Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

Oppression

The Role of Justice in Society

A Study of the history of revolutions shows important factors worthy of reflecting upon, on which the basis of uprisings and revolutions around the world and between various nations were built. That factor is no other than justice. Many times this word awakened the souls of those whose liveswere filled with deprivation, whose rights and honor were encroached upon. The oppressed revolted against the organs of evil, and endeavored to achieve the precious gems of freedom and justice by eradicating the unjust beasts. In mostcases the oppressed were willing to sacrifice their lives in the hope of wiping our oppression.

It is unfortunate to say the great majority of revolutions and uprisingswere unable to reach their sacred goals, nor did the revolutionaries achieve their hopes of eradicating pain from their lives.

The secret behind their failure becomes apparent with a little reflection on an important issue. That is tosay that a society which looses track of the natural course of development and becomes accustomed to failure and backwardness, will be unable to bear a just system and will be unable to tolerate just order. Establishing justice is only possible in appropriate atmospheres, without which justice has no chance of appearing on the horizons of life.

A just law is a basic requirement for any social structure. A just law guarantees the rights of all classes and individuals in accordance with the welfare of the public, accompanied by behavioral implementation of its various codes.

Justice is a natural law observed in all corners of the universe. Allah, the Almighty, decreed the outline of the world to be dependent on justice, so that itcannot be violated in any possible manner. The astonishing and preciseharmonies which exist between the different organs of our bodies are amongst most obvious manifestations of the accurate law of justice in this universe. By observing ourselves we can initiate the understanding of the rest of the universe thereof.

Thebalance which rules the universe is compulsory in the meaning that it is instinctive. Because manwas given the freedom of will and thought, it becomes his duty to establish the pillars of justice in his society. It is true that in some instances, the reasoning power in man needs legislative guidance, but attimes it can also do without it: for men realize many facts independently. In some cases, reason can pass judgment as to the goodness or incorrectness of an affair.

Justice enjoys a sensitive position in man’s life, for it is a source of all noble traits. In other words, justice is a motive behind excellent conduct.It also is an element that creates harmony and serenity between human societies. In fact, justice is an essential step towards uniting societies in the path of righteousness.

Plato, the famous Greek philosopher, said:

“If justice finds its way into man’s spirit, the bright rays will light all his spiritual powers; because all noble traits and human morals arise from the spring of justice. It grants man the ability to best perform his personal works, which is the ultimate happiness of man and the peak of his closeness to the Almighty Creator.”

It is safe enough to say that justice is the basic element in organized social life. With justice a new chapter of lifeis opened , societies find new spirit in them, and it lights the human life with glory and beauty. A society where life enjoys the beauty of justice finds the necessities of life, and therefore overcomes all its problems.

The Destructive Flames of Oppression

The role of oppression in destroying societies, ruining behavior, and violating social security is undisputable. Even the individuals whoaren’t adherent to religion cannot deny this fact. Oppression causes dissension and the devastation of public relations in society. Practicing evil and arrogant powers closes the pages in history of powerful governments and destroys their civilizations.

There are great morals in the lives of the oppressors. For example, Muhammadibn AbdulMalik enjoyed a special place among theAbbaside caliphates. This minister had an iron oven made, the inside of whichwas covered with sharp reeds. When a political prisonerwas brought to him, he would put the innocent person inside it and light the flames until the soul of that person departed his body.

When al-Mutawakil reached the office of caliph, he orderedIbn Malik tobe placed in his own prison. Near hisdeath the latter wrote poetry to the affect that in this world he who does something shall be punished for it. When al-Mutawakil read the poetry he ordered him freed, but by the time that the royal decree reached the prison,Ibn Malik was dead in a terrible condition in his own oven.1

Indeed, those who claim that life is just a day to day struggle for survival, constantly attempt to destroy the weak with the pressure of deprivation; hoping by doing so to strengthen their power and protect their position. They will commit any crime no matter how inhuman in order to satisfythemselves .But as the days pass, the flames of anger rage in the hearts of the oppressed, who inflict great calamities on the lives of the tyrant.

Oppression, however, is not limited to certain positions or classes. Any person in any position who intentionally or unintentionally attempts to exploit life of others for his own sake, of tries to go beyond the limits of the laws of reason or legislationcan be classified as an oppressor.

Unfortunately, today oppression has reached its peak; the flames of oppression and injustice rage through various classes of societies and threaten the structure of human civilizations with sure destruction. The agents of oppression abuse the rights of human societies and rob them of their resources and wealth with every available means, while the statute of justice appears helpless.

The Role of Religion in Fighting Oppression and the Oppressors

The Holy Qur’an announced the inevitable severe punishment of oppressors when Allah the Almighty said:

“And (as for) these towns,We destroyed them when they acted unjustly and We have appointed a time for their destruct ion.” (The Holy Qur’an, 18:59).

The leaders of religion have all believed in the continuity of human society, therefore they made the establishment of justice their main goal in life. Whenever they noticed disarray in human development, they endeavored to change such disarray by revolting against theoppressors misconduct. In many cases, the leaders were able to overpower and eradicate the oppressors.

According to the Holy Qur’an, the conduct of the leaders of religion is an important factor in awakening people against oppression:

“CertainlyWe sent Our apostles with clear arguments.and sent down with them the book and the balance that men may conduct themselves with equity.” (The Holy Qur’an, 57:25)

Since the ultimate goal of Islam is collective justice, it commands all its adherents to implement justice and equality fully amongst them and others regardless of titles or personal considerations. It also prohibits oppression and depriving any group of people of their rights.

