Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

BasesOf Kharijites Doctrine

The bases of Kharijism lay in a few matters:

1. To declare Ali, Osman, Mo'awiyah, the Camelists and the Arbitrationists, those who generally agreed to arbitration, as infidels, except those who having once agreed to arbitration subsequently expressed repentance;

2. To declare them as infidels who do not acknowledge Ali, Osman and the rest mentioned above as infidels;

3. Faith is not only a spiritualbelief, it must be translated into action by enjoining the virtue and by prohibiting the vice;

4. Absolute and obligatory revolt against a tyrannical Ruler and Imam.

They said enjoining 'virtue' and prohibiting 'vice' is not conditional to anything. This Divine rule must operate everywhere and without exception.

For such of their beliefs, it dawned on them that everyone else on globe was an infidel and liable to be condemned to death and to be perpe­tually lodged in Hell.

KHARIJITE'S DOCTRINE OF CALIPHATE

The only concept of Kharijites attracting the modem revisionists is their theory about the Caliphate. They had a democratic ideology. They said, "Caliphate should be achieved by election. The best qualified to it is the one who has the qualities of faith and reticence. May be he is a Qureishite or non-Qureishite. May be he is from a notable or an insignificant and backward tribe, or is an Arab or a non-Arab".

If after election or receiving the allegiance, he (the Caliph) acts contrary to the interests of Islamic society, he is to be dismissed from Caliphate, and if he refuses to do so, war must be waged against him till he is killed.

They stand in opposition to the Shiahs who say that Caliphate is pre-ordained by Allah and the Caliph is appointed by God alone. They stand in opposition to Sunnis as well who say that the Caliphate is only for the Qureishites and adhere to (the tradition that) "The Imams must be from the Qureish".

Obviously their idea about theCaliphate, is not contemporaneous with their origin. Rather it proceeds from their famous slogan," (Command is from none except Allah)". They were originally adherents of the view that the people and society do not stand in need of an Imam or a government they should ofthemselves follow the Book of Allah.

But subsequently they retraced and they themselves confided allegiance in Abdullah bin Wahb Raasbee.

THEIR BELIEF ABOUT THE CALIPHS

They uphold the Caliphates of Abu Bakar and Omar, because according to their view both of them were elected to the Caliphate through a fair franchise. They did not even deviate from pursuing the right goal and committed no transgression. They accepted the fairness of the elections of Osman and Ali. Ultimately, they said that Osman from the end of the sixth year of his Caliphate, deviated and ignored the interests of the Muslims, hence he was (automatically) dismissed from the Caliphate and as he continued in office hence a renegade and liable to be killed. And as Ali accepted the proposal to arbitration and subsequently did not repent, he "apostatized and became liable to death penalty. Thus they disown Osman from the seventh year of his Caliphate and Ali from the time of arbitration.

They expressed abhorrence against all of the other Caliphs and remained at war with them.

ELIMINATION OF KHARIJITES

This faction emerged towards the end of the fourth decade of the first Hijra Century as a consequence of the Formidable Fraud. They did not remain in field for more than one and a half centuries. Because of their recklessness and desperation they were victimised by the Caliphs, and this brought themselves and their religion to elimination and liquidation. They were totally eliminated in the initial period of the Abbasid rule.Their dry and lifeless logic, their aridity and harshness of manners, the divergence of •their ways from life and last of all their courage which shunned dissimu­lation even in its true logical sense, wrought their elimination. The Kharijitesschool was not a school which ought to have survived. However, it has left its imprints. Their thoughts and their ideas have influenced all Islamic denominations. Even now-a-days many 'Nahrwanis' are available. Exactly, as it was in days and time of Ali, they are the internal, and the most dange­rous, enemies of Islam. As the Mo'awiyahs and Amr bin 'Ases had been and are always present, they exploit, to their own benefit, the existence of the Nahrwanis though they are considered to be their enemies.

RITUAL ORSPIRIT ?

It is exercise in futility to dilate upon Kharijism or Kharijites as a religious issue, because today such a religion isexisting nowhere in the world. However, the present debate about Kharijites and the nature of their works will serve as a warning to our people and our society.Because inspite of extinction of Kharijites' religion, its spirit has not died away. The spirit of Kharijism has transmigrated into the souls of many of us.

