. 350

N11 For the details of these Yemeni tribes, see Kahhala, pp. 957, 844 f., 63 ff., 131 f., 998 ff., 282, 15 ff. respectively; 'Iqd, III, pp. 371, 382, 388, 391 f, 403, 375, 385 respectively N

N12 Kahhala, p.64; 'Iqd, III, p. 388

N13 He led the delegation of Kinda to Medina in 9/630 to accept Islam. See Kahhala, p. 999

N14 From Ma'd'hhij there were many important sub-tribes, such as Nakhkha' and Tayy. See Kahhala, p. 1062; 'Iqd, III, p. 393

N15 Kahhala, pp. 305 f.; 'Iqd, III, p. 369

N16 Kahhala, p. 1225; 'Iqd, III, pp. 389 f.

N17 Kahhala, p. 1225; 'Iqd, III, p. 389

N18 Kahhala, pp. 126 ff., 315, 1231 respectively; 'Iqd, III, pp. 344 ff., 343 f., 353 ff.

N19 Kahhala, pp. 21 ff., 888, 1042, 1 192, 664, 120 ff. respectively; 'Iqd, III, pp. 340 ff., 351, 319, 358, 356, 359

N20 Kahhala, pp. 52 ff.

N21 Of uncertain origin. Some said they belonged to the Qahtanis, others describe them as Adnanis from al-Dayth b. Adnan. See Kahhala, pp. 802 f.

N22 Kahhala, pp. 726 f.; 'Iqd, III, p. 357

N23 Kahhala, p. 726

N24 Baladhuri, Origins, pp. 440 f.; EI2 article “Daylam”

N25 Kahhala, p. 726

N26 Kahhala, p.691

N27 Maqatil, p.61; Sharh, XVI, p. 38. See p. 142 below

N28 Kahhala, p.689

N29 Tabari, II, pp. 304 ff. See p. 200 ff. below

N30 Massignon, Khitat, p. II. Cf. Tabari, I, p. 3174; Khalif, Hayat ash-Shi'r fi'l Kufa, p. 29

N31 Massignon, Khitat, pp. 15 f. Cf. Tabari, II, p. 131; Khalif, op. cit., pp. 30 f.

N32 Tabari, II, p. 131

N33 Tabari, I, pp. 2221 f.

N34 Mu'jam al-Buldan, IV, p. 324

N35 Baladhuri, Origins, pp. 436, 440; Yaqut, Mu'jam al-Buldan, IV, p. 323

N36 Ibn Sa'd, VI, p. 9

N37 Ibid, VI, p. 12-66

N38 Ibn Sa'd, VI, p. 7; Baladhuri, Origins, p. 448

N39 Ibn Sa'd, VI, pp. 13 f.; Tabari, I, p. 2645

N40 Ibn Sa'd, VI, p. 7

N41 Tabari, I, pp. 2414 f.

N42 Tabari, I, p. 2496. For the institution of the 'arif see EI2 article “Arif”

N43 Tabari, I, p. 2633

N44 Tabari, I, p. 2805

N45 Tabari, I, p. 2418

N46 Massignon, Khitat, p. 13; Tabari, I, p. 2418

N47 Tabari, I, pp. 2418 f.

N48 Ibn Sa'd, VI, p. 11

N49 Tabari, I, p. 2464

N50 S. A. Al-Ali, Al-Tanzimat al-ijtima'iya wa'l-iqtisadiyafi'l-Basra, 2nd ed. (Beirut, 1969), pp. 88 ff.

N51 ibid, p. 82

N52 Tabari, II, p. 1072

N53 Tabari, I, p. 2668

N54 Tabari, I, p. 2927

N55 ibid.

N56 Tabari, I, p. 2651

N57 Baladhuri, Ansab, V, p.46

N58 Tabari, I, pp. 3075 ff.; Al-Imama wa'l-siyasa, I, p. 47

N59 Hind, op. cit., p. 361

N60 Tabari, I, p. 3174

N61 Nasr, Waq'at Siffin, p. 105

N62 Ibn A'tham, II, p. 350; Nasr, Waq'at Siffin, p. 12

N63 Tabari, I, p. 3279

N64 Tabari, I, p. 3256

N65 Hind op. cit., p. 363

N66 e.g., Khutabat nos. 21, 23, 24, 42, to cite but a few

N67 For Ali's fiscal policies and egalitarian attitude, see Tabari, I, p. 3227

N68 Mas'udi, Muruj, II, p. 404

N69 ibid., p. 407

N70 Nahj al-Balagha, I, pp. 76-79; Mubarrad, Kamil, I, pp. 20 f., with slightly different readings in some cases. I have followed the Nahj al-Balagha's text.

Notes to Chapter 6

N1 Tabari, II, p. 5

N2 Tabari, II, pp. 1 ff.; Mas'udi, Muruj, II, p. 426; Tanbih, p. 300; 'Iqd, IV, p. 361; Ya'qubi, II, pp. 214 f.; Dinawari, pp. 216 f.; Isti'ab. I, p. 385; Usd al-ghaba, II, p. 14

N3 Ya'qubi, II, p. 188. According to Ibn Sa'd, VI, pp. 4, 370 early Sahaba immediately moved into Kufa and settled there as soon as 'Umar b. al-Khattab founded the garrison city.

N4 Usd al-ghaba, II, p. 12; Tirmidhi, II, p. 306; Musnad, V, p. 354; Hadid, Sharh, XVI, p. 27

N5 Musnad, II, p. 513

N6 The standard works of tradition usually devote a separate chapter to the special merits of Hasan and Husayn (Bab Manaqib al-Hasan wa'l-Husayn).

N7 Ibn Habib, Muhabbar, p. 46; Bukhari, Sahih, II, pp. 175, 198; Usd al-ghaba, II, p. 13

N8 According to Abu'l-Faraj al-Isfahani, Maqatil at-Talibiyin, p. 52, Abd Allah b. al-Abbas himself was the first to advance Hasan's nomination and invite the people to pay homage to him as the caliph after the death of Ali. See also Hadid, Sharh, XVI, pp. 31 f.

N9 Dinawari, p. 216; Maqatil, p. 52; Hadid, Sharh, XVI, p. 30

N10 Tabari, II, p. 1; Usd al-ghaba, II, p. 14; Hadid, loc. cit.; Isti'ab, I, p. 383

N12 ibid.

N13 Ibn A'tham, IV, p. 148; Tabari, II, p. 5; Hadid, Sharh, XVI, p.22

N14 Maqatil, pp. 52 f.; Hadid, Sharh, XVI, pp. 25 f.

N15 Aghani, XXI, p.26; Maqatil, loc. cit.; Ya'qubi, II, p. 214; Hadid, Sharh, XVI, p. 31

N16 Ibn A'tham, IV, p. 153; Hadid, Sharh, XVI, p. 26

N17 Maqatil, p. 56 (from Abu Mikhnaf); Ibn A'tham, IV, p. 151; Hadid, Sharh, XVI, p.24 (from Mada'ini), p. 33 (from Abu Mikhnaf with slight variations)

N18 Maqatil, p. 57 (from Abu Mikhnaf); Ibn A'tham, IV, p. 152; Hadid, Sharh, XVI, p.25 (from Mada'ini), p. 35 (from Abu Mikhnaf with slight variations)

N19 Arab Kingdom, pp. 104-7

N20 Ta'rikh, II, pp. 214 f.

