Alphabetical Index to the Holy Quran

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Qiblah

[2:142] The fools among the people will say: What has turned them from their qiblah which they had? Say: The East and the West belong only to Allah; He guides whom He likes to the right path.

[2:143] And thus We have made you a medium (just) nation that you may be the bearers of witness to the people and (that) the Messenger may be a bearer of witness to you; and We did not make that which you would have to be the qiblah but that We might distinguish him who follows the Messenger from him who turns back upon his heels, and this was surely hard except for those whom Allah has guided aright; and Allah was not going to make your faith to be fruitless; most surely Allah is Affectionate, Merciful to the people.

[2:144] Indeed We see the turning of your face to heaven, so We shall surely turn you to a qiblah which you shall like; turn then your face towards the Sacred Mosque, and wherever you are, turn your face towards it, and those who have been given the Book most surely know that it is the truth from their Lord; and Allah is not at all heedless of what they do.

[2:145] And even if you bring to those who have been given the Book every sign they would not follow your qiblah, nor can you be a follower of their qiblah, neither are they the followers of each other's qiblah, and if you follow their desires after the knowledge that has come to you, then you shall most surely be among the unjust.

[2:147] The truth is from your Lord, therefore you should not be of the doubters.

[2:148] And everyone has a direction to which he should turn, therefore hasten to (do) good works; wherever you are, Allah will bring you all together; surely Allah has power over all things.

[2:149] And from whatsoever place you come forth, turn your face to- wards the Sacred Mosque; and surely it is the very truth from your Lord, and Allah is not at all heedless of what you do.

[2:150] And from whatsoever place you come forth, turn your face to- wards the Sacred Mosque; and wherever you are turn your faces towards it, so that people shall have no accusation against you, except such of them as are unjust; so do not fear them, and fear Me, that I may complete My favor on you and that you may walk on the right course.

Qisas, The Settlement

[2:178] O you who believe! Retaliation is prescribed for you in the mat- ter of the slain, the free for the free, and the slave for the slave, and the female for the female, but if any remission is made to any one by his (aggrieved) brother, then prosecution (for the bloodwit) should be made according to usage, and payment should be made to him in a good manner; this is an alleviation from your Lord and a mercy; so whoever exceeds the limit after this he shall have a painful chastisement.

[2:179] And there is life for you in (the law of) retaliation, O men of understanding, that you may guard yourselves.

[4:92] And it does not behoove a believer to kill a believer except by mistake, and whoever kills a believer by mistake, he should free a believing slave, and blood-money should be paid to his people unless they remit it as alms; but if he be from a tribe hostile to you and he is a believer, the freeing of a believing slave (suffices), and if he is from a tribe between whom and you there is a convenant, the blood-money should be paid to his people along with the freeing of a believing slave; but he who cannot find (a slave) should fast for two months successively: a penance from Allah, and Allah is Knowing, Wise.

[5:44] Surely We revealed the Taurat in which was guidance and light; with it the prophets who submitted themselves (to Allah) judged (matters) for those who were Jews, and the masters of Divine knowledge and the doctors, because they were required to guard (part) of the Book of Allah, and they were witnesses thereof; therefore fear not the people and fear Me, and do not take a small price for My communications; and whoever did not judge by what Allah revealed, those are they that are the unbelievers.

[5:45] And We prescribed to them in it that life is for life, and eye for eye, and nose for nose, and ear for ear, and tooth for tooth, and (that there is) reprisal in wounds; but he who foregoes it, it shall be an expiation for him; and whoever did not judge by what Allah revealed, those are they that are the unjust.

[16:125] Call to the way of your Lord with wisdom and goodly exhortation, and have disputations with them in the best manner; surely your Lord best knows those who go astray from His path, and He knows best those who follow the right way.

[16:126] And if you take your turn, then retaliate with the like of that with which you were afflicted; but if you are patient, it will certainly be best for those who are patient.

[42:40] And the recompense of evil is punishment like it, but whoever forgives and amends, he shall have his reward from Allah; surely He does not love the unjust.

Quraish, The Tribe

[106:1] For the protection of the Quraysh,

[106:2] Their protection during their trading caravans in the winter and the summer,

[106:3] So let them serve the Lord of this House.

[106:4] Who feeds them against hunger and gives them security against fear.

Quran, The Divine Book

[2:2] This Book, there is no doubt in it, is a guide to those who guard (against evil).

[2:23] And if you are in doubt as to that which We have revealed to Our servant, then produce a chapter like it and call on your witnesses besides Allah if you are truthful.

[2:24] But if you do (it) not and never shall you do (it), then be on your guard against the fire of which men and stones are the fuel; it is prepared for the unbelievers.

[2:121] Those to whom We have given the Book read it as it ought to be read. These believe in it; and whoever disbelieves in it, these it is that are the losers.

[2:176] This is because Allah has revealed the Book with the truth; and surely those who go against the Book are in a great opposition.

[2:181] Whoever then alters it after he has heard it, the sin of it then is only upon those who alter it; surely Allah is Hearing, Knowing.

[2:242] Allah thus makes clear to you His communications that you may understand.

[3:3] He has revealed to you the Book with truth, verifying that which is before it, and He revealed the Taurat and the Injeel aforetime, a guidance for the people, and He sent the Furqan.

[3:4] Surely they who disbelieve in the communications of Allah they shall have a severe chastisement; and Allah is Mighty, the Lord of retribution.

[3:7] He it is Who has revealed the Book to you; some of its verses are decisive, they are the basis of the Book, and others are allegorical; then as for those in whose hearts there is perversity they follow the part of it which is allegorical, seeking to mislead and seeking to give it (their own) interpretation. but none knows its interpretation except Allah, and those who are firmly rooted in knowledge say: We believe in it, it is all from our Lord; and none do mind except those having understanding.

[3:58] This We recite to you of the communications and the wise reminder.

[3:108] These are the communications of Allah which We recite to you with truth, and Allah does not desire any injustice to the creatures.

[3:138] This is a clear statement for men, and a guidance and an ad- monition to those who guard (against evil).

[4:82] Do they not then meditate on the Quran? And if it were from any other than Allah, they would have found in it many a discrepancy.

[4:105] Surely We have revealed the Book to you with the truth that you may judge between people by means of that which Allah has taught you; and be not an advocate on behalf of the treacherous.

[5:16] With it Allah guides him who will follow His pleasure into the ways of safety and brings them out of utter darkness into light by His will and guides them to the right path.

[6:7] And if We had sent to you a writing on a paper, then they had touched it with their hands, certainly those who disbelieve would have said: This is nothing but clear enchantment.

[6:55] And thus do We make distinct the communications and so that the way of the guilty may become clear.

[6:66] And your people call it a lie and it is the very truth. Say: I am not placed in charge of you.

[6:67] For every prophecy is a term, and you will come to know (it).

[6:92] And this is a Book We have revealed, blessed, verifying that which is before it, and that you may warn the metropolis and those around her; and those who believe in the hereafter believe in it, and they attend to their prayers constantly.

[6:104] Indeed there have come to you clear proofs from your Lord; whoever will therefore see, it is for his own soul and whoever will be blind, it shall be against himself and I am not a keeper over you.

[6:105] And thus do We repeat the communications and that they may say: You have read; and that We may make it clear to a people who know.

[6:106] Follow what is revealed to you from your Lord; there is no god but He; and withdraw from the polytheists.

[6:114] Shall I then seek a judge other than Allah? And He it is Who has revealed to you the Book (which is) made plain; and those whom We have given the Book know that it is revealed by your Lord with truth, therefore you should not be of the disputers.

[6:115] And the word of your Lord has been accomplished truly and justly; there is none who can change His words, and He is the Hearing, the Knowing.

[6:155] And this is a Book We have revealed, blessed; therefore follow it and guard (against evil) that mercy may be shown to you.

[6:156] Lest you say that the Book was only revealed to two parties before us and We were truly unaware of what they read.