It is essential to say a few introductory words:

May be some religions are dead 'Ritual-wise' but they are not so 'Spirit-wise'. Likewise, the contrary is also possible, i.e., may be a religion is alive 'Ritual-wise', but it is dead Spirit-wise. Therefore, this is also possible that a man or men may be Ritual-wise followers of and adherents to one religion, but in reality may not be the followers of that faith. Its contrary is also possible, i.e., some may be actually followers of one religion but their practice may give no evidence of their faith.

For instance, as we all know after the demise of the Prophet, for two reasons Muslims were divided into two sects, viz. Sunni and Shiah. The Sunnis are within the four-corners of one belief and practice, and Shiahs are within the four-corners of the other.

A Shiah asserts that Ali is immediate successor of the Prophet. He had appointed Ali to his succession and Caliphate per Divine command, and after the Prophet he had exclusive right to this office. The Sunnis say that Islam in its legislation has not specifically anticipated the question of Immamate and Caliphate and that it has in fact left the resolution of this important issue to the discretion of the people themselves, the maximum restriction being that election must be made from amongst the Qureish.

Shiahs make Propeht's many companions, who are considered to be men of status, stature and renown, susceptible to criticism and the Sunnis hold just the opposite of Shiahs' view. Everyone who is said to be a com­panion (Sahabi) is viewed with strange credulity. They say, "All the companions of the Prophet are just and righteous". Shiaism is based on critical appreciation, investigation, incredulity and hair splitting. Sunnism is based on credulity andexcuse "God willing, it might have been a cat".

In this age, where we happen to be, whosoever says, "Ali is the immediate successor of our Prophet", we readily declare him to be a Shiah expecting nothing more from him. Let him belong to any denomination or to any way of thinking.

But if we go to the period of advent of Islam, we come across a distinct spirit that happens to be the soul of Shiaism. They were the minds capable of faithfully, accepting the behest of the Prophet about Ali and did not suffer from any disbelief or distrust. The opposite of this spirit and this way of thinking has been another mentality and school of thought who with all the completeness of faith, which they had in the Prophet, accepted the behests with a sort of reservation and with such interpretation and construction as were never intended.

In fact schisms and divisions in Islam originated from here. One schism was in majority. They were shallow and looked only to the surface. Their vision was neither sharp nor deep so as to discern the implica­tions and the consequences of every event. They looked to the surface and attached presumption of correctness to it. They used to say, "A number of elderly companions (of Prophet), the veterans and the seniors in Islam have followed this course; therefore, it cannot be said that they have erred." But the other group who were in minority would at the same time say, "Personalities are held in esteem by us only when they themselves show respect to the truth. However, if we find that Islamic principles are being violated by the veterans, they cease to enjoy respect (with us). We uphold principles and not the personalities". Shiaism emerged with this spirit.

When we go through Islamic history in search of Salman-i-Farsi, Abu Zar Ghifari, Miqdad Kindi, Ammar-i-Yasir and the likes, we wish to know what were the factors which persuaded them to take Ali's side and to ignore themajority? We will find them to be men of principles, and the men aware of principles. They were Faithful and knew whatwas the Faith . They would say, "We should not hand our intellect and wisdom over to other because there is apprehension of our erring when he errs".

In fact,their's was a mind ruled by facts and principles and not by persons and personalities.

One of the Amir-ul-Momineen's (Ali's) companions, during the battle of Jamal, fell in serious doubt. He looked to both the sides. On the one side he saw Ali and stalwarts of Islam wielding their swords under Ali's Command! On the other side was Aisha a harem (wife) of the Prophet, and about Prophet's wives the Quran laying down: "His wives are mothers of the Ummah", and under her command was Talha, a senior in Islam, of happy antecedents, a sharp shooter and a veteran strategists of Islam who had a rich record of services for the cause of Islam; moreover there was Zubair with nobler antecedents than Talha's, who even on the day of Saqeefa had been among those who took shelter in Ali's house. He was awfully confused, "What is this all? After all Ali, Talha and Zobair are amongst the veterans of Islam and have been volunteers of Islam in the worst of odds. Now they have arrayed themselves against each other? Which of them is nearer to truth? What to be done in this confusing conflict?" Beware! He is not to blame much; perhaps even if we would have been in those very circumstances, where he happened to be, the personalities and antecedents of Talha and Zobair might have blurred our vision too.