N21 Akhbar, pp. 217 ff.

N22 Ta'rikh, II, pp. 1-8

N23 Kitab al-futuh, IV pp. 148-67

N24 Maqatil, pp. 46-77

N25 Sharh, XVI, pp. 9-52

N26 Fihrist, pp. 93, 101 f., respectively. The importance of these two authors in early Muslim historiography has been discussed in Chapter 2.

N27 M. A. Shaban, EI2 article “Ibn A'tham”

N28 Shaban, op. cit. Cf. Yaqut, Irshad al-Arib ila ma'rifat al-Adib, ed. D.S. Margoliouth, (Leiden, 1907-31), I, p. 379; C.A. Storey, Persian Literature: a Bio-bibliographical Survey (London, 1927), I, ii, p. 1260

N29 See Ahmad Zaki Safwat, Jamharat Rasa'il al-'Arab fi 'usur al, Arabiyat az-Zahira (Cairo, 1937), a four-volume work in which all the letters from the time of the Prophet until the end of the Abbasid period have been collected with documentation.

N30 Tabari, I, pp. 1 f., 5-8. See Wellhausen, Arab Kingdom, p. 107

N31 Tabari, II, pp. 2-5

N32 Tabari, II, pp. 1, 5 ff.

N33 Tabari, II, pp. 2, 7

N34 Tabari, II, pp. 7-8

N35 Tabari, II, pp. 2-4

N36 Tabari, II, p. 2

N37 Ya'qubi, II, p. 214; Maqatil, p.62; Sharh, XVI, p. 40

N38 Maqatil, p. 61; Sharh, XVI, p. 38

N39 Ya'qubi, I, p. 214

N40 ibid.

N41 Tabari, II, p. 2

N42 Ya'qubi, II, p. 115

N43 ibid.

N44 The Arabic phrase reads: fa lamma intaha ila Sabat raya min ashabihi fashl wa tawakul 'an al-harb.

N45 Dinawari, p. 216

N46 ibid.

N47 Sharh, XVI, p. 22

N48 Futuh, IV, p. 154; Maqatil, p.63

N49 Dinawari, p. 217; Ibn A'tham, IV, p. 155; Ya'qubi, II, p. 215; Maqatil, p. 64

N50 Dinawari, loc. cit.; Ibn A'tham, loc. cit.; Ya'qubi, loc. cit.; Maqatil, loc. cit.

N51 Ibn A'tham, IV, pp. 156 f.

N52 ibid., p. 157

N53 Tabari, II, pp. 220, 223, 274; Dinawari, pp. 243, 299; 'Iqd, IV, p. 376

N54 Maqatil, pp. 64 f.

N55 Maqatil, pp. 65 ff.

N56 Tabari, II, pp. 3-4

N57 The shortest period given for his caliphate is three months, the longest is seven months.

N58 Tabari, II, p. 13

N59 Dinawari, p. 218

N60 Isti'ab, I, pp. 355 f. Usd al-ghaba, II, p. 14, adds: “and some other conditions like this.” See also Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Sawa'iq al-muhriqa, p. 134; Al-Imama wa's-siyasa, I, p. 140

N61 Maqatil, pp. 66 f.; Sharh, XVI, pp. 43 f.

N62 Ibn A'tham, IV, pp. 158 f.

N63 Sharh, XVI, pp. 22 f.

N64 Ibn A'tham, IV, p. 158

N65 Ibn A'tham, IV, pp. 159 f.; Sharh, XVI, pp. 22 f.

N66 Ibn A'tham, IV, p. 165

N67 See Ibn A'tham, IV, pp. 161-7; Maqatil, pp. 68-73; Tabari, II, pp. 6-9; Ya'qubi, II, pp. 216 f.

N68 Tabari, II, p.6. Ya'qubi, II, p.215

N69 Hadid, Sharh, XVI, p. 28

N70 Maqatil, pp. 72 f.

N71 Isti'ab, III, p. 1420; Ibn Kathir, al-Bidaya Wa'n-Nihaya, VIII, p.135

N72 See, for example, his reply to Hujr that he abdicated to save the lives of his handful of true followers, in Dinawari, p. 220

N73 Ibn A'tham, IV, pp. 164 ff.; Maqatil, pp. 67 ff.; Ya'qubi, II, pp. 216 f.; Dinawari, pp. 220 f.; Isti'ab, I, pp. 387 f.

N74 Usd al-ghaba, II, pp. 13 f.; Isti'ab, I, p. 384; Bukhari, Sahih, II, p. 198; Tabari, II, p. 199; Jahiz, Rasa'il, “Risala fi Bani Umayya,” p.65; 'Amili, A'yan, IV, p. 54

N75 Dinawari, pp. 220 f.

N76 Tabari, I, p. 1920

N77 Baladhuri, Ansab, IV A, p. 138; Hadid, Sharh, XVI, p. 14. Also see Vaglieri, EI2 article “Hasan”

N78 Mas'udi, Muruj, II, pp. 426 f.; Maqatil, pp. 73 f.; Hadid, Sharh, XVI, pp. 10 f., 17; Isti'ab, I, pp. 389 f.; Usd al-ghaba, II, p. 14; Ya'qubi, II, p.225; Ibn Khallikan, Wafayat, II, p.66

N79 Mas'udi, Muruj, II, p. 427; Maqatil, p. 73; Hadid, Sharh, XVI, p. 11

N80 Dinawari, Akhbar, p. 222; Ya'qubi, II, p.225; 'Iqd, IV p. 361; Mas'udi, loc. cit.

N81 Ibn A'tham, IV, pp. 206, 224 f.; Maqatil, p. 73; Ya'qubi, II, p.228; Isti'ab, I, p.391

N82 Ya'qubi, II, p.228; Dinawari, p.221

N83 See Tabari, II, pp. 111-55 ; Baladhuri, IV A, pp. 211-36; Aghani, XVII, pp. 78-96; Dinawari, pp. 223-5; Isti'ab, I, pp. 329-33

N84 Tabari, II, p. 131; Dinawari, pp. 223 f.; Aghani, XVII, pp. 79 f.

N85 Aghani, XVII, p. 81; Baladhuri, IV A, p. 214

N86 Aghani, XVII, p. 81; Baladhuri, IV A, p. 214

N87 Ibn Sa'd, .VI, p. 219

N88 Tabari, II, p. 117; Baladhuri, IV A, p. 214

N89 Aghani, XVII, p. 82

N90 See Tabari, II, pp. 117 ff.; 136

N91 After assuming control of Kufa, Ziyad regrouped the entire population into four administrative quarters and appointed a head of his own choosing in charge of each quarter. This has been discussed in Chapter 5 in connection with the general assessment of the situation in Kufa.

N92 Tabari, II, p. 131; Aghani, XVII, p.89

N93 Tabari, loc. cit.; Aghani, loc. cit.

N94 Tabari, II, p. 132; Aghani, loc. cit.; Baladhuri, IV A, p. 221

N95 Baladhuri, IV A, pp. 222 f.; Tabari, II, p. 137

N96 Tabari, II, pp. 133 ff.; also, with some variations, Baladhuri, IV A, pp. 221 ff.; Aghani, XVII, pp. 89 ff.

N97 See sources cited in note 95 above

N98 Tabari, II, p. 140; Aghani, XVII, pp. 92 f; Baladhuri, IV A, p. 224

N99 Tabari, II, p. 145; Isti'ab, I, p. 229 f; Baladhuri, IV A, pp. 22, 228, 229 ff.