[6:157] Or lest you should say: If the Book had been revealed to us, we would certainly have been better guided than they, so indeed there has come to you clear proof from your Lord, and guidance and mercy. Who then is more unjust than he who rejects Allah's communications and turns away from them? We will reward those who turn away from Our communications with an evil chastisement because they turned away.

[7:2] A Book revealed to you, so let there be no straitness in your breast on account of it, that you may warn thereby, and a reminder close to the believers.

[7:3] Follow what has been revealed to you from your Lord and do not follow guardians besides Him, how little do you mind.

[7:52] And certainly We have brought them a Book which We have made clear with knowledge, a guidance and a mercy for a people who believe.

[7:174] And thus do We make clear the communications, and that haply they might return.

[7:203] And when you bring them not a revelation they say: Why do you not forge it? Say: I only follow what is revealed to me from my Lord; these are clear proofs from your Lord and a guidance and a mercy for a people who believe.

[7:204] And when the Quran is recited, then listen to it and remain si- lent, that mercy may be shown to you.

[10:15] And when Our clear communications are recited to them, those who hope not for Our meeting say: Bring a Quran other than this or change it. Say: It does not beseem me that I should change it of myself; I follow naught but what is revealed to me; surely I fear, if I disobey my Lord, the punishment of a mighty day.

[10:17] Who is then more unjust than who forges a lie against Allah or (who) gives the lie to His communications? Surely the guilty shall not be successful.

[10:33] Thus does the word of your Lord prove true against those who transgress that they do not believe.

[10:37] And this Quran is not such as could be forged by those besides Allah, but it is a verification of that which is before it and a clear explanation of the book, there is no doubt in it, from the Lord of the worlds.

[10:38] Or do they say: He has forged it? Say: Then bring a chapter like this and invite whom you can besides Allah, if you are truthful.

[10:57] O men! There has come to you indeed an admonition from your Lord and a healing for what is in the breasts and a guidance and a mercy for the believers.

[10:58] Say: In the grace of Allah and in His mercy, in that they should rejoice; it is better than that which they gather.

[11:13] Or, do they say: He has forged it. Say: Then bring ten forged chapters like it and call upon whom you can besides Allah, if you are truthful.

[11:14] But if they do not answer you, then know that it is revealed by Allah's knowledge and that there is no god but He; will you then submit?

[11:17] Is he then who has with him clear proof from his Lord, and a witness from Him recites it and before it (is) the Book of Musa, a guide and a mercy? These believe in it; and whoever of the (different) parties disbelieves in it, the Fire will be their promised meeting-place. Be not then in doubt thereon: surely it is the truth from your Lord, but most men do not believe.

[11:49] These are announcements relating to the unseen which We re- veal to you, you did not know them, (neither) you nor your people, before this; therefore be patient; surely the end is for those who guard (against evil).

[11:120] And all we relate to you of the accounts of the messengers is to strengthen your heart therewith; and in this has come to you the truth and an admonition, and a reminder to the believers.

[12:2] Surely We have revealed it, an Arabic Quran, that you may understand.

[12:3] We narrate to you the best of narratives, by Our revealing to you this Quran, though before this you were certainly one of those who did not know.

[12:102] This is of the announcements relating to the unseen (which) We reveal to you (Muhammad), and you were not with them (Yousaf and his brothers) when they resolved upon their affair, and they were devising plans.

[12:104] And you do not ask them for a reward for this; it is nothing but a reminder for all mankind.

[12:111] In their (people and messengers before prophet Muhammad) histories there is certainly a lesson for men of understanding. It is not a narrative which could be forged, but a verification of what is before it

and a distinct explanation of all things and a guide and a mercy to a people who believe.

[13:30] And thus We have sent you among a nation before which other nations have passed away, that you might recite to them what We have revealed to you and (still) they deny the Beneficent Allah. Say: He is my Lord, there is no god but He; on Him do I rely and to Him is my return.

[13:31] And even if there were a Quran with which the mountains were made to pass away, or the earth were travelled over with it, or the dead were made to speak thereby; nay! The commandment is wholly Allah's, Have not yet those who believe known that if Allah please He would certainly guide all the people? And (as for) those who disbelieve, there will not cease to afflict them because of what they do a repelling calamity, or it will alight close by their abodes, until the promise of Allah comes about; surely Allah will not fail in (His) promise.

[13:37] And thus have We revealed it, a true judgment in Arabic, and if you follow their (disbelievers) low desires after what has come to you of knowledge, you shall not have against Allah any guardian or a protector.

[15:9] Surely We have revealed the Reminder and We will most surely be its guardian.

[15:87] And certainly We have given you (Muhammad) seven of the oft-repeated verses (of Al-Fateha) and the grand Quran.

[16:64] And We have not revealed to you the Book except that you may make clear to them that about which they differ, and (as) a guidance and a mercy for a people who believe.

[16:98] So when you recite the Quran, seek refuge with Allah from the accursed Shaitan,

[16:101] And when We change (one) communication for (another) communication, and Allah knows best what He reveals, they say: You are only a forger. Nay, most of them do not know.

[16:102] Say: The Holy spirit has revealed it from your Lord with the truth, that it may establish those who believe and as a guidance and good news for those who submit.

[16:103] And certainly We know that they say: Only a mortal teaches him. The tongue of him whom they reproach is barbarous, and this is clear Arabic tongue.

[16:104] (As for) those who do not believe in Allah's communications, surely Allah will not guide them, and they shall have a painful punishment.

[16:105] Only they forge the lie who do not believe in Allah's communications, and these are the liars.

[17:9] Surely this Quran guides to that which is most upright and gives good news to the believers who do good that they shall have a great reward.

[17:41] And certainly We have repeated (warnings) in this Quran that they may be mindful, but it does not add save to their aversion.

[17:45] And when you recite the Quran, We place between you and those who do not believe in the hereafter a hidden barrier;

[17:46] And We have placed coverings on their (disbelievers) hearts and a heaviness in their ears lest they understand it, and when you mention your Lord alone in the Quran they turn their backs in aversion.

[17:82] And We reveal of the Quran that which is a healing and a mercy to the believers, and it adds only to the perdition of the unjust.

[17:86] And if We please, We should certainly take away that which We have revealed to you, then you would not find for it any protector against Us.

[17:87] But on account of mercy from your Lord, surely His grace to you is abundant.

[17:88] Say: If men and jinn should combine together to bring the like of this Quran, they could not bring the like of it, though some of them were aiders of others.

[17:89] And certainly We have explained for men in this Quran every kind of similitude, but most men do not consent to aught but denying.

[17:105] And with truth have We revealed it, and with truth did it come; and We have not sent you but as the giver of good news and as a warner.

[17:106] And it is a Quran which We have revealed in portions so that you may read it to the people by slow degrees, and We have revealed it, revealing in portions.

[17:107] Say: Believe in it or believe not; surely those who are given the knowledge before it fall down on their faces, making obeisance when it is recited to them.

[17:108] And they say: Glory be to our Lord! Most surely the promise of our Lord was to be fulfilled.

[17:109] And they fall down on their faces weeping, and it adds to their humility.

[18:1] (All) praise is due to Allah, Who revealed the Book to His servant and did not make in it any crookedness.

[18:2] Rightly directing, that he might give warning of severe punishment from Him and give good news to the believers who do good that they shall have a goodly reward,

[18:3] Staying in it for ever;

[18:27] And recite what has been revealed to you of the Book of your Lord, there is none who can alter His words; and you shall not find any refuge besides Him.

[18:54] And certainly We have explained in this Quran every kind of example, and man is most of all given to contention.

[18:109] Say: If the sea were ink for the words of my Lord, the sea would surely be consumed before the words of my Lord are exhausted, though We were to bring the like of that (sea) to add

[20:2] We have not revealed the Quran to you that you may be unsuccessful.

[20:3] Nay, it is a reminder to him who fears:

[20:4] A revelation from Him Who created the earth and the high heavens.

[20:99] Thus do We relate to you (some) of the news of what has gone before; and indeed We have given to you a Reminder from Ourselves.