“O you who believe! Be upright for Allah bears WitnessWith justice and let not hatred Of a people incite you not to act equitable; act equitably, that is nearer to piety.” (The Holy Qur’an, 5:8)

“And that when you judge between people you judge with justice..” (The Holy Qur’an, 4:58)

Islam gives special importance to justice in that it disqualifies unjust individuals from occupying the position of judge, even if he enjoys all other qualifications. Islam has also made it the duty of the parents to observe justice between their children,so as to condition them to accepting this vital trait and refuse oppression and enmity.

Besides, one of the bases for bringing up children is to be just in all circumstances when dealing with them, for when they witness oppression being applied in the father/mother relationship theycan not be expected to be just or fair in their conduct with others. If childrenare exposed to oppression it grows into their natures, thus they become destructive elements in society. The acquired unfairness will eventually affect their societies, or further move their parents.

The Messenger of Allah (S) brought the attention of his followers to this important point when he said:

“Be just to your children with gifts if you would like them to be just to you in kindliness.” 2

Professor Bertrand Russell said:

“The human spirit is like a stream, constantly expanding.And , the purpose of an adequate upbringing is to make external pressure appear in the form of thought, habits and affection, not in the form of torture or punishment. The idea needed here is the matter that we haveto gradually implement in the minds and habits of children.

“The correct method of teaching children justice is possible when children associate with others. The competition which takes place among children overtoys which can be used by only one person at a time (bicycles) can bring us hope of teaching them justice. It is amazing how children abandon their selfishness when the oldest child displays justice by offering his toy to other children. Atfirst I did not believe that justice was a natural or instinctive human feelings, I was surprised to find that the sense of justice can easily be brought about in children

When training children, it is essential to implement truthful justice. In other words, not to prefer any childover another. If you love one more thanthe others, be mindful not to let your preference adversely influence the distribution of happiness and felicity between them.

“It is a generally accepted practice to grant children toys of the same quality”.

Any attempt to invalidate children’s want of justice, in any manner, is a mistaken one. On EducationThe Messenger of Allah (S) said:“Fear Allah and be just between your children as you like them to be kind to you” .3

Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) wrote the following advice to Muhammadibn AbuBakr when he appointed him as the governor of Egypt:“The Divine ambassadors arc the true establishers of justice in society. They are the ones who have planned the course of human perfection for mankind.” ImamHusayn (a.s .) also manifested the true meaning of justice and human belief when he rose against oppression. The pages of history still shine on the story of this man’slife as it will be forever.

Notes

1.Muruj adh-Dhahab v.4, p. 88

2.Nahj al -Fasahah p. 66

3.Nahj al-Fasahah

Enmity and Hatred

Why Should We Not Forgive?

Man undoubtedly cannot avoid society and live in seclusion. He is a dependent creature whose needs know no limit. The fact that man is socially dependent conforms to his nature and needs, enabling him to live in the shadows of cooperation. Social life has various requirements thatlimits man to certain rules and duties on which relies success in life.

Social life, the most influential factor in the development of man’s character, may not be limited to material entities; rather social relations should be the result of a union between the souls, human relations are manifestations of such unions. If a society enjoys apparent and spiritual unity that depends on a collective union of the souls, it is virtually impossible for life toloose its beauty and serenity.

One of our basic duties in the field of relation to others is to be able to forgive the mistakes of others. This dutyis dictated to us by the need for continuous human relations.

The best way to peaceful living is simply to live in peace with others.

One should not disregard the fact that no one in this world is flawless, and that people with perfectly stable and normal natures and mannersare seldom found . We should also remember that even the noblest of characters arenot perfectly infallible . Therefore, it is the duty of everyone to bear with unpredictable errors committed by others. In most cases, confessions are an essential part in finding everlasting and deep-rooted peace.

An old poet says that everyone’s share of his time is what he has accustomed himselfto . Yet, what man accustomshimself to arises from his spiritual and behavioral states. Forgiveness is an apparent manifestation of strong will and self-control which are both variations of courage and strength.Individuals who are forgiving enjoy invaluable spiritual tranquility. They inhabit strong wills and spiritualmaturity which are sources of kindness; a determinative factor in freeing man from the chains of spiritual slavery.

Overlooking the shortcomings of others is a heavy burden on man’s nature. It is difficult for man to accept resentful characteristics; nevertheless, the more power he acquires in this field, the less he will suffer from psychological unrest. In fact, eventually he will become a mercy to the world.

Another major point regarding this is that forgiveness undoubtedly affects even the enemy’s feelings, which creates speedy transformation in his thinking and conduct. There are many cases when tense relationships improved in the shadow of forgiveness; many are the cases when hatred and deep-rooted enmity changed to serenity and devoutness, and many are the cases when an enemy submitted to a man who equippedhimself with kind and forgiving thoughts.

According to scholars:

“A great talent of man, that animals do not share, is forgiveness and overlooking the mistakes of others. Whenyou are harmed by others you have a good opportunity to forgive and to enjoy the feeling of forgiveness. Wewere taught to forgive our enemies, but never were we asked to overlook the flaws of our fathers and friends, for it is naturally expected of everyone to forgive mistakes.