N100 Dinawari, p. 224

N101 ibid.

N102 Tabari, II, pp. III f.; Baladhuri, IV A, pp. 211 f.

N103 For details, see Tabari under the years 56 to 60; also Mas'udi, Muruj, III, pp. 27 f.

N104 For details see Ibn A'tham, IV, pp. 235-49; Ibn Athir, Al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh, (Beirut, 1965) III, pp. 508-11

N105 See references quoted above in notes 103 and 104 and also Tabari, II, pp. 175 f.

Notes to Chapter 7

N1 For the character and conduct of Yazid, see Jahiz, Rasa'il, “Risala fi Bani Umayva”, pp. 294 ff.; Baladhuri, IVB, pp. 1-11; Aghani, XV, p. 232; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 67; Damiri, Hayat al Hayawan, pp. 261 ff.; Ya'qubi, II, p. 228. It is indeed surprising to note that Henri Lammens, in his Le califat de Yazid, contrary to the unanimous reports of Muslim writers of all times, has taken great pains to depict Yazid as an ideal character. Lammens' unusual regard for the Umayyad house often led him to read the Arabic text to suit his own purposes.

N2 Baladhuri, IV B, pp. 122 f.; 'Iqd, IV, p. 226; Tabari, II, pp. 196 f.; Dinawari, p. 226

N3 Baladhuri, IV B, p. 12; Ya'qubi, II, p.241; Tabari, II, p.216; 'Iqd, IV, p. 227; Bidaya, VIII, pp. 146 f.

N4 Tabari, II, p. 219; Baladhuri, IV B, p. 15; Dinawari, p. 228; Bidaya, VIII, p. 147

N5 See Tabari, II, pp. 233, 276; Baladhuri, IV B, p. 13; Dinawari, p-229; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 55; Bidaya, VIII, p. 151

N6 Tabari, II, pp. 233 f.; Maqatil, p. 96

N7 Tabari, II, p. 234; Dinawari, p. 229; Bidaya, VIII, pp. 151 f.

N8 Tabari, II, pp. 234 f.; Ya'qubi, II, p. 242

N9 Tabari, II, p. 235; Mufid, Irshad, II, pp. 35 f.

N10 Tabari, II, p. 240

N11 See details in Tabari, II, pp. 174 f.

N12 Tabari, II, pp. 237 f.; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 36; Bidaya, VIII, p.152

N13 Tabari, II, p.264; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p.54; Dinawari, p. 235; Baladhuri, II, p. 80; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 38; Bidaya, VIII, p. 152. Ibn Abd Rabbih gives the figure as more than 30,000 in 'Iqd, IV, p. 378

N14 This letter of Muslim was sent to Husayn on 12 Dhu'l-Qa'da 60/15 August 680, 27 days before the murder of Muslim; see Tabari, II, pp. 264, 271; Mufid, Irshad, II, pp. 67, 72

N15 Tabari, II, pp. 220 f.; 223, 274f.; Dinawari, pp. 229, 243 f.; 'Iqd, IV, p. 376; Maqatil, p. 109; Bidaya, VIII, pp. 159 f.; 160 ff.

N16 Tabari, II, pp. 274-76. Bidaya, VIII, p. 166

N17 Tabari, loc. cit.; Baladhuri, IV B, p. 14; Dinawari, p. 229; Maqatil, p. 109; Bidaya, VIII, pp. 160, 163

N18 See the text of Yazid's order in Tabari, II, pp. 228, 240. A still more detailed version is given by Jahshiyari, Al-Wuzara' wa'l- Kuttab, ed. Saqqa, Ibyari, and Shibli (Cairo, 1938), p. 31; Dinawari, pp. 231, 242; Bidaya, VIII, p. 152; Mufid Irshad, II, p. 40

N19 Tabari, II, pp. 229, 241; Dinawari, p. 232; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 57; Maqatil, p. 96; Bidaya, VIII, p. 153; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 41

N20 Tabari, II, p. 242; Dinawari, p. 232; Maqatil, p. 97; Bidaya, VIII, p. 154; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 41

N21 See Tabari, II, p.267; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, pp. 59 f.; Dinawari, p. 240; Maqatil, pp. 100-8; Bidaya, VIII, pp. 153-7. Mufid, Irshad, II, pp. 42-67

N22 Tabari, II, pp. 242, 277. Dinawari, p. 245; Bidaya, VIII, p. 166

N23 Tabari, II, p.278; Ya'qubi, II, p.249; Bidaya, VIII, p. 167. Shi'i sources state that Yazid sent some soldiers disguised as pilgrims to assassinate Husayn amidst the crowds assembled for the Hajj; see Mufid, Irshad, II, p.69

N24 Tabari, II, p. 242

N25 Tabari, II, pp. 285, 288 f.; Dinawari, p. 243; Mufid, Irshad, II, p.71

N26 Tabari, II, pp. 289 ff.; 293, 303; Dinawari, pp. 247 f.; Bidaya, VIII, pp. 268, 274; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 72

N27 Tabari, II, p. 303; Bidaya, loc. cit.

N28 Tabari, II, p. 294; Dinawari, p. 248; Bidaya, VIII, p. 169; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 77

N29 Tabari, II, pp. 296 f.; Dinawari, p. 249; Bidaya, VIII, p. 172; Mufid, Irshad, II, pp. 78 ff.

N30 Tabari, loc. cit.; Dinawari, loc. cit.; Bidaya, loc. cit.; Mufid, loc. cit.

N31 Tabari, II, pp. 298 f. See also Dinawari, p. 249; Bidaya, VIII, p. 172; Mufid, Irshad, II, p.81

N32 Tabari, II, pp. 299-307; Dinawari, pp. 249-51; Bidaya, VIII, pp. 172-5; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 84

N33 For details see Tabari, II, pp. 308-16; Dinawari, pp. 253-5; Bidaya, VIII, pp. 175 f.; Mufid, Irshad, II, pp. 85-91

N34 Tabari, II, p.316; Dinawari, p.255; Bidaya, VIII, p. 175

N35 Tabari, II, pp. 319 ff.; Bidaya, VIII, p. 176; Maqatil, p. 112; Mufid, Irshad, II, pp. 93 f.

N36 Tabari, II, pp. 324 f.; Bidaya, VIII, p. 177; Dinawari, p. 256; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 97

N37 Tabari, II, p. 227; Bidaya, VIII, pp. 169, 178; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 99

N38 Tabari, II, p. 328; Mufid, loc. cit.

N39 Tabari, II, p. 329; Bidaya, VIII, p. 179; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 100

N40 See Tabari, II, pp. 335 ff., 337 ff., 344, 346; Bidaya, VIII, pp. 181 ff.

N41 Tabari, II, pp. 347, 351 ff., 355 f.; Bidaya, VIII, pp. 184 f.; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 109; Dinawari, pp. 256 f.

N42 Tabari, II, pp. 356-9; Dinawari, loc. cit.; Bidaya, VIII, pp. 185-9; Mufid Irshad, II, pp. 110-14; Maqatil, pp. 80-113

N43 Tabari, II, p. 386; Dinawari, pp. 257 f.; Maqatil, p. 84; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 113

N44 Tabari, II, p. 360; Dinawari, p. 258; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 112; Ya'qubi, II, p. 240; Maqatil, p. 115

N45 Tabari, II, pp. 361, 363; Bidaya, VIII, p. 187; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 114

N46 Tabari, II, p. 365; Bidaya, loc. cit.; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 116

N47 Tabari, II, p. 366; Bidaya, VIII, p. 188; Dinawari, p. 258; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 117

N48 For the details of these cruel acts, see Tabari, II, p. 367; Bidaya, loc. cit.; Dinawari, p. 258; Mufid, Irshad, II, pp. 117 f.; Maqatil, pp. 117 ff.