[20:100] Whoever turns aside from it, he shall surely bear a burden on the day of resurrection

[20:113] And thus have We sent it down an Arabic Quran, and have distinctly set forth therein of threats that they may guard (against evil) or that it may produce a reminder for them.

[20:114] Supremely exalted is therefore Allah, the King, the Truth, and do not make haste with the Quran before its revelation is made complete to you and say: O my Lord ! increase me in knowledge.

[21:10] Certainly We have revealed to you a Book in which is your good remembrance; what! Do you not then understand?

[22:16] And thus have We revealed it, being clear arguments, and be- cause Allah guides whom He intends.

[24:1] (This is) a chapter which We have revealed and made obligatory and in which We have revealed clear communications that you may be mindful.

[24:34] And certainly We have sent to you clear communications and a description of those who have passed away before you, and an admonition to those who guard (against evil).

[24:46] Certainly We have revealed clear communications, and Allah guides whom He pleases to the right way.

[25:4] And those who disbelieve say: This (Quran) is nothing but a lie which he has forged, and other people have helped him at it; so indeed they have done injustice and (uttered) a falsehood.

[25:5] And they say: The stories of the ancients, he has got them written so these are read out to him morning and evening.

[25:6] Say: He has revealed it Who knows the secret in the heavens and the earth; surely He is ever Forgiving, Merciful.

[25:30] And the Messenger cried out: O my Lord! Surely my people have treated this Quran as a forsaken thing.

[25:32] And those who disbelieve say: Why has not the Quran been revealed to him all at once? Thus, that We may strengthen your heart by it and We have arranged it well in arranging.

[25:33] And they shall not bring to you any argument, but We have brought to you (one) with truth and best in significance.

[26:2] These are the verses of the Book that makes (things) clear.

[26:192] And most surely this is a revelation from the Lord of the worlds.

[26:193] The Faithful Spirit has descended with it,

[26:194] Upon your (Muhammad) heart that you may be of the warners

[26:195] In plain Arabic language.

[26:196] And most surely the same is in the scriptures of the ancients.

[26:197] Is it not a sign to them that the learned men of the Israelites know it?

[26:198] And if we had revealed it to any of the foreigners

[26:199] So that he should have recited it to them, they would not have believed therein.

[26:200] Thus have We caused it to enter into the hearts of the guilty.

[26:201] They will not believe in it until they see the painful punishment.

[26:210] And the Shaitans have not come down with it (Quran).

[26:211] And it behoves them not, and they have not the power to do (it).

[26:212] Most surely they are far removed from the hearing of it.

[27:2] (It is) A guidance and good news for the believers,

[27:3] Who keep up prayer and pay the poor-rate, and of the hereafter, they are sure.

[27:76] Surely this Quran declares to the children of Israel most of what they differ in.

[27:77] And most surely it is a guidance and a mercy for the believers.

[28:2] These are the verses of the Book that makes (things) clear.

[28:49] Say: Then bring some (other) book from Allah which is a better guide than both of them (Quran and Taurat), (that) I may follow it, if you are truthful.

[28:85] Most surely He Who has made the Quran binding on you will bring you back to the destination. Say: My Lord knows best him who has brought the guidance and him who is in manifest error.

[28:86] And you did not expect that the Book would be inspired to you, but it is a mercy from your Lord, therefore be not a backer-up of the unbelievers.

[28:87] And let them not turn you aside from the communications of Allah after they have been revealed to you, and call (men) to your Lord and be not of the polytheists.

[29:47] And thus have We revealed the Book to you (Muhammad). So those whom We have given the Book believe in it, and of these there are those who believe in it, and none deny Our communications except the unbelievers.

[29:49] Nay! These are clear communications in the breasts of those who are granted knowledge; and none deny Our communications except the unjust.

[30:10] Then evil was the end of those who did evil, because they rejected the communications of Allah and used to mock them.

[30:58] And certainly We have set forth for men every kind of example in this Quran; and if you should bring them a communication, those who disbelieve would certainly say: You are naught but false claimants.

[30:59] Thus does Allah set a seal on the hearts of those who do not know.

[31:2] These are verses of the Book of Wisdom

[31:3] A guidance and a mercy for the doers of goodness,

[31:7] And when Our communications are recited to him (disbeleiver), he turns back proudly, as if he had not heard them, as though in his ears were a heaviness, therefore announce to him a painful chastisement.

[31:27] And were every tree that is in the earth (made into) pens and the sea (to supply it with ink), with seven more seas to increase it, the words of Allah would not come to an end; surely Allah is Mighty, Wise.

[32:2] The revelation of the Book, there is no doubt in it, is from the Lord of the worlds.

[32:3] Or do they say: He has forged it? Nay! It is the truth from your Lord that you may warn a people to whom no warner has come before you, that they may follow the right direction

[35:31] And that which We have revealed to you of the Book, that is the truth verifying that which is before it; most surely with respect to His servants Allah is Aware, Seeing.

[35:32] Then We gave the Book for an inheritance to those whom We chose from among Our servants; but of them is he who makes his soul to suffer a loss, and of them is he who takes a middle course, and of them is he who is foremost in deeds of goodness by Allah's permission; this is the great excellence.

[36:69] And We have not taught him (Muhammad) poetry, nor is it meet for him; it is nothing but a reminder and a plain Quran,

[36:70] That it may warn him who would have life, and (that) the word may prove true against the unbelievers.

[38:29] (It is) a Book We have revealed to you abounding in good that they may ponder over its verses, and that those endowed with under- standing may be mindful.

[38:86] Say (Muhammad): I do not ask you for any reward for it; nor am I of those who affect:

[38:87] It is nothing but a reminder to the nations;

[38:88] And most certainly you will come to know about it after a time.

[39:1] The revelation of the Book is from Allah, the Mighty, the Wise.

[39:2] Surely We have revealed to you the Book with the truth, therefore serve Allah, being sincere to Him in obedience.

[39:23] Allah has revealed the best announcement, a book conformable in its various parts, repeating, whereat do shudder the skins of those who fear their Lord, then their skins and their hearts become pliant to the remembrance of Allah; this is Allah's guidance, He guides with it whom He pleases; and (as for) him whom Allah makes err, there is no guide for him.

[39:27] And certainly We have set forth to men in this Quran similitudes of every sort that they may mind.

[39:28] An Arabic Quran without any crookedness, that they may guard (against evil).

[39:41] Surely We have revealed to you the Book with the truth for the sake of men; so whoever follows the right way, it is for his own soul and whoever errs, he errs only to its detriment; and you (Muhammad) are not a custodian over them.

[40:2] The revelation of the Book is from Allah, the Mighty, the Knowing,

[41:2] A revelation from the Beneficent, the Merciful Allah:

[41:3] A Book of which the verses are made plain, an Arabic Quran for a people who know:

[41:4] A herald of good news and a warner, but most of them turn aside so they hear not.

[41:26] And those who disbelieve say: Do not listen to this Quran and make noise therein, perhaps you may overcome.

[41:27] Therefore We will most certainly make those who disbelieve taste a severe punishment, and We will most certainly reward them for the evil deeds they used to do.

[41:28] That is the reward of the enemies of Allah, the fire; for them therein shall be the house of long abiding; a reward for their denying Our communications.

[41:40] Surely they who deviate from the right way concerning Our communications are not hidden from Us. What! Is he then who is cast into the fire better, or he who comes safe on the day of resurrection? Do what you like, surely He sees what you do.

[41:41] Surely those who disbelieve in the reminder when it comes to them, and most surely it is a Mighty Book:

[41:42] Falsehood shall not come to it from before it nor from behind it; a revelation from the Wise, the Praised One.

[41:43] Naught is said to you but what was said indeed to the messengers before you; surely your Lord is the Lord of forgiveness and the Lord of painful retribution.

[41:44] And if We had made it a Quran in a foreign tongue, they would certainly have said: Why have not its communications been made clear? What! A foreign (tongue) and an Arabian! Say: It is to those who believe a guidance and a healing; and (as for) those who do not believe, there is a heaviness in their ears and it is obscure to them; these shall be called to from a far-off place.