Now when we visualize Ali, Ammar,Awais Qarni and others confront­ing Aisha, Zubair and Talha, we feel no hesitation to hold that the latter were a group of men of vicious countenance, i.e., impressions of vice and dishonesty were writ large on their faces. Their eyes, their appearances and their faces betrayed their ambitions. But if we would have been there and would have seen their antecedents from close quarters, haply we too could not have helped falling in doubt.

Today, when we hold the first group to have been on the right and the second in the wrong, it is because of history's verdict, and the facts having become clearer. We, having identified the nature of Ali and Ammar on one side and the nature of Zubair, Talha and 'Aisha on the other, can make a better judgment between them, or at least even if we were not students of or experts in history we have been taught so from our childhood. However, on that day none of these factors was available.

Anyhow, this gentleman appeared before Ali and said: "Is it possible that Talha, Zubair and 'Aisha may concur on untruth. How could personali­ties like them, from among the old companions of the Prophet, err and take to wrong course? Is it possible?"

Ali replied in such a conclusive and authoritative phrase, which according to Dr. Taaha Husain, the Egyptian writer and the Philosopher, "had never been heard elsewhere-since the cessation of Divine Voice and discontinuance of revelation".

"You suffer from illusion and you have fallen in confusion. Right and wrong are not measured in scales of personalities and statures of individuals. It is incorrect to first hold personality to be a yard-stick, thereafter to measure Right and Wrong on those standards and then to hold that this thing is Right because such and such persons have acquiesced in it and that thing is wrong because such and such persons are opposed to it". Nay!personalities should not be made the measure sticks for Right and Wrong. It is Right andWrong which should be the criterion of individuals and their personalities.

That means, "you should be cognizant of Right and Wrong. You should not go after persons and personalities.Individuals, whether personality-wise great or small, must be compared with truth. If they are found conformable to it, accept them, otherwise do not. The question is not as to whether Talha, Zobair and Aisha can or cannot beWrong ?"

Here Ali has held Truth itself to be the touchstone of Truth. The spirit of Shiaism is nothing other than this. In fact, Shiaism is schism sequel to a specific view, which gives importance to the Principles of Islam. Necessarily, Shiahs have emerged as critics and iconoclasts.

Ali, a Youth of thirty three years, after the Prophet, led a minority of less than thenumber of his fingers against him were men of sixty years with majority and multitude. The logic of the majority was, "This is the course of the veterans and seniors, and the veterans never err. Hence we follow their course". The logic of the minority was, "It is Truth that never errs. The seniors must make themselves conformable to Truth".

From here it becomes obvious that how numerous are the men whose practice may be shi'ite but their precept is not.

The goal of Shiaism, like its spirit, is to recognise the Truth and to follow it, and of its greatest effects are "attraction" and "repulsion"; but not every attraction and repulsion. We have earlier said some times attrac­tion is attraction of fallacy, sin and the sinner; and repulsion is repulsion of Truth and human merits. The repulsion and attraction must be of the kind of Ali's attraction and repulsion, because a Shiah must be a copy of Ali's life-style. A Shiah must also, like Ali, be a personality with two faculties.

This introduction was intended to realize that it is possible that a religion may be dead but its spirit may survive amongst such a people who may not only prima-facie be not its followers, but may also be takingthem­selves to be its opponents. The Kharijites' religion is today dead, i.e., no significant group exists on globewho under the same title may be following it. But has the spirit of Kharijites died out? Has this spirit not transmigrated into other religions? Has, God forbid, this spirit not been breathed into us, particularly in our 'clerics' claiming piety?

These are the subjects to be separately dealt with. If we correctly identify the spirit of Kharijism, we may be in a position to answer this question. The discussion about Kharijites may also be useful only from this angle. We must know whydid Ali repel them, i.e why did Ali's attraction not attract them and, to the contrary, why did his repulsion repelled them.

Admittedly, as we will subsequently see, all those idealistic elements, which influenced the formation of the personality and spirit of Kharijites, were such as they could not withstand the thrust and impact of Ali's repulsion. Their spirit had many such prominent and brilliant merits, which could be a subject of Ali's attraction, had the same not been concomitant with a chain of dark points. But the dark aspects of their spirit were so abundant that they pushed them amongst Ali's enemies.