N49 Tabari, II, pp. 368 f.; Maqatil, p. 119; Mufid, loc. cit.

N50 Tabari, loc. cit.; Dinawari, p. 260; Bidaya, VIII, p. 189

N51 Tabari, II, p. 369; Dinawari, p. 259; Bidaya, VIII, p. 190; Mufid, Irshad, II, pp. 118 f.

N52 Tabari, II, p. 370; Bidaya, VIII, p. 193

N53 Tabari, II, p. 371 ; Dinawari, pp. 259 f.; Bidaya, VIII, p. 190

N54 See sources cited in note 53

N55 Tabari, II, p. 375; Bidaya, VIII, p. 191; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 123

N56 Bidaya, VIII, p. 203. For Yazid's reported remorse see Bidaya, VIII, pp. 191 ff.; Tabari, II, pp. 376 ff.

N57 History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. J. B. Bury, 2nd ed. (London, 1901), V, p. 391

N58 Akhbar, p. 259

N59 Ibsar al-'ayn fi ahwal al-ansar al-Husayn (Najaf, 1341 AH), pp. 47 ff.

N60 Tabari, II, p. 386; Akhbar, p. 259

N61 See Tabari, II, pp. 303, 335

N62 Bidaya, VIII, p. 170; 'Iqd, IV, p. 380

N63 Tabari, II, p. 236

N64 See B. Lewis, Origins of Isma'ilism (Cambridge, 1940), p. 27; also Nawbakhti, Firaq ash-Shi'a, p. 45

N65 The best example of this, among many others, is Henri Lammens' Le califat de Yazid and his EI1 article “Husayn”. Also see Wellhausen, Arab Kingdom, pp. 145-7

N66 Tabari, II, pp. 216-95; also note 14 above

N67 Tabari, II, pp. 304 f.

N68 ibid.

N69 Aghani, XV p. 233

N70 2nd ed. (Cairo, n.d.)

N71 2nd ed. (Beirut, 1972)

N72 Tabari, II, pp. 288, 303; Bidaya, VIII, pp. 168, 174

N73 Tabari, II, pp. 318 f.; Bidaya, VIII, p. 176, gives only a summary of the address of Habib b. Muzahir;

N74 For their pledges see Tabari, II, p. 322; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 94; Bidaya, VIII, p. 176; Maqatil, p. 112

N75 Tabari, loc. cit.; Bidaya, VIII, p. 177. Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 95, gives a longer and more forceful version.

N76 Tabari, II, p. 322; Bidaya, VIII, p. 177; Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 95

N77 ibid.

N78 A. A. A. Fyzee, “Shi'i Legal Theories,” Law in the Middle East, ed. Majid Khadduri and H. J. Lesbesny (Washington, 1955), p. 113

N79 Tabari, II, pp. 333 f.; Mufid, Irshad, II, pp. 103 f. Bidaya, VIII, p. 180, only summarises the statement of Hurr.

N80 See Tabari, loc. cit.; Mufid, loc. cit. Bidaya, VIII, pp. 180 f., gives here the full text of Hurr's speech as in Tabari.

N81 Tabari, II, p. 350; Bidaya, VIII, p. 183

N82 Tabari, II, pp. 342, 350; Mufid, Irshad, II, pp. 106 f. Bidaya naturally does not mention this final retort of Nafi'.

N83 Tabari, II, p. 350; Bidaya, VIII, p. 183

N84 History of the Arabs, p. 191

N85 Fyzee, op. cit., p. 113

N86 cf. Hodgson, “How Did the Early Shi'a become Sectarian?” p. 3

N87 Ibn Nadim, Fihrist, p. 93; Tusi, Fihrist, Nos. 155, 585; Najashi, Rijal, p. 245; Ahlwardt, Nos. 9028-9, 9031-8; Ursula Sezgin, Abu Mikhnaf, Ein Beitrag zur Historiographie der Umaiyadischen Zeit (Leiden, 1971), pp. 116-23, a discussion of the Maqtal itself. On Tusi and his Fihrist, see Sprenger's preface to his edition of this work in the Bibliotheca Indica (Calcutta, 1853), and Brown's discussion of biographical authorities in A Literary History of Persia (Cambridge, 1902-4), IV, pp. 355-8. On Najashi also see Brown, loc. cit.

N88 See his preface to The Arab Kingdom and its Fall

N89 See above, note 87

N90 Wellhausen, loc. cit.

N91 EI2 article “Abu Mikhnaf”

N92 Wellhausen, loc. cit.

N93 In the Istanbul Ms. of the Ansab, Husayn is discussed in Ms. 597, ff. 219a-251b

N94 For his revolt see Veccia Vaglieri, EI2 article “Ibn al-Ash'ath”, and sources cited therein.

N95 Wellhausen, op. cit., p. vii

N96 See Tabari, index

N97 e.g. Mufid, Irshad, II, p. 29

N98 See Maqatil, p. 95

N99 See Bidaya, VIII, pp. 60, 61

N100 See Der Tod des Husein, Wüstenfeld's preface

N101 Sezgin, Abu Mikhnaf, pp. 190 ff.

Notes to Chapter 8

N1 Baladhuri, V, pp. 204 ff.; Tabari, II, p. 497; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 93; Wellhausen, Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam, trans. 'Abd ar-Rahman Badawi, Ahzab al-mu'arada assiyasiya al-diniyafi Sadr al-Islam (Cairo, 1968), p. 189

N2 Tabari, II, p. 498; Wellhausen, loc. cit.

N3 Tabari, II, p. 498; Baladhuri, V, pp. 204 f.

N4 Tabari, II, p. 497; Baladhuri, loc. cit.

N5 Tabari, II, p. 498; Baladhuri, V, p. 205

N6 Tabari, II, p. 499; Baladhuri, loc. cit.

N7 Tabari, II, pp. 499 f.. Baladhuri, V, pp. 205 f.

N8 Tabari, loc. cit.; Baladhuri, loc. cit.

N9 Tabari, II, pp. 506-7

N10 Tabari, II, pp. 507-8

N11 Baladhuri, V, p. 208

N12 Baladhuri, V. P. 207

N13 Baladhuri, V, p. 207; Tabari, II, p. 509

N14 Tabari, II, pp. 502-5

N15 Baladhuri, V, p. 207. Tabari, II, p. 509

N16 Baladhuri, loc. cit.; Tabari, loc. cit.

N17 Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 93

N18 Tabari, II, pp. 543 f.; Baladhuri, V, p. 209

N19 Tabari, II, p. 545

N20 Baladhuri, V, p. 209

N21 Baladhuri, loc. cit.; Tabari, II, p. 546; Wellhausen, Ahzab, p. 194

N22 Ahzab, p. 194. Cf. Tabari, II, p. 546; Baladhuri, V, p. 209

N23 Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 94. “Turabites”: reference to Abu Turab, Ali's kunya

N24 See the detailed account of 'Ayn al-Warda in Baladhuri, V, pp. 210 f.; Tabari, II, pp. 558 ff.; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 94

N25 Wellhausen, Ahzab, p. 194

N26 See Tabari, II pp. 497, 559, 566, 599, 601; Ba1adhuri, V, pp. 207 ff.; Wellhausen, loc. cit.