[41:52] Say: Tell me if it is from Allah; then you disbelieve in it, who is in greater error than he who is in a prolonged opposition?

[42:3] Thus does Allah, the Mighty, the Wise, reveal to you, and (thus He revealed) to those before you.

[42:7] And thus have We revealed to you an Arabic Quran, that you may warn the mother city (Mecca) and those around it, and that you may give warning of the day of gathering together wherein is no doubt; a party shall be in the garden and (another) party in the burning fire.

[43:2] I swear by the Book that makes things clear:

[43:3] Surely We have made it an Arabic Quran that you may understand.

[43:4] And surely it is in the original of the Book with Us, truly elevated, full of wisdom.

[43:44] And most surely it (Quran) is a reminder for you and your people, and you shall soon be questioned.

[45:2] The revelation of the Book is from Allah, the Mighty, the Wise. [45:6] These are the communications of Allah which We recite to you with truth; then in what announcement would they believe after Allah and His communications?

[45:7] Woe to every sinful liar,

[45:8] Who hears the communications of Allah recited to him, then persists proudly as though he had not heard them; so announce to him a painful punishment.

[45:9] And when he comes to know of any of Our communications, he takes it for a jest; these it is that shall have abasing chastisement.

[46:2] The revelation of the Book is from Allah, the Mighty, the Wise.

[46:7] And when Our clear communications are recited to them, those

who disbelieve say with regard to the truth when it comes to them: This is clear magic.

[46:8] Nay! They say: He has forged it. Say: If I have forged it, you do not control anything for me from Allah; He knows best what you utter concerning it; He is enough as a witness between me and you, and He is the Forgiving, the Merciful.

[46:10] Say: Have you considered if it is from Allah, and you disbelieve in it, and a witness from among the children of Israel has borne witness of one like it, so he believed, while you are big with pride; surely Allah does not guide the unjust people.

[46:11] And those who disbelieve say concerning those who believe: If it had been a good, they would not have gone ahead of us therein. And as they do not seek to be rightly directed thereby, they say: It is an old lie.

[46:12] And before it the Book of Musa was a guide and a mercy: and this (Quran) is a Book verifying (it) in the Arabic language that it may warn those who are unjust and as good news for the doers of good.

[50:37] Most surely there is a reminder in this for him who has a heart or he gives ear and is a witness.

[50:45] We know best what they say, and you (Muhammad) are not one to compel them; therefore remind him by means of the Quran who fears My threat.

[52:32] Nay! Do their (pagan) understandings bid them this? Or are they an inordinate people?

[52:33] Or do they say: He (Muhammad) has forged it (Quran). Nay! They do not believe.

[52:34] Then let them bring an announcement like it if they are truthful.

[54:17] And certainly We have made the Quran easy for remembrance, but is there anyone who will mind?

[54:22] And certainly We have made the Quran easy for remembrance, but is there anyone who will mind?

[54:32] And certainly We have made the Quran easy for remembrance, but is there anyone who will mind?

[54:40] And certainly We have made the Quran easy for remembrance, but is there anyone who will mind?

[56:75] But nay! I swear by the falling of stars;

[56:76] And most surely it is a very great oath if you only knew;

[56:77] Most surely it is an honored Quran,

[56:78] In a book that is protected

[56:79] None shall touch it save the purified ones.

[56:80] A revelation by the Lord of the worlds.

[56:81] Do you then hold this announcement in contempt?

[56:82] And to give (it) the lie you make your means of subsistence.

[59:21] Had We sent down this Quran on a mountain, you would certainly have seen it falling down, splitting asunder because of the fear of Allah, and We set forth these parables to men that they may reflect.

[68:51] And those who disbelieve would almost smite you with their eyes when they hear the reminder, and they say: Most surely he (Muhammad) is mad.

[68:52] And it is naught but a reminder to the nations.

[69:38] But nay! I swear by that which you see,

[69:39] And that which you do not see.

[69:40] Most surely, it is the Word brought by an honored Messenger,

[69:41] And it is not the word of a poet; little is it that you believe;

[69:42] Nor the word of a soothsayer; little is it that you mind.

[69:43] It is a revelation from the Lord of the worlds.

[72:1] Say: It has been revealed to me that a party of the jinn listened, and they said: Surely we have heard a wonderful Quran,

[72:2] Guiding to the right way, so we believe in it, and we will not set up any one with our Lord:

[76:23] Surely We Ourselves have revealed the Quran to you revealing (it) in portions.

[81:27] It is naught but a reminder for the nations,

[81:28] For him among you who pleases to go straight.

[81:29] And you do not please except that Allah please, the Lord of the worlds.

[83:13] When Our communications are recited to him, he says: Stories of those of yore.

[83:14] Nay! Rather, what they used to do has become like rust upon their hearts.

[83:15] Nay! Most surely they shall on that day be debarred from their Lord.

[83:16] Then most surely they shall enter the burning fire.

[83:17] Then shall it be said: This is what you gave the lie to.

[84:21] And when the Quran is recited to them (disbelievers) they do not make obeisance?

[85:21] Nay! It is a glorious Quran,

[85:22] In a guarded tablet.

[87:6] We will make you (Muhammad) recite so you shall not forget,

[87:7] Except what Allah pleases, surely He knows the manifest, and what is hidden.

[87:8] And We will make your way smooth to a state of ease.

[87:9] Therefore do remind, surely reminding does profit.

[87:10] He who fears will mind,

[87:11] And the most unfortunate one will avoid it (Quran),

Romans – The Prophecy

[30:2] The Romans are vanquished,

[30:3] In a near land, and they, after being vanquished, shall overcome,

[30:4] Within a few years. Allah's is the command before and after; and on that day the believers shall rejoice,

[30:5] With the help of Allah; He helps whom He pleases; and He is the Mighty, the Merciful;

[30:6] (This is) Allah's promise! Allah will not fail His promise, but most people do not know.

Lesson 12: Al-Qur’an The Miracle of Islam

1. Prophets & Miracles

The prophets and messengers of God are given miracles to prove the truth of their claim. However, not all prophets were given the same miracle.

Prophet Musa was given the staff which could turn into a serpent; Prophet Isa was given the ability to cure the blind and the leper, and to bring the dead back to life. Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) was given the Qur'an as a miracle.

The difference between all other miracles and the miracle of the Qur'an is that the other miracles were for those who witnessed them or they ended with the death of the prophets.

For us they are news which may be believed or suspected according to the trend of mind of the hearer. But the Qur'an is in our hands, a book complete in itself; it claims and brings the proof within itself. And its miracles are being unfolded every day.

As long as the sun rises in the East and sets in the West, the Qur'an will remain as the final miracle of God.

2. Al-Qur'an - the Everlasting Miracle

The Qur'an is a multi-dimensional miracle: it is a miracle of Arabic language and style; it is a miracle of prophecies; it is a miracle of scientific revelations; it is a miracle of the best code of life.

Not only a miracle, it is a miracle-performer: it caused the transformation of an extremely ignorant and unlettered people into the guardians of knowledge and learning. This has also been realized by non-Muslim scholars.

Hartwing Hirschfeld writes, “We must not be surprised to find the Qur'an the fountainhead of science. Every subject connected with heaven or earth, human life, commerce and various trades is occasionally touched upon, and this gave rise to the production of numerous monographs forming commentaries on parts of the Holy Book.

In this way, the Qur'an was responsible for great discussions, and to it was indirectly due the marvelous development of all branches of science in the Muslim world...This again not only affected the Arabs but also induced Jewish philosophers to treat metaphysical and religious questions after the Arabs' methods.

Finally, the way in which Christian scholasticism was fertilised by Arabian theosophy need not be further discussed...

In the same manner, the Qur'an gave an impetus to medical studies and recommended the contemplation and study of nature in general.” (New Researches into the Composition & Exegesis of the Qur'an [London, 1902] p. 9)

Such contributions are quite apart from the religious subjects which were initiated because of the Qur'an: the development of literature, the codification of grammar and other related subjects which were founded because of the Qur'an.