DEMOCRACY OF ALI

Amir-ul-Momineen dealt with Kharijites in an extremely liberal and democratic manner. He was their ruler and they were his subjects. They, to their capacity,indulged in all political activities without his sending them to prison, nor he lashed them. So much so he did not even cut the stipends of the impudent from the public exchequer. He viewed them in the same manner as he viewed all others. Such instances may not be foreign in Ali's biography, but they are no doubt found less elsewhere in the world. They were everywhere free to express their beliefs. Ali himself and his compa­nions faced them without any curb on their freedom of belief. They held moots. The parties argued their own cases and rebutted the other side's arguments.

Perhaps this much of liberty that a government should be so democratic to its opponents goes in -the world without a precedent. They would come to mosque interfere in the sermons and discourses of Ali. One day Ali was on the pulpit a man came there and posed a question to which Ali gave a prompt reply. A kharijite from 'amongst the people cried out, "God may kill him, what a wise he is". Others wanted to manhandle the Kharijite but Ali said, "Leave him. He has abused me alone".

Kharijites would not offer their prayers if Ali led the congregation, because they held him to be an infidel. They would come to mosque and would not offer prayers with Ali, and thereby caused him anguish. One day Ali was leading the congregation, a Kharijite with the name of Ibn-i-Kawa came there and with insinuations at Ali loudly recited the verse of the Quran­­ which addresses the Prophet, "It has been revealed to you and to your precursors that if you get Polytheists all your achievements will be ignored, and you will be from the losers". By reading this verse Ibn-i-Kawa warned Ali, "I am aware of your antecedents in Islam. You are the first Muslim. The Prophetopted you as brother. On the eve of migration your dedication was inspiring, when you slept in Prophet's bed. You left yourself at the mercy of the swords. Finally your services in the cause of Islam cannot be ignored. But God has warned the Prophet himself, 'If you go Polytheist your achieve­ments will be ignored'. As you have now become infidel, so you have effaced your past record".

What was Ali's reaction? He assumed silence till Ibn-i-Kawa recited the verse to its end. As soon as the verse was complete, Ali continued with the prayers. Inb-i-Kawa once again repeated the same verse, and Ali instantly resumed silence. Ali would keep silent because the Quran says: "When the Quran is being recited, lend it your ears and be silent". For this very reason during the prayers the led are supposed to be silent and attentive when the Imam is busy reciting.

After repeating the verse, a few times Ibn-i-Kawa wanted to disturb the formation of the prayers. Ali recited this verse, "Be patient. Allah's promise is true. It must materialise. These men devoid of faith and convic­tion cannot harass you, northey can impair your determination". He took no further notice and continued the prayers.

KHARIJITE'S INSURGENCY AND REVOLT

To start with, the Kharijites were peaceful and would feel contented with free dialogue and criticism. Ali had also been extending the same treatment to them as we have alluded to above. He in no way interfered with them. So much so that he did not cut their dues from the Public Treasury. But gradually when they became disappointed of Ali as he would not repent, they changed their policy and decided to wage a 'revolution'. They gathered in the house of one of their collaborators. He made a fiery and provocative speech and invited his friends to rise in arms and to launch revolt in order to enjoin Virtue and enforce Prohibitions. He said in his speech:-

"After His praise. I swear by God!it is not befitting of that people who have faith in the merciful God and accept the commands of the Quran that the sordid world be more attractive for them than the decree to do good and to avoid evil and the words of Allah may be that they (the decree and the Divine words) bring losses and involve risks. Whosoever has fallen in loss or risk in this world he will be rewarded by Divine pleasure and a life of heavens on doom's day. My brethren! Let us leave this city of the tyrant's seat for the hills or for some other cities, so that we may rise up and arrest these innovations of mis-guidance".

By these words their inflammable spirit got more volcanic. They moved from that place and rose up in revolt and rebellion. They threatened the peace of the routes. They adopted dacoity and mischief as a profession. In this way they attempted to weaken the integrity of the state and to dislodge the sitting government.

From here onward no more latitude could be given to them; because it was not a matter of expression of belief, it was rather a question of distur­bance of social peace and tranquility and of an armed insurgency against a legitimate government. Hence Ali pursued them. Along 'Nahrwan' he confronted them. He addressed and advised them and served them with the final warning. At that time he gave the banner of peace to Abu Ayub Ansari, and whosoever rallied under it he was protected. Out of twelve thousand rebels eight thousand retraced their steps. The rest showed resistance. They suffered a defeat and but for a few, no one survived.