N27 Wellhausen, loc. cit.

Notes to Chapter 9

N1 Wellhausen, Ahzab, pp. 198-234; K. A. Fariq, The Story of an Arab Diplomat (New Dehli, 1967)

N2 Hodgson, “How Did the Early Shi'a Become Sectarian?”, JAOS (1955), p. 3

N3 Ibn Sa'd, V, p.212

N4 Ibn Sa'd, V, pp. 212, 220; Tabari, II, p. 209

N5 Tabari, II, p. 220

N6 ibid.

N7 Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 70; Mubarrad, Kamil, I, p. 260; Dinawari, p. 266

N8 Baladhuri, V, p. 272; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, 74

N9 Ya'qubi, II, p. 259

N10 Baladhuri, v, p-272; Ibn Sa'd, V, p.213

N11 Muhammad b. Ya'qub al-Kulayni, Usul al-Kafi (Karachi, 1965), I, p. 353; Majlisi, Bihar, XI, p. 7; 'Amili, A'yan, IV, p. 332. Also see Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 225

N12 Kulayni, loc. cit.

N13 Ibn Khaldun, 'Ibar (Cairo, 1867), III, p. 172

N14 Baladhuri, v, p. 218

N15 Kulayni, Kafi, pp. 352 f.

N16 Kashshi, Ikhtiyar Ma'rifat ar-Rijal (Tehran, n.d.), p. 121

N17 ibid., p. 124

N18 ibid., p. 123

N19 ibid., p. 115

N20 ibid., p. 4; Ibn 'Imad, Shadharat adh-Dhahab (Cairo, 1350 A.H.), I, p. 84

N21 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 119

N22 ibid., pp. 201-3

N23 ibid., p. 124

N24 e.g., Kulayni, Kafi, passim

N25 Farazdaq, Diwan, I, p. 847 f.; Aghani, XXI, pp. 400 ff.; Ibn Khallikan, Wafayat, VI, pp. 95 f.; Bayhaqi, Kitab al-Mahasin wa'l- Masawi, ed. Schwally (Giessen, 1902), pp. 131 f.; Abu Nu'aym, Hilyat al-Awliya (Cairo, 1938), III, p. 139; Kashshi, Rijal, p. 130 ff.; Subki, Abu Nasr, Tabaqat ash-Shafi'iya, ed. Ahmad b. 'Abd al-Karim (Cairo, n.d.), I, pp. 153 ff.; Ibn Kathir, Bidaya, IX, pp. 108 f.

N26 See the detailed account in the references cited in note 25 above.

N27 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 123

N28 Ibn Sa'd, V, p.216. Kashshi, Rijal 155 ff.

N29 Ibn Sa'd, V, p. 216

N30 For Sunni sources, see Ibn Sa'd, V, pp. 216-22; Ibn Khallikan, III, pp. 266 ff.; Mubarrad, Kamil, I, p.260; II, p. 138; III, pp. 120 f.; Ibn Kathir, Bidaya, IX, pp. 103-15. For Shi'i sources, see Ya'qubi, II, p. 247; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 160; Kulayni, Kafi, I, Kitab al-Hujja and passim; Mufid, Irshad, II, pp. 138-45; 'Amili, 'A'yan, IV, pp. 308-461

N31 Mubarrad, Kamil, II, p. 138

N32 Kulayni, Kafi, I, pp. 354 f.; Majlisi, Bihar, XI, pp. 100 ff.; Qadi Nu'man, Sharh, fol. 32a

N33 Montgomery Watt, “Shi'ism under the Umayyads”, pp. 168 f.; Hodgson, op. cit., p. 1

N34 See references cited in note 32 above

N35 See specifically Kulayni, Kafi, “Kitab al-Hujja”

N36 Montgomery Watt, op. cit., p. 166

N37 Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 133 ff.

N38 ibid., pp. 161, 176 ff.

N39 ibid., pp. 276, 347 ff.

N40 ibid., pp. 211, 238. See also Ha'iri Muntaha al-Maqal (Tehran, 1302 AH), pp. 304-5

N41 Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 169, 238

N42 ibid., p. 238

N43 Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 161, 238; Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 243

N44 Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 213 f.; Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 243; Najashi, Rijal, p. 219

N45 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 170; Ha'iri, Muntaha, pp. 249-50

N46 Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 201 ff.; Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 73

N47 See Aghani, XVI, pp. 330 ff.; Jahiz, Bayan, I, p. 46

N48 Aghani, XVI, p. 333

N49 Kashshi, Rij'al, pp. 206 f.; Aghani, loc. cit.

N50 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 206 f.

N51 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 214; Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 293 loc. cit.

N52 Kashshi, loc. cit.; Ha'iri,

N53 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 232

N54 Ibn Sa'd, V pp. 211, 320, 325 f.

N55 Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, p. 127; Ibn Sa'd, V, pp. 211, 325 f.

N56 Shahrastani, Milal, I, pp. 154 f.

N57 ibid.

N58 Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 416 f.

N59 Shahrastani, Milal, I, p. 49

N60 Ibn Kathir, Bidaya, IX, p. 311; Dhahabi, Ta'rikh, IV p. 300; Ibn al-Jawzi, Sifat as-Safwa, II, p. 61; Abu Nu'aym, Hilya, III, p. 185

N61 Traditions referring to the poet Kumayt quote Al-Baqir as very violently disavowing Abu Bakr and 'Umar; see Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 205 f. On the other hand Kumayt did not express himself openly against the first two caliphs; see his verse in Hashimiyat, p.155

N62 Nawbakhti, Firaq, pp. 52 ff.; Kashshi, Rijal, p. 229

N63 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 232. The Butriya were those who drew no distinction between the claimants from the house of Ali and supported any Alid claimant who revolted, sword in hand.

N64 Dhahabi, Ta'rikh, IV, p. 242; Ibn Hajar, Tahdhib, II, pp. 434 ff.

N65 Ibn 'Imad, Shadharat, I, p. 151

N66 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 209

N67 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 209; Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 263

N68 Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 209, 229

N69 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 289

N70 Schacht, Origins, pp. 262 ff.-,

N71 Kulayni, Furu' al-Kafi, II, p. 193. Also see Dhahabi, Tadhkirat al-Huffaz, I, p. 160; Qadi Nu'man, Sharh Al-Akhbar, fol. 36a

N72 Schacht, Origins, pp. 266 ff.; Malik b. Anas, Muwatta', III, p. 23; Murtada b. Dai', Tadhkirat al-Awamm, pp. 270-271

N73 Ibn Sa'd, V, p. 321; Kulayni, Kafi, pp. 299 ff.; Qadi Nu'man, Sharh al-Akhbar, fol. 32a ff.; 'Amili, A'yan, IV, pp. 262 ff.; Ibn Khallikan, IV, p. 176; Majlisi, Bihar, XI, pp. 100 ff.

N74 Ya'qubi, II, p. 320; Bayhaqi, Kitab al-Mahasin wa'l-Masawi, III, pp. 298 ff.; Qadi Nu'man, Sharh al-Akhbar, fol. 33a

N75 Ibn Khallikan, IV, p. 176

N76 Qadi Nu'man, loc. cit.; 'Amili, A'yan, pp. 490 ff.; Majlisi, Bihar, XI, pp. 100 f.; Kulayni, Kafi, pp. 299 ff.; Bhahlanji, Nur al-Ibsar, pp. 160 ff.