In fact, all Islamic subjects, all subjects connected with Arabic literature and all subjects related to philosophy and theology came to the Arabs through the Qur'an.

Below, we shall study some of the miraculous aspects of the Qur'an.

(A) The Eloquence Of The Qur’ān

The language of the Qur'an is of such high standard that nobody could meet its challenge. Arabs of the time of the Prophet were proud of their language since it was a very rich and sophisticated one. Poets and eloquent speakers were almost idols of their tribes.

Poems were learned and read on every occasion, and yearly competitions were held for the best pieces of poetry in a place called Suq Ukadh. Thus language and literature was the best art the Arabs had mastered very well.

The Qur'an came and its miracle, to the Arabs' surprise, was its language and style. The Qur'an was the challenge; God asked them to produce a similar Qur'an: “Say: If the whole of mankind and jinn gathered together to produce the like of this Qur'an, they could not produce the like of it, even if they helped each other.” (17:89)

Then the challenge was reduced to ten chapters (surahs), to show them their weakness: “Do they say that “He has forged it'? Say: Then you bring ten surahs like it, forged and call (to your aid) whomsoever you can -other than God-- if you speak the truth,” (11:14)

Again the Arabs could not answer the challenge of the Qur'an. The challenge was then reduced to one surah only. One surah may be only one line. Still the proud eloquent Arabs could not face the challenge: “Do they say *He forged it'?

Say: Then bring one surah like it and call to your aid anyone you can --other than God- if you speak the truth,” (10:39) You can see the logical reasoning and rational approach to convince the Arabs of its miraculous quality. A surah may be only one line but the Arabs (and non-Arabs too) could not succeed in their attempts to meet the standing challenge.

The beauty of the Qur'an, the strength of its conviction, its logic and simplicity, and its depth and wisdom was far above what the Arabs or non-Arabs know or conceive. When the Qur'an was read, the idolaters used to close their ears; some used to make noise, whistling and chanting, so that they may not hear the Qur'an and be “bewitched”.

The non-believers could not give any reasonable explanation to this irresistible beauty and power of the Qur'an. However, they had to find some excuse to put people off and to justify their opposition. They invented lies and said, The Qur'an is nothing but poetry or magic. God refuted their statement: “Therefore proclaim you the praises of your Lord, for by the grace of your Lord you are no soothsayer, nor are you one possessed.”

The Arabs waged war after war to silence the Prophet of Islam. But the easiest way would have been to produce a short surah (like al-Kawthar) of equal standard and the claim of the Prophet would have been refuted.

No sane person would use a sword when a few words could serve his purpose in a more effective way. But the Arabs preferred war and it proves that they found the Qur'an unanswerable.

To discover the Qur'an's eloquence, non-Arab speakers can turn to the sayings of those Arabs who were experts in the language of those days and which are recorded in history, and also to the present day authors who write on this subject.

From the days of the Prophet till now, all specialists in the art of Arabic eloquence have confessed to the unparalleled eloquence of the Qur'an and have been overwhelmed in the face of it. For example, the famous contemporary writer Abdul Fattah Tabari writes, “Arab history tells us of many famous men, knowledgeable in the best poetry and prose, like Ibn al-Muqaffa,

Jahiz, Ibn “Amid, Farazdaq, Bashshar, Abu Nuwas, Abu Tammam and so forth, but all of them have shown humility when faced with the Qur'an, and have of necessity confessed that the great Qur'an is not the word of man, but a Divine revelation.”

Dr. Taha Husayn, the famous contemporary Egyptian writer, said, “The Qur'an transcends the limits of prose and poetry, because it has special qualities which cannot be found in any poem or prose. So the Qur'an cannot be called poetry or prose, rather it should be said, “It is the Qur'an, that is all.'“

(B) Harmonisation of its Themes

The Qur'an is a book which covers many subjects and events. The discussions of its topics are not separated as is the case with normal books. It discusses many topics in one page at times, but without losing purpose and without going away from the main aim.

Considering the range of the topics the Qur'an comments on, the repetition of some stories, the non-classification of the topics, it is hard to find such a book without contradictions and errors.

By human standard, practically no book -of any subject-- is without errors and mistakes. But here is a book which was not written at one time. It is a collection of piece-meal revelations, covering a span of about twenty three years.

Can any scholar believe that any human being, unlettered, will remember every single word which he had uttered during the previous twenty three years? It is impossible and hence the chances of contradictions.

But the Qur'an has no contradiction; and, according to that test, it is the word of God.

Moreover, if someone reaches a stage of mastery over a special subject, he may display brilliance in that subject; but if he undertakes something on a subject of which he is not a master, he will not be able to produce any distinctive work. Although the Qur'an contains many different subjects, it has succeeded in retaining consistent style and unity of expression.

(C) Scientific Revelations

Now, a non-Arab may rightly wonder about the claim of literary miracle. He does not know Arabic, so the miraculous aspect of language might not be appealing to him at all, or even, to some extent, to the illiterate Arabs of our days whose colloquial language is a far deviation from the classical style of the Qur'an.

In modern days, we need a miracle in science, telling us what is in the heavens and within ourselves. The Qur'an, although not a scientific text, reveals many secrets and wonders of the heavens and of ourselves as part of its call to believe in the Creator of the universe.

The Moon & The Sun

The Qur'an says: Do not you see how God created seven heavens in harmony; and made the moon a light therein, and the sun a lamp? (75:16-17)

The moon is a solid object which reflects light, hence it is a ‘light’. But the sun is a source of energy and light, so it is described as a ‘lamp’.

The sun is not static but moving in a path exactly computed. The Qur'an declared these facts 1400 years ago: And the sun is moving on the course determined for it.

That is the decree of the Almighty, the All-Knowing; and the moon, We have determined for it mansions (to traverse) till it becomes like the old (and withered) lower part of a date-stalk;-the sun is not allowed to catch up with the moon, nor can the night outstay the day. Each swims along in (its own) orbit. (36:39-41)

Exploring The Space

The Qur'an says: O Company of jinn and men, if you have the power to penetrate the regions of the heavens and the earth, then penetrate (them); you will not penetrate them except with a power. (55:34) This verse comes with undoubted encouragement to explore and travel through outer space.

Here one should pause and think of the society in which the Prophet of Islam lived. The means of transportation were camels, horses and donkeys. The people lived in tents and worshipped idols. They had not even dreamt of a car or an aeroplane or even a machine of any kind.

How does the Qur'an put such a high idea to encourage people not only to fly but to travel to other planets and heavens? In materialistic thinking, such a task is impossible because they claim that human thoughts are reflections of his material environment.

Then the only solution in this case is to believe that the Qur'an is not a product of the human mind, but is a revelation from God. No human being could definitely put forth such an idea even if he were the greatest astronomer or scientist.

Pharaoh's Body

People in our times are proud of their knowledge and the Qur'an baffles them even now. There are so many examples of verses which remained a puzzle for commentators until the discoveries of recent times made their meaning clear. Here is one example:

Speaking about the drowning of Pharaoh, the Qur'an says: And We brought the children of Israel across the sea; and Pharaoh and his horse persuade them wrongfully and aggressively; till, when the calamity of drowning overtook him, he said,’ believe that there is no God but He in whom the children of Israel believe, and I am of those who submit to Him.'

What! Now! While you were disobedient before this and were of those who create disorder (in society). So this day We will save you in body only, so that you may be a sign to those who come after you. (10:91-93)

These verses clearly say that Pharaoh's body was recovered and it became a sign of warning to later generations. But this thing is not mentioned in the Bible. Still the Qur'an claimed that the body of Pharaoh was recovered; and 1300 years after this revelation, excavations have brought into light that body which was mummified and preserved for future generations, and even after these long centuries his face and body clearly show the effect of drowning.

If the Qur'an was the work of a man, how did he know of this fact which was not known even to the Jews and the Egyptians of that time?

In the end, it is necessary to remind the Muslims that if they get to know the Qur'an, or get to know it better and put its great, magnificent and precise project into action, greatness will be theirs, and more.