“When you seek revenge from your enemy, you place yourself in the same position as he, for you have treated him in the same manner that he has treated you, you would gain nobility if you would have forgiven him for his mistake. When we do seekrevenge it is possible for that person to be more powerful than us, but when we forgive our enemy we are definitely triumphant. Withforgiveness we are able to defeat our enemies without fighting, and force them to be humble towards us. Abandoning rivals and avoiding encounters with them is the best defensive method we can take against them, for their defeat is eminent.

“It is incumbent on us to be kind when others transgress, for kindness is a heavenly policy with which the earth and its dwellers can live in peace and harmony.”

Setbacks Caused by Enmity

There isnot aheavier burden or more dangerous behavioral or psychological disorder that inflicts man more than enmity and the act of harboring feelings of hatred against others. Hatred is one of the most disadvantageous feelings affecting man’s happiness and tranquility. Hatred stems from the power of anger and destroys man’s spiritual balance. When a man isanger some reason may cause him to calm down and remove his psychological unrest by extinguishing the flames of rage in his heart.

Acts of revenge occur from the feelings of insignificance an individual may suffer from,as a result of concealed hatred from childhood trauma, or from the social environment where painful events were experienced. In other words, revenge is a method with which those who suffer from the complex of“insignificance” attempt to mend their sense of failure and humility. These people search for any possible way of harming others and will commit any crime.

Among the effectivefactors which help such individuals to abandon evilness is the observance of sacred goals in life.Because, he who purifies his soul and manners, and disregards all other goals, will then disregard mistreatment by others.

The extent to which we react to mistreatment by others lies in our hands. It also our choice to change the course of our thoughts; therefore, it is possible for us to willingly change the influence of various factors in strengthening ourselves in the path of eradicating the sense of revenge which pressures our souls. Nevertheless, if we ignore our moral responsibilities others will be unable to help us change our shortcomings.

Revenge takes various forms. Some people enact their foes with matters that have ill fates, pretending to guide them to devoutness and honesty. Theserevenge seeking people are careful plotters.

According to a western scholar:

“Hatred and enmity stem from mental instability, especially when there are no other apparent causes. We can solve most issues in brotherly manners but conceit and arrogance prevent us from doing so. We often abandon our friends and loved ones for, minormistakes which we experience from them. Sometimes we know that they are innocent but still refuse to forgive them.I wish we were able to minimize our injustices to them.

ImamSajjad’s Reaction to Those Who Mistreated Him

The lives of religious leaders are lessons of honor, nobility,forgiveness and humanness. Their spiritual meritswere manifested in practical lessons in a most magnificent picture.

One day Imam ‘Aliibn al-Husayn as-Sajjad (a.s .) was sitting in the company of his followers when a man, who was related to him, approached and began insulting the Imam (a.s .). This man’s name was atHasan ibn al-Muthanna . Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) ignored the man and when he had left said to his companions:

“You heard what that man said to me, I would like you to come with me to hear my reply to him.”

The companions of Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) then said:

“We will come with you, although we wanted you or us to say something (an equal response) to him.”

The Imam (a.s .) proceeded to the man’s home reciting:

“And those who when they commit an indecency ordo injustice to their souls remember Allah and ask forgiveness for their faults: and who forgives the faults but Allah, and (who) do not knowingly persist in whatthe have done.” (The Holy Qur’an, 3.134)

His companions hearing this concluded that the Imam (a.s .) would say only kind words to the man. The Imam (a.s .) reached al-Hasan ibn alMuthanna’s house and said:

“Tell him this is Aliibn al-Husayn .” The man heard this and came out prepared for an encounter. He was sure that ImamSajjad (a.s .) came only to revenge his actions.

When al-Hasan al-Muthanna appeared, ImamSajjad (a.s .) said:“My Brother, you have come to me and have saidsomethings . If you have said that which truly lies in me, I seek forgiveness from Allah; and if you have accused me of that which I am innocent, I ask Allah to forgive you!!”

When the man heard the words of the Imam (a.s .) he kissed his forehead and said:

“Indeed I accused you of that which you are innocent of. These words describe me.” 1

The words of ImamSajjad (a.s .) affected the spirit of this man, they relieved him of his pain arid made apparent to him the gestures of sorrow and repentance.

The Imam taught the lessons of forgiveness and overlooking the mistakes of others to his companions. He also demonstrated the happyrepentance which the man experienced as a result of forgiveness.

Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) said:

“The lack of forgiveness is the ugliest of all flaws, and haste in seeking revenge is the greatest sin.” 2

The Holy Qur’an has always advised Muslims to be forgiving:

“And let not those of you who possess grace and abundance swear against giving to the near of kin and the poor and those who have fled in Allah’s way, and they should pardon and turn away.Do you not love that Allah should forgive you? And Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.” (The Holy Qur’an, 24:22)

Allah, the Almighty, also said:

“And not alike are the good and the evil. Repel (evil) with what is best, when lo!he between whom and you was enmity would be as if he were a warm friend” . (The Holy Qur’an, 41.34)

When one has the power of revenge, forgiveness is a very valuable trait. Imam as-Sadiq (a.s .) placed it among the merits of prophets and the pious.3

Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) considered forgiveness to be among the best preventive weapons against the conspiracies of evil doers:

“Reprimand your brother by performing good deeds towards him: and divert his evilness by granting him favors.” 4

Imam ‘Ali (AS.) uncovered sensitive facts regarding hatred in a short yet eloquent statement. He implied that spiteful individualsare inflicted with a type of remorselessness and a lack of the sense of mercy:

“The heart which suffers most from the thirst of revenge is the heart of the spiteful.” 5

It is psychologist’s view that:

“A spiteful individual is easily angered and is a merciless foe.”

Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) said,

“Spite incites anger.” 6

A psychologist also said:

“If you do not fulfill the request of the spiteful, even if it is unreasonable, he will become frustrated and never will he relax until he has sought revenge from him who did not abide by his will.” 7

Man only obtains spiritual, conscience, and mental harmony when he erases the picture of hate from his heart.

Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) said:

“He who eradicates hatred, his heart and reason will be at ease.” 8

According to another psychologist:

“The more man distances himself from extravagant and overwhelming anger and hatred, the more he protects himself against nervous disorders which cause spiritual imbalance.” 9

A lucky person is the one who purifies himself from enmity and revengefulness.

Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) said:

“A man’s happiness comes when his heart is free of spite and envy.10

We conclude on an important point; that is, in some instances Islam prohibits the overlooking of some actions. It is true that Islam made its goal to obtain security and order, but it also considered punishment essential when the action was an encroachment on the affairs of the society or its security. Articles of the penal code are the rights of the people thatcan either be practiced or abandoned by the people themselves . These codes are Allah’s rights on people.

Notes

1.Irshad al-Mufid p. 257

2.Ghurar al-Hikam p. 768

3.Safinah al-Bihar v.2, p. 702

4.Nahj al-Balaghah p. 115

5.Ghurar al-Hikam p. 178

6.Ghurar al-Hikam p. 21

7.Ravankavi

8.Ghurar al-Hikam p. 666

9. Selection Journal: Psychosocial Section

10.Ghurar al-Hikam p. 399

Anger

Advantages of Self-Control

There are many astonishing secrets surrounding the humanbeing which is equipped with two great powers: reason and will. Reason is thelight which specifies the fate of the human soul in this life. Itis considered the representative of man’s factual personality.and is a shining light that illuminates the pages of life. Therefore, without the guidance and supervision of reason we cannot advance on the ever-complex avenues of life.

Man is required to endeavor to control the variousfeelings which he finds in himself, thus preventing excessiveness or under estimation of these feelings. Reason is the power that demonstrates to us the reasonable method of applying healthy feelings, and from allowing the mighty lusts to lead us into obeying their orders.

In reality, if the light of reason shines on our feelings’ hemisphere it is then guaranteed that the rays of happiness will illuminate the heavens of our live. On the contrary, ifwe are enslaved by our cravings and captives of our lusts we will be weakened, which would result in our defeat in all walks of life.

As for man’s will, which is one of the most influential moral factors and the strongest way of achieving good intentions and noble hopes, it has strong correlation to the basis of man’s happiness.Man’s will also protects his personality from the reach of filth and the lowliness of life. A strong will is a determining factor in a happylife, it allows man to resist events which can have influential consequences on his life.

The more effort we implement toward strengthening this vital power, the more vigor we achieve in order to obtain moral excellence and to avoid corruption. Our souls, then, become tranquil and protected from disarray.

A western thinker commented on this subject with the following:

“‘There is a beautiful definition ofreason, that also implies its balance. This definitionis: Reason is the organizing power. Thispower which like a new type of steering mechanism for cars, prevents both men and women from colliding with each other. It is a system which absorbs great shocks which result from sudden collisions or road irregularities; it offers passengers comfort and assurance even on the toughest roads.”

Crimes are manifestations of unbalanced personalities. When an individuallooses control over hisreason; he alsolooses control of his will and over himself. Not only does a person, not ruled by reason lose his role as a productive element in life, but he also turns into a dangerous social member.

Anger makes man like a small stream running between mighty mountains making loud noises Noble men, who enjoy moral excellence, are like great rivers running between swamps and into seas without creating turbulence.

Rough natures need strong wills in order to prevent them from overpowering the soul; or they can force the individual to make hasty decisions at moments of pain or when under pressure, hence leading him into an unnecessary fate.

The Diverse Consequences of Anger

A psychologicalstate which leads one’s nature to divert from its natural path is anger. When it controls and besieges man, anger takes the form of arrogance and removes thebarriers which prevent it from entering into man’s will, hence instigating him to harm his opponent without any considerations. The veil of anger blinds the mind and can turn a man into ananimal which lacks any realization of reality. This allows him to commit crimes then have everlasting consequences on his life. Yet, when he realizes his mistakes, it is usually when he faces uncalled results and falls in the hole of misery.

This evil trait leads only to sorrow, for its peak does not recede save when the“Blaming Soul” prevails, and turns the person’s lowly deeds into the rage of anger thus causing him to lose his credibility with the judgment of reason and conscience. When the consequences of the judgment of reason appear on an angered man, waves of sorrow coupled with intense pain appear in the heart. Even the body is vulnerable to the adverse consequences of anger, because it is the abode of comfort for the soul.

Itshould be understood that the power of anger is essential in its correct proportions. Within those proportions, anger is an element of strength and young age. The type ofanger which allows man to resist oppression and defend his rights is a humanistic characteristic.