N77 See Ibn Sa'd, V, p. 324; Ibn Khallikan, IV, pp. 174; Abu'l Mahasin, Nujum, I, pp. 273 f. The last source here says he died in AH 114.

N78 Mas'udi, Muruj III, p. 219

N79 Ya'qubi, II, p. 320. Also see Dhahabi, Ta'rikh, IV, p. 300

N80 Shahrastani, Milal, I, p. 166

N81 Firaq, p. 25

N82 Al-Ja'fariya should not be confused with the name Madhhab al-Ja'fari, given very often to the present Twelver Shi'a.

Notes to Chapter 10

N1 For the former date, see Ya'qubi, Ta'rikh, II, p. 381; Ibn Khallikan, I. p. 327; Ibn al-Jawzi, Safwa, II, p. 93; 'Amili, A'yan, IV, p. 54; Muhammad b. Talha, Matalib al-Su'ul, p. 89. For the latter, see Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 219; Sa'd al-Ash'ari, Maqalat, p. 79; Kulayni, Kafi, p. 193; Majlisi, Tadhkirat al-A'imma p. 139. It is difficult to choose between these two dates, but the former is probably correct, since Ibn Khallikan and others record his birth in the 'Amm al-Juhaf, the year of the flood in Mecca, which according to Tabari, II, p. 1040, occurred in 80/699-700.

N2 Ibn Sa'd, V, p. 320; Ya'qubi, II, p. 320; Qadi Nu'man, Sharh al-Akhbar, MS. fol. 32a.

N3 Ibn Khallikan, I, p. 327. Qadi Nu'man, loc. cit.

N4 Tabari, III, p. 2509; Ya'qubi, II, p. 381; Sa'd al-Ash'ari, Maqalat, p. 79; Ibn Khallikan, loc. cit.; Kulayni, Kafi, p. 194; 'Amili, A'yan, IV, p. 452

N5 See Ibn Sa'd, V, p. 216; Ibn 'Imad, Shadharat, I, p. 104; Ya'qubi, III, p. 46; Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 76-79; Abu Nu'aym, Hilya, III, p. 135

N6 Ibn Sa'd, V, pp. 189 ff.; Tabari, II, p. 1183; Ibn 'Imad, Shadharat, I, p. 62

N7 See Kulayni, Kafi, p. 193. His Imamate would have been of twenty-eight years' duration based on a birth date of 83/703-704; if 80/699-700 is accepted, his period in the Imamate would be thirty-one years.

N8 Ya'qubi, II, p. 381

N9 Qadi Nu'man, Sharh al-Akhbar, MS. fol. 42a

N10 ibid., fol. 39a

N11 Shahrastani, Milal, I, p. 166

N12 S. Moscati, “Per Una Storia De la'Antica Si'a,” RSO, 1955, p. 251

N13 B. Lewis, The Origins of Isma'ilism, p.25

N14 Husayn was also called “al-Mahdi, son of al-Mahdi”, but this as yet had no messianic implications. See Tabari, II, p. 546

N15 Baladhuri, V, p. 218; also see Tabari, II, pp. 606f., 633

N16 See Ibn Sa'd, V, p. 94

N17 Baladhuri, loc. cit.

N18 Tabari, II, pp. 672-710; Baladhuri, V, p. 253. For the other titles which they were given, see Tabari, II, p. 691; Baladhuri, loc. cit.

N19 For the name Kaysaniya there are a number of suggestions, and the person of Abu 'Amra Kaysan has also been a great historical problem. For various suggestions and possibilities see Shahrastani, Milal, I, p. 147; Baghdadi, Farq, p. 26; Baladhuri, V, p. 229; B. Lewis, The Origins of Isma'ilism, p. 27

N20 Ibn Sat d, V, p. 115

N21 Ibn Khaldun, 'Ibar, III, p. 172. Thus Abu Hashim became recognized as the official head of this branch of the Shi'a; see De Goeje, “ Al-Baladhuri's Ansab”, ZDMG, 1884, p. 394

N22 See the verse of Kuthayyir in Aghani, IX, p. 14, and the eulogy of Ibn al-Hanafiya by Al-Sayyid al-Himyari in Aghani, VII, p. 227

N23 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 314

N24 W. Ivanow, “Early Shi'ite Movements”, JBBRAS, 1939, p. 3

N25 ibid.

N26 Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law, p. 23

N27 Mubarrad, Kamil, I, p. 710

N28 Jahiz, Rasa'il, “Kitab Fadl Bani Hashim”, p. 99; “Risala fi Bani Umayya”, p. 66. Also see the commentary on the Qur'anic verse XVII, 50 in the tafsir works.

N29 See Montgomery Watt, “Shi'ism Under the Ummayyads”, JRAS, 1960, pp. 169 f.

N30 Tabari, II, p. 1700

N31 Tabari, loc. cit. For the use and meaning of the word Rafidi, see Montgomery Watt, “The Rafidites”, Oriens, XVI (1963), p. 116

N32 Tabari, loc. cit.

N33 Tabari, II, p. 1709; Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 140 f.

N34 Jahiz, Bayan, I, p. 311-312

N35 ibid.

N36 Mubarrad, Kamil, I, p. 260

N37 See Tabari, II, p. 1774; Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 152 ff.

N38 Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 145 ff.

N39 See Jahiz, Bayan, I, p. 353; Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 233 ff.

N40 Abu Da'ud, Sunan, II, p. 135

N41 See Aghani, XII, p. 85

N42 Abu Da'ud, Sunan, II, p. 135; Ibn Maja, Sunan, II, p. 269

N43 Sa'd al-Ash'ari, Maqalat, pp. 74, 77; Nawbakhti, Firaq, p. 59

N44 Sa'd al-Ash'ari, Maqalat, p. 77; Nawbakhti, Firaq, p. 43

N45 Nawbakhti, Firaq, p. 52; Baghdadi, Farq, pp. 36 ff.; Sa'd al-Ash'ari, Maqalat, p. 74

N46 Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 209 f, 292 ff.

N47 ibid.

N48 Tabari, III, pp. 143 ff.; Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 206, 253

N49 Tabari, III, p. 52; Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 209, 256. For Al-Abwa, see Yaqut, Mu'jam al-Buldan, I, p. 79. According to another report, this homage was paid at Suwayqa; see Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 293 ff.; EI1 article “Muhammad b. Abd Allah”

N50 Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 208, 253, 178

N51 See, for example, Tabari, III, p. 152

N52 Tabari, III, pp. 143, 152; EI1 article “Muhammad b. Abd Allah”

N53 Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, p. 209

N54 Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 207 f., 254 ff.; EI1 article “Muhammad b. Abd Allah”

N55 See Aghani, XII, pp. 213 ff.; Tabari, II, pp. 1879, 1881; Montgomery Watt, “Shi'ism Under the Umayyads”, p. 170

N56 Tabari, II, pp. 1881, 1883, 1887

N57 See Montgomery Watt, “Shi'ism Under the Umayyads”, p.170

N58 See Montgomery Watt, EI2 article “Abbas b. Abd al-Muttalib”

N59 Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 56 f.