The huge edifice of the greatness of Muslims collapsed when they stopped putting the commands of this heavenly book into practice. So they fell down, they were satisfied only with the name of Islam.

Our departed greatness will return when we leave this crooked way and, starting again, become true Muslims and put the Qur'an at the top of the sights of our hearts and our wisdom, and make it an example for life, as the Prophet said, “When calamities encompass you like the darkness of the night, reach for the Qur'an.”

* * *

This lesson has been adapted from S. Sa’eed Akhtar Rizvi, The Qur'ān & Hadith (1971) Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania with few passages added from Dar Rah-e Haq, The Roots of Religion.

Question Paper on Lesson 12

Question 1: [16 points]

Fill in the blanks from the pool of words given below by simply placing the number of the correct word in the blank space.

The Qur'ān is a _____ miracle. Its beauty, _____ style, simplistic _____ and _____ appeal is, on one hand, impossible to reproduce; and, on the other hand, it penetrates the heart of a person who _____ seeks knowledge and _____.

The Qur'ān has only one single purpose and that is to _____ mankind to the path of God. In this contest, it discusses various subjects such as chemistry, _____, biology, _____, environmental and social sciences, etc. But with a single consistent objective throughout and that is to _____ human intellect to the level where he can understand the purpose of his _____ and willingly _____ to the will of God.

Thus some of the miraculous aspects of the Qur'ān are its unique style, its _____ and consistency of purpose and _____ of scientific facts that the modern science can only _____ as it progresses with time.

1. creation

2. unity

3. group dynamics

4. logic

5. guide

6. verify

7. multi-dimensional

8. consistent

9. guidance

10. eloquent

11. sincerely

12. submit

13. linguistic

14. elevate

15. astro-physics

16. revelation

Question 2: [20 points]

True or False:

(a) The Prophets were given miracles to give them power and overcome opposition.

(b) Prophet `Isa was given a stick which turned into a huge snake.

(c) Some miracles of other prophets exist even today.

(d) The Qur'ān was revealed piecemeal over a period of 21 years.

(e) Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) was given the Qur'ān as a miracle.

(f) The Qur'ān is the creator of Arabic grammar.

(g) `Abdul Fattāh Tabari, the famous Arab scholar, wrote “The Qur'ān transcends the limits of prose and poetry.”

(h) The Qur'ān's main miraculous feature is its strength of conviction and unity of purpose.

(i) The Qur'ān contains statements that modern science, despite its great advancement, is neither able to verify nor deny.

(j) The Qur'ān's challenge to mankind to produce just one chapter like its own remains unfulfilled even today.

Question 3: [4 points]

What was the final challenge of the Qur'ān to the Arabs?

Question 4: [10 points]

Describe at least three miraculous aspects of the holy Qur'ān.

For 5 Bonus Points: Give an example of a scientific fact which the Qur'ān stated 14 centuries ago which was later verified by modern science.

Lesson 13: The Last Message & The Last Prophet

1. Muhammad, the Last Prophet

Islam, from the very beginning, has said that it is the last divine message to mankind, the final manifestation of revelation and prophethood, and the culmination of the previous revealed religions. The Muslims believe that the Prophet of Islam is the last Messenger of God, and that the Qur'an is the final revelation of God.

The Qur'an has explained the universality of Islam and has shown that Muhammad (peace be upon him) is the last messenger sent by God. For example, verse 40 of chapter 33 says:

“Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but the Messenger of God and the Seal of the Prophets; Allah has knowledge of everything.”

Prophet Muhammad (a,s.) himself once said to 'Ali (a.s.): “In all respects, your relationship to me is like that of Harun to Musa (i.e., if Harun was Musa's brother, I also take you as a brother; if he was Musa's successor, you also will be my successor).

Except that Musa was not the last prophet, and I am the last.”6 He also said, “I am the last brick in the building of prophethood. With my coming, the prophets have come to an end.”

Imam 'Ali (a.s.) said, “With the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad's (a.s.), revelation came to an end.”7 The eighth Imam, 'Ali ar-Riza

(a.s.), said, “The pure religion of Muhammad (a.s.) will not be abrogated till the day of resurrection, and also no prophet will follow him.”8

What we have just recounted is only a sample of tens of hadith which clearly and succinctly explain the conclusive status of the Prophet (a.s.) and the perpetuity of his pure religion; they leave no room for doubt.

2. The Universality of Islam

Islam is an everlasting religion because it is all-inclusive. It is a comprehensive project based on human disposition, and it embraces all aspects of life: individual, social, material, spiritual, doctrinal, emotional, economic, legal and so forth, and it explains the basis of each in the most realistic manner for all peoples, in every time and place.

So now let us study some aspects of this universality.

(A) The God of Islam

The God of Islam is the Preserver of all worldly things. He is not the god of a tribe or of a special group only. In their prayers, the Muslims say: “Al-hamdu lil lâhi Rabbi 'l-âlamin - Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Universe.” (Qur'an 1:2)

God is a reality without parallel, beyond all human attributes and likeness; He is not like the gods of some religions who are presented in the form of a human, an animal or a thing.

The God of Islam is One without equal; He has no son or mother or father; neither partner nor associate. This is the message of a short chapter of the Qur'an which the Muslims recite every day in their prayers so as to be far away from the possibility of associating anything with Him.

(B) Equality in Islam

Superiority of race or segregation is not only eliminated and void in the eyes of Islam, but the equality of man is an absolute reality in Islam. Islam says that all human beings are equal, all are from one father and one mother, and are members of one family- so from the aspect of nobility, origin and connections, they are equal partners. No one is better than anyone else, except in purity and devotion to God.

The Qur'an says: O mankind, We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into races and tribes so that you may know one another. Surely the noblest among you in the sight of Allah is the most God-fearing of you. Allah is All-Knowing, Allaware. (49:13)

(c) Islam & Freedom of Thought

Islam is a firm supporter of rational argument and freedom of thought. Imposition of ideas or beliefs, or the stifling of voices does not exist in Islam. The Qur'an says: There is no compulsion in religion [because] the truth has become clear from the error. (2:256)

In Islam, investigation of the foundations of beliefs is a duty for every individual, and it is an obligation for everyone not to accept anything without proof. Islam censures those who blindly follow the beliefs of their fathers and ancestors, and commends self-investigation and deep examination.

It rejects feeblemindedness and vain speculation, and urges only to the perusal of knowledge and certainty. The Qur'an says: And pursue not that you have no knowledge of; the hearing, the sight, the heart - all of these shall be questioned of. (17:36)

Islam grants its opponents the right to set forth their queries in reasonable discussion and to enumerate their proofs and listen to the answers.

Say, “Produce your proof, if you speak truly.” (2:111) This was the reason that many Jews, Christians and those from other groups who took a stand against Islam, came to the Prophet or the Imams, and sat down and discussed their religious ideas.

(D) Islam & Knowledge

Islam lends great value to thinking. It asks the learned and wise to think and think again about creation, time, night and day, the sky, the earth, animal life, man and the universe and what is in it. The Qur'an says:

Surely in the creation of the heavens and the earth and the alternation of the night and day, and the ship that floats in the sea with profit to men, and the water Allah sends down from the sky therewith reviving the earth after it is dead,

and His scattering abroad on it all types of crawling things, and the turning about of the winds and the clouds suspended between heaven and earth - surely there are signs for a people -who use their mind. (2:164)

The Qur'an also asks people to study the lives of the nations who came before, their thoughts and the causes of their decline and fall, so that they may keep far from the precipices of their destruction.

It says, ''Indeed many events have taken place before you, therefore travel on the earth and see what was the outcome of those who rejected /the message of God]. This is a clear statement for mankind, and a guidance and an admonition for the pious people.” (3:136)

In short, Islam desires that man should think deeply and freely and travel across the far horizons of thought and knowledge and take everything that is best for the improvement of his being.

For this reason, Islam values scientific advances and discoveries which are for the help of humanity, and this is why scientists and scholars emerged in the centuries following the advent of Islam, to decorate the high road of human civilization with the jewel of their scientific endeavours, so much so that their great names will shine forever at the summit of scientific history.