Seeking revenge, which is often associated with anger, fills life with gloominess. If we intend to treat evil with evil at allinstances, and revenge from our foes by uttering impolite insults, we would have to waste most of our lives in arguments and controversies. We moreover loose the power of will and bear the humility of weakness.

Man is always subject to error and forgetfulness. Therefore, if our actions instigate someone to become angry, then the best method to obtain his forgiveness is by admitting our mistakes to him.

According to Dr. Dale Carnegie:

“If it becomes clear to us that we deserve punishment or reprehension, then isn’t it better for us to admit our mistakes? Is thereprehension which we direct at ourselves more appropriate and bearable than that which others direct at us? Thus, let us start by admitting our objectionable actionsso as to deprive our foes of their weapons. In this manner, we can guarantee up to ninety percent that we will obtain forgiveness and willingness to overlook our mistakes.

Everyone can easily conceal his shortcomings, but it is a noble man who finds a unique sense of honor and pride when he willingly admits his errors;When we are sure that righteousness is on our side, it becomes incumbent on us to prepare a suitable atmosphere to win others to our side. On the other hand, if we are in error, it is our moral obligationto immediately and clearly admit so. After we admit our mistakes, not only do we obtain the excellent results of doing so, but acquire more of a sense of enjoyment than if we had sought revenge.

Man’s heart inherits the light of real happiness and waves of noble feelings from forgiveness. We even prevail over our foes and force them to submit by forgiving their mistakes. It also grants us confidence in ourselves and others, and the light of love and harmony shine from it. Forgiveness leads archenemies to harmonize with each other and overlook disagreement and dissension.

Knowledge is a mean of reducing violence and improving manners. The more a man’s circle of knowledge increases the more the horizon ofthis thinking increases , giving him more power to resist the traps of lusts. So he becomes patient and more forgiving.

Guidance from the Leaders of Religion

The most effective cure for the disorder known as anger is adherence to the teachings of the Prophets and Imams. The conclusions and studies conducted by physicians,psychologists and philosophers are not totally useless, but they are not comprehensive in removing this disorder.

The leaders of religion have brought our attention, through their wise words, to the dangerous consequences of anger, and the fantastic advantages of suppressing it. Imam as-Sadiq (a.s .) said:

“Avoid anger for it brings about reprehension.”

Dr.Mardin has elaborated on this point by saying:

“An angry man (whatever the reason for his anger) realizes the meaningless of his anger after he calms down, and in most cases he feels that he should apologize to those he has insulted. If you accustom yourselves to admitting the uselessness of anger when it occurs, you will reduce the degree of its unwanted consequences.” 1

Imam as-Sadiq (a.s .) has said:

“Anger is annihilation of the heart of thewise, he whocan not control his anger cannot control his mind.” 2

Anger and the frustration which occursas a result of it have dangerous effects on one’s health. According to healthspecialists anger can cause sudden death if it reaches certain levels of intensity.

Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) said:

“He who does not restrain his anger, speeds his death.” 3

Dr.Mardin says:

“Do those with weak hearts realize that some frustration can cost them their lives? They may not know it, but should realize that many healthy individuals are victims of instances of intenseanger which caused them to die of heart attacks.

“Anger also causes loss of appetite, indigestion, and disturbs both the muscle and the nervous systems for hours or even days. Anger adversely affects all bodily and spiritual functions of the body. Even the nursing mother’s anger can cause dangerous poisoning of her milk.” 4

Dr. Mann says:

“Scientific investigation regarding the philosophical effect on anxiety revealed changes in all the body members; the heart, veins, stomach, brain, and internal glands all change their natural course of functioning during moments of anger. Adrenalin plays the role of burning fuel in moments of anger instead of other hormones.” 5

Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) said:

“Avoid anger, for its beginning is ludicrous, and its end is sorrow.

He also said:

“Anger is a raging fire, he who suppresses it extinguishes the fire, and he who sets it free is the first to burn in it.” 6

The Commander of the Faithful, Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) recommended patience as a tool for resisting anger and avoiding its harmful consequences. He said:

“Guard against the severity of anger, and equip yourselves with patience so as to counter it.” 7

And :“Self-control at the moments of anger safeguards you from moments of perdition.” 8

It is even possible for a person to commit murder during moments of anger:

Imam al-Baqir (a.s .) said:

“What is more evil than anger? Surely man can be angered and in turn kill a soul which is prohibited by Allah.”

According to JohnMarkoist :

“Some individuals (with certain psychological problems) minds encounter crime scenes as fast as cinema films. A characteristic of such patients is that in one instant they are thinking about committing a crime and the next they have committed it without hesitation. They are, in other words, instant killers.” 9

The Messenger of Allah (S) commanded the following at moments of anger:

“...Therefore, if one of you finds some of this (anger) in himself, if he is standing he should sit, and if he was sitting he should lay down. If he is still angry, he should perform ablution with cold water or bath, for fire can only be extinguished with water.” 10

Dr. VictorPashi says:

“If a child gets frustrated without you harshly reprehending him, you can suppress his anger by washing him with cold water or wrapping him in a wet or damp cloth.” 11

Dr. C.Robbin has also said:

“Cleanliness of the body has great effect on behavior. Bathing with warm water every morning and evening cleans and relaxes the body and removes boredom and the loss of appetite. It also suppresses anyanger which might have been caused by the daily routine. Thus, we may stress the importance of it for the body and for the mind.” 12

As we have previously stated, the leaders of religion have set great examples for us in the followingstory which was narrated byIbn Ashoub in his book.