N60 See Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 57 ff.; Veccia Vaglieri, EI2 article “Abd Allah b. Abbas”

N61 Mubarrad, Kamil, I, p. 180

N62 See Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, p. 126; Kamil, V, pp. 32-9; S. Moscati, “Testamento di Abu Hashim”, RSO, XXVII (1952), pp. 24-8

N63 Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 238; Abu'l-Faraj, loc. cit.; Kamil, loc. cit.; Moscati, loc. cit.; Bernard Lewis, EI2 article “Hashimiya”

N64 Lewis, EI2 articles “Hashimiya” and “Abbasids”

N65 See Nawbakhti, Firaq, pp. 28-29; Nashwan al-Himyari, Hurr al-'Ayn, pp. 159-60

N66 For the readiness of the Khurasanians to follow any branch of the Ahlal-Bayt, see Ibn Qutayba, 'Uyun al-Akhbar, I, p. 204; Yaqut, Mu'jam al-Buldan, II, p. 352

N67 Abu Muslim was adopted by Ibrahim as a member of the Ahl al-Bayt; see Tabari, II, pp. 1937, 1949. For Abu Muslim himself, see Ibn Khallikan, III, pp. 145-55; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 239; Ibn Qutayba, Ma'arif, p. 145; Dinawari, p. 337; Tabari, II, pp. 1949 f., 1987 ff.; R. N. Frye, “The Role of Abu Muslim”, Muslim World, January 1947

N68 See Wellhausen, Arab Kingdom, pp. 492-566; Lewis, EI2 article “Abbasids”

N69 See Tabari, III, pp. 25 ff., 42 ff., Dinawari, p. 357; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 244

N70 Tabari, III, p. 27; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 253

N71 Jahshiyari, Al-Wuzara' wa'l-Kuttab, p. 83; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 253; Ibn Khallikan, III, pp. 148 f.; Tabari, III, pp. 27 f.; Ya'qubi, II, pp. 345, 449

N72 Mas'udi, loc. cit.; Tabari, loc. cit.; Wellhausen, Arab Kingdom, p. 544; S. Moscati, EI2 article “Abu Salama”

N73 Jahshiyari, Al-Wuzara' wa'l-Kuttab, p. 86; Tabari, III, p. 27

N74 Jahshiyari, loc. cit.; Ibn Tiqtaqa, Al-Fakhri, p. 109

N75 Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 253 f.

N76 See Ya'qubi, loc. cit.; Mas'udi, loc. cit.; Jahshiyari, loc. cit.

N77 S. Moscati, EI2 article “Abu Salama”

N78 Ya'qubi, II, p. 345, gives the period of concealment as two months; Tabari, III, p. 27, makes it forty days. Other sources do not mention the precise period.

N79 See Lewis, EI2 article “Abbasids”

N80 Tabari, III, pp. 28 ff.; Jahshiyari, Al-Wuzara', pp. 86 ff.; Ya'qubi, II, pp. 245 f.; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, pp. 255 f.

N81 Tabari, III, pp. 29 ff. Ya'qubi, II, p. 350, says Abu'l- Abbas did not speak at all because of fever. Mas'udi, Muruj III, p. 255 gives only a summary of the speech in two lines.

N82 The speech of Da'ud is widely recorded, esp. Tabari, III, pp. 31 ff.; Ya'qubi, II, p. 350. Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 256 again only summarizes the main points.

N83 See Tabari, III, pp. 60 f.; Ya'qubi, II, pp. 352 f; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 270; Ibn Khallikan, II, p. 196

N84 See Tabari, III, pp. 58 ff.; Mas'udi, loc. cit.

N85 Lewis, EI2 article “Abbasids”

N86 See Tabari, III, pp. 75 f, 85; Maqrizi an-Niza', p. 52

N87 Ya'qubi, II, p. 369; Mas'udi, Muruj, III, p. 295; Tabari, III, pp. 151 ff.

N88 See Tabari, III, pp. 149 ff.

N89 Tabari, III, p. 199; Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 277 ff.

N90 Tabari, III, p. 200

N91 Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 291 ff.

N92 Tabari, III, pp. 248, 252, 254; Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 248, 271; Shahrastani, Milal, I, p. 156

N93 Tabari, III, pp. 291-300. For the names and details see Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 360 f, 365 ff.

N94 Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 365 ff.

N95 ibid., pp. 344 ff

N96 Baghdadi, Farq, pp. 36 ff., 148; Sa'd al-Ash'ari, Maqalat, p. 76

N97 The name Rawindiya is given to the sect which held that Abu Hashim bequeathed the Imamate to Muhammad b. Ali (the Abbasid). See Lewis, Origins of Isma'ilism, p. 28

N98 Mansur himself was a son of a slave-girl, and perhaps it was because of this that, though he was older than As-Saffah, Ibrahim al-Imam did not appoint him as his successor.

N99 Mubarrad, Kamil, IV, pp. 114 f.; Tabari, III, pp. 209 ff.; Ibn Tiqtaqa, Al-Fakhri, pp. 225 ff.

N100 Tabari, III, p. 189

N101 i.e., Fatima, the mother of Abu Talib; Fatima, the mother of Ali; Fatima, the daughter of the Prophet; Fatima bint al-Husayn, the mother of Abd Allah al-Mahd; and finally Hind bint Abi 'Ubayda, a descendant of Abd al-Muttalib, the mother of An-Nafs az-Zakiya. See Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, p. 202. Mansur belittled this “descent through women”, being himself a son of a slave-girl.

N102 Qur'an, XXXIII, 40

N103 Tabari, III, pp. 211 ff.; Mubarrad, Kamil, IV, pp. 116 ff.

N104 Tabari, III, p. 200

N105 Khatib al-Baghdadi, Ta'rikh Baghdad, XIII, p. 380; Abu'l-Faraj, Maqatil, pp. 366 ff., 365 ff.

N106 Khatib al-Baghdadi, Ta'rikh Baghdad, XIII, p.422; Shahrastani, Milal, I, p. 158. Abu'l-Faraj (Maqatil, pp. 367, 368) asserts that Abu Hanifa was poisoned at the orders of the Caliph.

N107 Tabari, III, p. 426. See Arnold, The Caliphate, p. 51. This principle was also stressed by the later Abbasid caliphs; see Tabari, III, p.1565

N108 Tabari, III, p. 426

Notes to Chapter 11

N1 See Ibn Hazm's discussion in Friedlander, “The Heterodoxies of the Shi'ites ID the Presentation of Ibn Hazm”, JAOS, XXVIII (1907), p. 74

N2 Ash'ari, Maqalat al-Islamiyin, ed. Helmut Ritter (Istanbul, 1929), pp. 16-17

N3 A title with which the Sunni heresiographers describe the Twelver Shi'a. For the meaning and use of the term, see Watt, “The Rafidites: A Preliminary Study”, Orients, XVI (1963)

N4 Tabari, II, p. 1700

N5 Hodgson, “How Did the Early Shi'a Become Sectarian?”, JAOS (1955), p. 10

N6 For such claims made by these ghulat, see Nawbakhti, Firaq, pp. 25, 30, 39, 52-55; Sa'd al-Ash'ari, Maqalat, pp. 33, 35, 37; Shahrastani, Milal, I, pp. 178, 176. Sa'd al-Ash'ari (Maqalat, p. 37) writes that Bayan claimed the Imamate as the legatee of Abu Hashim, and not as that of Al-Baqir.

N7 Kulayni, Kafi, I, p. 208

N8 ibid., I, p. 261

N9 Hodgson, op. cit., p. 11

N10 ibid.