They include Jabir ibn Hayyan, Razi, Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Nasiru 'd-Din Tusi, who were celebrities in all the sciences of their time: philosophy, natural science, astronomy, alchemy, etc. The books of Ibn Sina were even taught in European universities up to the end of the last century.

Jurji Zaydan, the famous Christian writer of Lebanon, says in his Ta'rikh at-Tamaddun al-Islami, “As soon as Islamic civilization found its feet, and the new sciences spread among the Muslims, Muslim scholars appeared whose thinking was more important than the founders of some of the branches of the sciences. In fact these sciences took on a fresh colour with the new researches of Islamic scientists, and progresses due to Islamic civilization.” (p. 598)

(E) Islam’s Concept of Life

There is no opposition, in Islam, between the material and the spiritual life. Islam does not approve of those who do not work in this world or make no effort; but neither does it accept those who only work for their material betterment without any regard to the spiritual life.

Imam Ja;far as-Sadiq (a.s.) said: “He who abandons this world for the next (i.e., he who withdraws from the worldly life in the name of asceticism) and he who gives up the next world for this world - both are not from among us.”9

So it can be said that in this matter Muslims should adjust their actions with equal movement in this world, by advancing with its happiness, and in the spiritual world, by enriching with its contentment.

There is no monasticism in Islam if monasticism means being a burden on society, withdrawal from social life, egoism or seclusion. The Prophet said, “There is no monasticism for us; the monasticism for my followers is to struggle in the way of Allah.”10

(F) Islamic Laws & Change in Lifestyle

The transformation, evolution and development of the means of living and progress in the various elements of civilization have no kind of incompatibility with the eternity of the laws of Islam. How? Because the incompatibility of a law with this kind of progress can only happen if the law depends on the specific material means available at the time and place the law was made.

For example, if a law is made that only the hand must be used in writing, or only a donkey must be used for traveling, etc. then this kind of law becomes outdated with the advance of science and technology.

But if the law was not based on specific and transitory means of life, and instead it pertained to the basic and permanent need of mankind, then there will be no clash between that law and the new means of life.

Islamic laws are of the latter category, that is, they do not look especially at the means of life at a given period in history. For example, they say, “A Muslim nation must be strong enough to protect itself from foreign powers.”

This law, even though made at a time when sword was a means of defence, looks at the permanent need of a Muslim society. However, if Islam had said that a Muslim nation must defend itself with swords, then this law would become obsolete in the twentieth century.

Whatever changes take place in the means of life, it will not be outside the all inclusive domain of the laws of Islam - this is, indeed, the secret of Islam's eternity.

3. The Continuation of Divine Assistance

Some people imagine that since Muhammad (a.s.) is the Last Messenger, the divine guidance from God has stopped completely.

This is not valid because the meaning of the finality of prophethood is only that after the Prophet of Islam, no other prophet, messenger, book or religion will come. It does not mean that the connection between the unseen world and this world has been severed.

The divine guidance of God for human society is everlasting and is continued, according to the Shi'a Muslims, by means of the twelve Imams of Ahlu 'l-bayt.

According to Mulla Sadra, in Mafatih al-Ghayb, “Revelation, that is to say the descent of the angel to the delegated and prophetic eyes, has been forever cut off [after the Prophet of Islam], but the door of inspiration and illumination has not and will never be closed, and it is not possible for it to be interrupted.”

You will learn more about this in the next lesson.

* * *

This lesson adapted from Dar Rah-e Haq, The Roots of Religion, and has been edited to suit the need of this course by S.M. Rizvi.

Question Paper on Lesson 13

Question 1: [15 points]

True or False:

(a) Islam preaches belief in a God who is the sole Creator and Sustainer of all things.

(b) Islam does not allow dissenting views.

(c) Muhammad is the Messenger of God and the Seal of the Prophets.

(d) Islam discourages theological speculation.

(e) Islam provides a comprehensive code of conduct to its followers.

(f) Islam gives more importance to spiritual life than material life.

(g) Islam promotes monasticism.

(h) Islamic laws are perpetually valid because they are independent of material means of implementation.

(i) Islam promotes equality, encourages intellectual inquiry, exalts pursuit of knowledge and maintains a balance between material and spiritual life.

(j) Islam encourages suppression of desires.

Question 2: [10 points]

Circle the letter of one correct statement:

(a) According to Islam, Christianity and Judaism are valid religions even today.

(b) It is permissible to revise the fundamental Islamic principles to suit the needs of changing times.

(c) Imam ‘Ali ar-Riza (a.s.) said, “With the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad (a.s.), revelation came to an end.”

(d) Muslims believe that the Prophet of Islam is the Last Messenger of God and that the Qur'ān is the Final Revelation.

(e) Islam is the continuation of Christianity and Judaism.

Question 3: [25 points: 15 for (a) & 10 for (b)]

(a) What is the fundamental criterion for a law to be eternal and permanent?

(b) Describe at least two Islamic laws that would fit the criterion you mentioned in (a).

Lesson 14: The Imamat Succession to the Prophet

1. Introduction

Eventually the inevitable occurred and the soul of the Prophet (a.s.) flew to its eternal abode. For in the words of the poet Nizami, “he who has not died and will never die is only God'.

It was clear that with the death of this great man a storm would blow up over the peaceful ocean of Islam, and that turbulent waters would be churned up. The ambitious would try to benefit and to get as much as they could from this turbulence and commotion, to fish in these troubled waters.

On the other hand, we know that the great mass of people believe in anything they see; they have always been thus and have always been fuel for a fire that anyone may care to kindle.

They need constant training and continual taking care of, and without an educator they cannot reach their own perfection.

Now we must ask if such a society, in such conditions, needs a leader who can take the reins of command in the place of the Prophet or not, so that the result of all the pains the Messenger of Allah took should not be dissipated?

Is there not a need for a knowledgeable, political authority who is thoroughly acquainted with the Divine laws and who can guide and lead the people on the right path in the right way?

The Shi'a belief holds that the Love of God and His infinite wisdom demand that after the Prophet the people should not be without a leader. Such a leader must be sinless and wise, so that his correctness of speech and action may be a guarantee and a true sign of a superior man, someone selected by God.

He must take the reins of the Muslim community in his hands and lead and guide them with the extensive wisdom and foresight, without error, and this he must take from the Prophet of Islam. Because there is no reason for God, Who was considerate of the people in the time of the Prophet to change His judgment and to withdraw His loving concern.

How could it be possible that God, Who by His Grace created thousands of elaborate details for the protection and growth of our bodies, has neglected to appoint a goodly successor to the Prophet? Does not the bringing into existence of the best of communities, which is the aim of Islam, need the selection of the best of leaders?

Is not the appointment of a sinless leader, educator and Imam the basis of the contentment of society? Can Islamic society attain contentment and happiness without divine supervision and leadership?

So if there is a need for the divine, sinless leader, and Islamic society wants a divine educator, how can it be said that this matter has been ignored by Islam and that the people have been left to themselves?

In short, the same philosophy which demands the appointment of the Prophet also precisely demands that God should introduce and appoint a successor through the Prophet.

The Prophet of Islam (a.s.) said in the latter part of his life: “O People, I swear before Allah that I have explained what will make you nearer to heaven and what will take you far from the Fire.” With this explanation, how can it be said that the Prophet of Islam did not appoint his immediate successor?

2. Is the Qur'an not Sufficient?

The Qur'an is the fundamental basis for every kind of Islamic concept. Like a mighty rock, all the fruitful buildings of Islamic knowledge have been made steady on it. It is the clear spring from which all the streams of insight flow. The credibility and prestige of other religious foundations rest on it.

But, on the basis of the proofs we shall give, one cannot be content with the Qur'an alone to solve the problems of leadership, the differences which crop up in Islamic society, or to satisfy the needs of the Muslims people.

1. Firstly because the Qur'an and its great and abundant contents need commentary and explanation.

Since all the verses are not alike in clarity, unacquainted readers in the first moments of their journey may become lost and not take the path to their destination.