Mubarad andIbn Aisha narrated that a man from Syria saw ImamHasan (a.s .) riding a horse and started insulting him. ImamHasan (a.s .) did not reply to the man. When the Syrian stopped, ImamHasan (a.s .) proceeded towards him and after cheerfully greeting him said:

“Old man, I believe you are a stranger. Maybe you have confusedme with another person. If you ask forgiveness, itis granted to you. If you ask for a means of transportation, we shall provide it for you. If you are hungry, we shall feed you. If you are in need of clothes, we shall cloth you. If you are deprived, we shall grant you.if you are being sought, we shall give you refuge.if you have any need, we shall fulfill it for you. And if you wish to proceed with your caravan be our guest until you leave, it would be more useful to you, for we hold a good position, greatdignity and vast belongings.”

When the man heard the words ofal-Hasan he cried and said:

“I testify that you are Allah’s heir on His earth. Allah surely knows to whom He assigns His Message. You and your Father were the most resented of Allah’s creatures tome , but now you are the most beloved of Allah’s creatures to me.

The man then directed his caravan and became their guest of the town until he departed while believing in their love.13

Notes

1.Pirozi Fikr

2.Usul al-Kafi v.2, p. 305

3.Ghurar al-Hikam p. 625

4.Pirozi Fikr

5.Usule Ravanshinasi

6.Ghurar al-Hikam p. 71

7.Ghurar al-Hikam p.131

8.Ghurar al-Hikam p. 462

9. ChiMidanam .

10.Ihya ’ al-Ulum v.2, p. 151

11.Rahi Khoshbakhti

12. ChiMidanam .

13. al-Manaqib v.4, p. 19

Ill-Nature

The Value of Friendship

Love is a natural human feeling. It is for this reason we see every man is attracted by an internal power to other members of his kind. Thus, this instinctive need must be fulfilled and every one must establish brotherly relations with certain individuals or groupsso as to benefit socially from such relations.

Love is the foundation of security and comfort. It is the most enjoyable spiritualneed which develops with time. There isnot amore valuable thing in this world than love.

The pain and suffering which result from losing a beloved one are most disastrous to man; spirits need other spirits for refuge or we would become torn in the hands of insecurity and anxiety, thus, becoming the victims of our own world’s oppression.

A certain scholarwas quoted as saying in this regard,“The secret to happiness is to maintain brotherly relations with our world, instead of creating chaos. Those who cannot love their ownkind, cannot live an anxiety-free and secure life.”

Theties which best bring the various elements of a society to each other are those which are built on true feelings and real love.Harmony which exists between two souls is what makes them unit in the worlds of love and unity. It is from here that the basis of eternal happiness stems. Yet, in order for such happiness to survive, one must set differences aside and compromise with others on some of theissues which they rightly reject.

The most valuable friendships arethose which are not built on personal interests but are twin with the feeling of brotherhood and are able to satisfy the human soul which needs love and comfort. A person who presents himself as a faithful friend should not allow any factor to shake his feelings towards that friend; infact he should endeavor to remove the calamities and pains which befall his friend’s heart, and demonstrate to him the gardens of hopes and comfort.

Those who ask for the love of others should have the ability to give them the same prior to living in the shadow of their emotions. According to one scholar,“Our lives are like a mountainous area, whenever one makes a sound he hears the echo coming back at him; those whose hearts are full of love for others will experience the same from them.

It is true that it is our material life thatis built on exchange. We do not wish to say the spiritual lifeis built on the same basis, but how is it possible to expect faithfulness from others without being faithful to them? And how can one ask for love from others without loving them first?”

Interacting with others can be very harmful if itis not built on love and honesty from both sides.

If the nightmare of hypocrisy overtakes the hearts and lives of men; if flattery replaces honesty and friendship, harmony and sympathy will be weakened and the spirit of cooperation will be stolen from the society.

Undoubtedly, many of us have met others in society in whose hearts lay no real love or emotions; they conceal their real selves behind the cover of love.But frequently we are able to reach beyond that cover to their realities and actual feelings, and as a result, our relationship with them results in the destruction of their masks.

Indeed one of the prerequisites of happiness and an effective method of spiritual development is real friendship with righteous people. This is because personal thoughts develop under the shadow of such relationships, wherein the spirit rises to levels of piety and excellent traits.

Therefore, it is essentialto carefully examine individuals to be taken as friends. It is an unforgivable error to establish friendships with any one whose honesty and purityare not verified - because man was created susceptible to the characteristics of others through his interactions with them. Negative relationships are a threat to the happiness of humanity.

Ill-Natured Individuals are Resentful

Certain characteristics and unwanted habits weaken the ties of love and sometimes result in breaking up excellent relationships. Hot-tempered individuals, who are unable to keep the love of others, erect an indestructible wall between them and society, which prevents them from realizing the light of love.

Ill nature, therefore, destroys the basis of happiness and devalues man’s character. It is indisputable that bad manners keep people away from each other, for man suffers from the treatment of those whom he resents or cannot relateto . Thus, bad manners force people to give up many abilities, which could be very useful in the path of their advancement in life had they beenwell-mannered .