N11 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 285

N12 Kulayni, Kafi, I, p. 274

N13 Kulayni, Kafi, I, p. 356

N14 ibid., pp. 265 f ; Kashshi, Rijal, p. 427

N15 Kulayni, Kafi, I, p. 318

N16 Kulayni, Kafi

N17 ibid., p. 462

N18 ibid., pp. 214-220

N19 See Kulayni, Kafi, I, pp. 207 ff.; Saduq, Risalat al-Itiqadat, trans. A. A. A. Fyzee, A Shi'ite Creed (London 1942), p. 96

N20 Kulayni, Kafi, I, pp. 205, 207, 304 f.

N21 ibid., p. 205

N22 ibid.

N23 See Kulayni, Kafi, “Kitab al-Hujja”, passim; Mufid, Irshad, I, pp. 304-13

N24 Qur'an, III, 6

N25 Kulayni, Kafi, I, p. 262

N26 See Wensinck, Handbook of Early Muhammadan Tradition (Leiden 1960), under the heading “Ali”

N27 Ibn Sa'd, II, p. 101

N28 ibid.

N29 Kulayni, Kafi, I, pp. 330 f.

N30 “And God only wishes to remove from you [all kinds of] uncleanliness, O Ahl al-Bayt [of Muhammad], and thoroughly purify you.”

N31 See Tha'labi, Tafsir, p. 402

N32 Kulayni, Kafi, II, p. 488

N33 ibid.

N34 ibid., p. 487

N35 ibid., p. 486

N36 Kulayni, Kafi, I, p. 483

N37 Qur'an, v, 67

N38 Qur'an, XVI, 106

N39 Kulayni, Kafi, I, p. 483

N40 “Das Prinzip der Takija im Islam”, ZDMG, LX (1906), pp. 213-20

N41 Saduq, Creed, p. 110

N42 Kashshi, Rijal, p.419

N43 See EI2 article “Abd Allah b. Saba”'

N44 Sa'd al-Ash'ari, Maqalat, p.20; Nawbakhti, Firaq, p.22

N45 Sa'd al-Ash'ari, loc. cit.; Nawbakhti, loc. cit.

N46 Farq, p. 32

N47 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 296; Shahrastani, Milal, I, p. 152; Ash'ari, Maqalat, pp. 6-9

N48 See Kashshi, Rijal, p. 148, passim; Nawbakhti, Firaq, p. 34

N49 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 223

N50 See Sam'ani, Ansab, p. 113b; Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 191 ff.; NNajashi, Rijal, pp. 93 f.

N51 See Chapter 9

N52 Ha'iri, Muntaha, pp. 202 f.; Ibn Nadim, Fihrist, p. 66

N53 Kafi, I, p. 279

N54 See Ivanow, “Notes sur Umm al-Kitab”, REI, 1932

N55 See E. E. Salisbury, “Translation of an Unpublished Arabic Risala”, JAOS, 1853, pp. 167-93

N56 e.g., Kafi, pp. 365 ff.; Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 324 f.

N57 e.g., Kafi, I, p. 308, passim

N58 Ya'qubi, II, p. 381; Kashshi, Rijal, p. 224

N59 See Donaldson, The Shi'ite Religion, p. 135

N60 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 224. See Hodgson, op. cit., p. 13

N61 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 247 62 ibid.

N63 ibid.

N64 Tusi, Fihrist, pp. 141 ff.; Ha'iri, Muntaha, pp. 135-6; Hilli, Rijal, p.76

N65 Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 120

N66 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 135; Tusi, Fihrist, p. 146; Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 136

N67 Abu Ahmad Muhammad b. Abi 'Umayr Ziyad b. 'Isa, a traditionist and companion of Musa al-Kazim and Ali ar-Rida, who is said to have written four books. See Najashi, p. 228; Ha'iri Muntaha, p. 254

N68 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 135

N69 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 138. For the reference to Khidr, see Qur'an, XVIII, 71

N70 Ibn Nadim, Fihrist, p. 220; Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 136

N71 Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 93; Ibn Nadim, loc. cit.

N72 Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 110; Ibn Nadim, loc. cit.

N73 Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 99; Ibn Nadim, loc. cit.; Tusi, Fihrist, p. 202, referring to him as 'Ubayd b. Zurara

N74 Ibn Nadim, loc. cit.; Kashshi, Rijal, p. 176

N75 Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 131 Tusi, Fihrist, p. 117

N76 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 181; Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 68; Ibn Nadim, loc. cit.

N77 Tusi, Fihrist, p. 188; Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 182; Ibn Nadim, loc. cit.

N78 A brother of Hisham b. al-Hakam; see Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 271

N79 Ash'ari, Maqalat, I, p. 43

N80 For the last two see below, pp. 307-8

N81 Ash'ari, Maqalat, I, p. 28, referring to At-Tamimiya

N82 See a detailed account of the activities of Zurara and his circle in Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 133-61

N83 Detailed accounts can be found in Ash'ari, Maqalat, II, pp. 36 f.; Baghdadi, Farq, p. 43; Shahrastani, Milal, I, p. 186

N84 Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 185 ff.; Najashi, Rijal, p. 228. Sa'd al-Ash'ari, Maqalat, p. 88; Tusi, Fihrist, p. 223; Ibn Nadim, Fihrist, p. 176; Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 295; Hilli, Rijal, p. 138

N85 Najashi, Rijal, p. 228; Kashshi, Rijal, p. 187

N86 See Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 135 ff.; Ibn Abd Rabbih, 'Iqd, II, p. 465

N87 See Ibn Nadim, Fihrist, p. 176; Najashi, Rijal, p. 228; Shahrastani, Milal, I, p. 187

N88 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 185

N89 Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 280 ff.; Najashi, Rijal, p. 305; Tusi, Fihrist, p. 354; Ha'iri, Muntaha, pp. 323-4. For his ideas, also see Ash'ari, Maqalat, I, p. 34; Baghdadi, Farq, p. 139; Shahrastani, Milal, pp. 184 f.; Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi, I'tiqadat, p.64; Nawbakhti, Firaq, p. 66. Ibn Nadim, Fihrist, p. 177

N90 A mawla of Kinda, but often described as the client of the Banu Shayban, because he attached himself to that tribe. See Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 475 ff.; Tusi, Fihrist, p. 353; Najashi, Rijal, p. 304; Ibn Nadim, Fihrist, p. 175; Ha'iri, Muntaha, pp. 322 ff.

N91 A mawla of the Banu Asad, he lived in Basra, where he frequented the circles of the local Mu'tazilite mutakallimun. See Najashi, p. 176; Ha'iri, Muntaha, pp. 207-8. Tusi, Fihrist, p. 212; Kashshi, Rijal, p.213

N92 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 214

N93 See Ash'ari, Maqalat, I, p. 48, and index; Shahrastani, Milal, I, pp. 184 ff., and index

N94 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 375. For the biographical data and detailed information on them, see Kashshi, Rijal, index; Najashi, Rijal, index; Ha'iri, Muntaha, passim

N95 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 375

N96 See Kashshi, Rijal, p. 330; Ha'iri, Muntaha, p. 17; Najashi, Rijal, pp. 7-10; Dhahabi, Mizan, I, pp. 4-5

N97 See Kashshi, Rijal, p. 330

N98 Kashshi, Rijal, p. 418

N99 See Kashshi, Rijal, pp. 419 f.

N100 Saduq, Creed, pp. 84 f. N.