So the Prophet himself or those appointed by him who have a , spiritual link with what is beyond the external world, must be a guide in this valley also, so that they can interpret and explain the Qur'anic verses according to Allah's purpose.

For if not, ordinary people will sometimes interpret incorrectly and will end up far from the truth. The Prophet himself has said, “Anyone who interprets the Qur'an according to his own opinions will have a place in the Fire.”

It is recounted that a thief was brought into the presence of the Abbasid caliph Mu'tasim so that he might be punished according to the punishment prescribed in the Qur'an.

The command of the Qur'an is: “Cut off the hand of a thief.” But Mu'tasim did not know from where the hand should be cut. He asked his Sunni “ulama. One of them said, “From the wrist.”

“From the elbow,” another said.

Mu'tasim was not satisfied. He was forced to ask Imam Muhammad at-Taqi (a.s.), the ninth Shi'a Imam, who was present in that gathering. The Imam replied, “Only four fingers must be cut off.”

“Why?” '

“Since Allah has decreed in the Qur'an, “And that the places of sajdah are for Allah.1 (72:18) that is the seven places of the body [which touches the ground in prostration], so they should not be cut off.”

All those present accepted and were satisfied with his proof. This kind of interpretation is in fact interpretation of the Qur'an by the Qur'an, and is peculiar to the Ahlu '1-bayt (a.s.), and no one, to whatever degree he may be a master of interpretation, is able to succeed in perfectly understanding interpretation in this way unless he has taken the lead from the Imams of the Ahlu '1-bayt and has made them his example.

2. What we have said above is only in regard to the correct interpretation of the esoteric meaning and commands of the Qur'an. But beneath the esoteric words and meanings of the Qur'an, there are shades and layers of spiritual messages which can only be correctly explained by qualified guides.

The Prophet of Islam (a.s.) said, “The Qur'an has a beautiful outer meaning and a profound inner meaning.”11 He also said, “The Qur'an has profundity, and its profundity is deep too, up to seven inner layers.”12

According to the great exegetists, the entire Qur'an has a hermeneutics and an inner meaning to it, and to arrive at them by thought and research alone is not possible. It is not explicable to all through words, for the ability to perceive and practice this is not given to all men.

Only those near to God, the pure, those free from moral corruption, can comprehend this, and use it for the solution of the differences and incidents between men, and learn it, and then, by virtue of the immunity from error and mistake that they have from God, teach it to others.

Those who are spiritually near to God and free from error are the Prophet and his Ahlu '1-bayt about whom the Qur'an says: Allah desires only to keep away from you, O the Ahlu 'l-bayt, abomination and to cleanse you. (33:33)

There is also a hadith which says that only the Prophet and his Ahlu 'l-bayt can perceive all the truths of the Qur'an.13 This implies that the Prophet (who was the recipient of the Qur'an) and his Ahlu '1-bayt (who were his close family-members) are more acquainted with the meaning of the Qur'an.

It is because of this connection between the Qur'an and the Ahlu '1-bayt that the Prophet said, “I leave two things in your trust, the Book of Allah and my family; if you attach yourselves to these two you will never go astray.14

As a postscript, the summary of this lesson can be found in the discussion which students of Imam Ja’far as-Sâdiq (a.s.) had with a Sunni in the presence of the Imam.

A man from Damascus (which was the support base of the Umayyids) had come to Medina with the intention of debating with one of the students of Imam Ja’far as-Sâdiq (a.s.).

The Imam said, “Introduce this man to Hisham.” Hisham was the youngest of his students.

“O Child,” said the man from Damascus, “ask me concerning the imamate of this man (referring to Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq).” Hisham was angered by his lack of manners and shuddered.

But he concealed his temper and began: “Is your Creator more kind and loving towards His slaves, or the slaves themselves?” “The Creator.”

“What has the loving Creator done for his slaves?”

“He has appointed a clear guidance and proof, to protect them from differences and disunity, and to establish friendship and unity among them. He has made clear to them their religious duties.” “Who is that guide?”

“The Prophet.”

“Who is it after the death of the Prophet?”

“The Book of Allah and the sunnah of the Prophet of Islam.”

“Can the Book of Allah and the sunnah of the Prophet prevent us from differences today?”

“Yes.”

“So why do you and I who are both Muslims have a dispute, or in other words, why have you come here from Damascus as a result of this difference?”

The man from Damascus was silent and said no more.

Imam Ja’far as-Sâdiq (a.s.) said to him, “Why don't you speak up?”

“What shall I say?” he replied. “If I say we have no difference, then I lie. And just as I said the Book of Allah and the sunnah of the Prophet should take away the differences between us, so this also is untrue, because, in many instances, the Book of Allah and the sunnah do not have a clear and obvious meaning that could dispel our differences.”

So the man from Damascus said that he wanted to ask the very same question from Hisham. The Imam agreed.

“O Hisham. Who is more loving towards people? God, or the people themselves?”

“God.”

“Did he send them someone to protect the unity of Muslims and to take over their control, to explain to them the truth and falsity?”

“Are you talking about the time of the Prophet, or about now?”

“In the time of the Prophet, it was him; no, tell me about now.” “Today it is this man who is seated here and to whom people come from every corner of the land, and who gives us news of the heaven and the earth; and this knowledge was bequeathed to him from his father and so on back to the Prophet.”

“How can I verify and accept this statement for myself?”

“Go now and ask him anything you like.”

“That's right, there is no excuse; only I must ask.”

Then Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq (a.s.) told him about his journey and of the things that had happened to him on his way which only the man could know of. When he had explained so that no doubt remained for him, the man declared his belief in the Imam.

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This lesson has been adapted with minor changes from Dar Rah-e Haqq, The Roots of Religion, Qum, Iran.

Question Paper on Lesson 14

Question 1: [14 points]

True or False:

(a) Islamic society needs a divine educator who can guide people to the right path.

(b) All Qur’ānic verses are equally clear in their meaning and contain straight forward instructions.

(c) An Imam is a divinely appointed person whose function is to interpret and explain the Qur'ān according to God's purpose.

(d) The Qur'ān alone can guide people to the right path in the right way.

(e) The Qur'ānic verses have an inner meaning that can be derived by thoughtful research and intellectual inquiry.

(f) An Imam is appointed by the Prophet to continue the office of prophethood after his death.

(g) The Qur'ān has a beautiful outer meaning and a profound inner meaning.

Question 2: [20 points]

For each of the following statements circle the number of the most correct answer:

(a) If the Qur'ān was sufficient to guide Muslims to the right path, then

(i) the history of the Muslims would have been different.

(ii) exegetists would not have disagreed on the interpretation of Qur’ānic verses.

(iii) there would not be 73 sects in Islam each claiming its interpretation of the Qur'ān as most accurate.

(iv) people would interpret the Qur'ān according to their personal preference.

(b) Imams are appointed by

(i) people.

(ii) the Prophet.

(iii) prominent people of the community.

(iv) God.

(c) What is the most important quality of a divinely appointed Imam.

(i) honesty.

(ii) integrity.

(iii) truthfulness.

(iv) infallibility.

(v) trustworthiness.

(d) Exegetists are scholars and intellectuals who

(i) translate the Qur’ānic verses.

(ii) interpret the Qur’ānic verses.

(iii) narrate hadith.

(iv) explain the sunnah.

(v) describe history.

(e) is logical to conclude, based on this lesson, that an Imam should provide

(i) spiritual leadership.

(ii) temporal authority.

(iii) moral leadership.

(iv) a political leadership based on highest moral and ethical standards.

(v) both spiritual and political leadership based on the Qur'ān and sunnah.

Question 3: [8 points]

Describe the hadith narrated by the Sunni scholar, Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, which undeniably proves not only the necessity but also the existence of a divinely appointed Imam.

Question 4: [8 points]

Explain and discuss the most powerful argument that a disciple of Imam Ja`far as-Sādiq (a.s.) presented to a man from Damascus against the belief that the Qur'ān is sufficient to guide the people to the right path.