It is necessary for one who wishes to interact in his societyto first realize the art of interaction, and after becoming familiar with it, put it to use according to the acceptable social rules. Without this process, a person cannot live in harmony with his society, nor can interpersonal conduct move towards perfection in such a society.

Good conduct, therefore, is the main basis of happiness between people. It is also an important factor in bettering individual personalities. In fact, good conduct allows man to make use of his abilities and become effective on the general level of managing society. There is not another characteristic equal to good conduct in attracting the love and affection of others and reducing thepains which maybe faced in life.

Those who enjoy such good traits do not manifest their sad sides to others, hence preventing them from reaching beyond their privacy. Such individuals struggle to create a rainbow of happiness and affection around themselves to make those who interact with them, forget their own miseries by giving them a sense of security. They also present their own security despite any troubles they may have, thus, increasing the chances of their success and victory.

Good manners are a strong element in securing success for many individuals.Needless to say, the success of commercial establishments is directly related to the good conduct of its employees.

A manager of a company who enjoys good manners is usually active and attracts many vital connections tohimself . In conclusion, good manners are the secret behindbeing accepted by others. People cannot bear with ill-natured people regardless of their positions. A personal survey would reveal the reasons behind the inclinations towards certain individuals over others.

A western scholar recorded the following regarding his experience in this field:

“One day I decided to conduct an experiment on how my attentiveness and cheerful face affected my life. Prior to that dayI was sad and depressed; on that morning I left the house with the intention of being cheerful.I thought to myself.I have noticed many times that other’s attentiveness and cheerful faces give me strength.

I wanted to discover if I, myself, could be influential to others in the same way.I repeated to myself while on my way to work, my resolution to be attentive and have a cheerful face; I even convinced myself that I was a very lucky man. As aresult I felt a sense of comfort overtake my body.I felt as if I was flying.I looked at my surroundings with a wide smile on my face; yet I still saw many faces around me on which the features of sadness were apparent.

My heart burnt for these people and I wished I could grant them some of the light from my heart.

“That morning I entered my office and greeted the accountant in a manner that hewas not used to. Prior tothis I rarely smiled and never greeted him like this even if my life was on the line. The accountant could not help but greetme with warmth and great affection. At thatmoment I felt that my happiness had truly affected him.

“The president of the company where I work is the kind of man who never lifts his head to talk to others, he is very unpleasant. On thatday he harshly reprehended me, more that day than on any other day. I would not have put up with it; yet, because of my decision not to let any incident bother me, I answered him in such a manner that made some of the wrinkles on his face disappear.

This was the second incident that day. Later on thatday Iendeavoured to keep my attentiveness and cheerfulness and pass them on to my co-workers.

“As such, I was able to practice this method with my family which resulted in positive consequences. As a result,I discovered that I could be active, happy and make others around me feel the same way.

This is possible for you too. Meet people with this attitude, have a cheerful face and the flowers of happiness will bloom in your life, as roses bloom in the spring-time, and you will gain many friends who will bring peace and tranquility to you eternally.”

No one denies the great effect of this characteristic on softening the hearts of the enemies. Respect and good manners also play an important role in convincing one’s opponents of the adherence to ideologies.

Another western writer said in this regard,“All gates are opened towards him whose face is cheerful and who enjoys good manners; while the ill-natured individuals have to knock down doors to open them just like gangsters. The best of matters are those related to kindness,good-manners and cheerfulness.”

Moreover, I would like to add that good manners necessitate happiness and lead good-natured individuals to perfection, but only if such manners and traits stem deep from one’s heart far from hypocrisy and pretense.

In other words, the feeling of love must be a manifestation of what is in the heart. The outside appearance is not necessarily a reflection of whatis hidden in the hearts of men. It is possible that some of the good traits of an individual contradict his disturbed and misguided heart. Many are the devils that dress themselves in the garments of angels, hence concealing their fearful faces under a curtain of beauty.

The Prophet of Islam, the Perfect Exemplar

We all know that one of the most important factors of Islam’s advancement was the perfect conduct of tile Prophet (S). This factis stated in the Holy Qur’an where Allah, the Almighty, says:

“And had you been rough, hard hearted they would certainly have dispersed from around you.” (Qur’an 3:158).

The Prophet of Allah (S) treated all people equally. His deep and indescribable love for humanitywas perfectly manifested in his angelic being. He attended to all Muslims’ needs equally.

“And the Messenger of Allah (S) divided his moments between his companions: he would attend to this and attend to that equally.” 1

He (S) also condemned ill nature; he (S) repeatedly said:“Ill nature is evil and the worst of you are those who are ill-natured.” 2

And he (S) also said:“O sons of AbdulMuttalib , surely you will not (he able to) satisfy people with your money, therefore meet them with cheerful faces and joyful conduct.” 3

Anas ibn Malik , the Prophet’s servant, used to say when he remembered his (the Prophets) excellent traits:“I have served the Prophet (S) for ten years; during this time he has never said ‘woe’ (as if complaining) to me, regardless of what I did or did not do.” 4

Furthermore, good conduct and cheerfulness arefactors which prolong life. Imam as-Sadiq (a.s .) said in this regard:“Kindness and good manners make land flourish and prolong lives.” 5

Dr. Sanderson has written this on the subject:

“Kindness is an important factor in treating and preventing Illnesses. Most medications result in unwanted side - effects along with a temporary cure, while kindness causes everlasting cures to all parts of the body (...) kindness moves all powers of the body. Blood circulation in those who enjoy good manners is excellent, and their breathing is better...” 6

There is a beautiful point in Imam as-Sadiq’s (a.s .) statement. He (a.s .) says there is a direct relationship between kindness and good manners and stated that they are among the factors which prolong life. The reason behind this is that kind people enjoy a sense of happiness and satisfaction, thus, both kindness and good manners have the same desired effects.

Imam as-Sadiq (a.s .) also considered these traits elements for achieving happiness when he said:

“Part of man’s happiness is his good manners”. 7

Samuel Smiles added on the same topic:

“Good manners and emotional balance have their effects on man’s development and happiness just like other powers and Instincts do. As a matter of fact, individual’s happiness is greatly related to their affections and good manners.” 8

In addition, good manners make life easier and increase subsistence and harmony, Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) said:“Good manners bestow subsistence lavishly and make friends (more) intimate.” 9

S.Marden wrote the following in his book:

“I know a restaurant manager who became very wealthy and popular because of his good conduct.I learned that travelers and tourists traveled long distances to reach his restaurant; they did so because in this restaurant they liked the privacy and the pleasant atmosphere. When the customers are at the restaurant, the said manager cheerfully greets them in a manner that is not duplicated anywhere.

In fact, in this restaurant they do not experience the cold nuisance complaints that you find in other restaurants. In thisrestaurant the employees try to show affection and build friendly relationships with the customers, instead of the usual seller - buyer relationships.

The employees smile a lot and give special attention to serving their customers, this attention stems from love and affection for their guests. The employees establish such relationships with their guests that the guests not only feel that they should come back but also bring their friends. It is clear how effective this method is in attracting new customers”

Headded: “Good Manners have not played a more important role throughout history than at this time. They have become the capital of those who wish to bring happiness and success to their lives” .10

Imam as-Sadiq (a.s .) included cheerfulness among the signs of man’s ability to reason. He said:

“Those who have the most perfect reasoning amongst people are those who have the best manners” .11

Samuel Smiles says:

“History shows us that the greatest geniuses were happy and Optimistic men, for they realized the real meaning of life and tried to manifest their reason in their flesh. When one reflects on their achievements, he can clearly notice their healthy souls and thinking and their kindness and enthusiasmThe greatest souls and most intelligent people all enjoy cheerful faces and happiness. Their manners were examples for those who adhered to them and were influenced by their conduct, hence they followed the light of’ their kindness and natural happiness” 12

The Honorable Messenger (S) said:

“The most important traits which will lead my nation to Paradise are fear of Allah and good manners” 13

Consequently it is incumbent upon him whose leader is reason and who desires to lead an honorable life to achieve this priceless spiritual capital, good manners. In order to eradicate an unwanted characteristic, man needs earnest desire to reach his goal. A glance at the disadvantages that bad manners leave provides an incentive to lead him into struggling to eradicate such manners.

Notes

1.Rawdah al-Kafi .p.268.

2.Nahj a1-Fasahah, p.371.

3.Wasa’il ash-Shia v.2, p. 222.

4.Fada’il al-Khamsah , v.1. p. 119.

5.Wasa’il ash-Shia , v.2, p. 221.

6.Pirozi Fikr .

7.Musadrak al-Wasa’il , v.2, p.83.

8.Akhlaq .

9.Ghurar al-Hikam p. 279

10.Khish tanSazi

11.Wasa’il ash-Shiah , v.2 , p. 221.

12.Akhlaq .

13.Wasa’il ash-Shiah , v.2 , p. 221.

Optimism

Trust and Peace of Mind

Man needs stability more than any other thing in his unstable life. Those who engage themselves struggling to achieve goals without being equipped with the weapon of stability face failure anddefeat . In fact, as one’s responsibilities increase, his need for stability and assurance also increases. In light of this fact, it becomes the duty of everyone to learn how to avoid anxiety and revert to stability and assurance.

Struggling to acquire wealth, power, fame, and other material gains is not but falsehood. Efforts made in this path will go to waste, because man’s happiness lies in his own soul, just as the spring of misery lies deep in the heart. Medicine, according to Imam ‘Ali, the Prince of the Faithful (a.s .), is within man’s own soul, so we cannot find in outside influences the same effect that lies within the powerful resources of the human soul. Because outside influences are temporary, it is impossible that they would lead man to complete satisfaction.

Apictatus says: “We must let people know that cannot find happiness and good luck in places they randomly search for themselves. Real happiness does not lie in power and ability. BothMirad andAgluis were miserable people despite the great power they had.

Likewise, happiness does not lie in wealth and large amounts of money. Croesus, for example, was not happy even though he had vast wealth and treasures. Happiness also cannot be achieved by governmental powernor by political chokes.

The RomanCeasers were unhappy despite their great power. Actually, happinesscan not be achieved by acquiring the above mentioned gains together. Nero,Sandnapal andAghamnin were known for their continuous weeping because they were like toys in the hands of misfortune.

Yet they had all the benefits of wealth,power and fame. Therefore, man has to search for the means of real happiness in his own soul and conscience.”

We must admit that the solution for many unsolved questions innature, and the rapid increase in machinery are not enough to bring about a worry free life. This new machinery isnot only unable to reduce the amount of suffering in the world, but has also brought with it many new problems and uncertainties.

Therefore, in order to free ourselves from the continuous sufferings of life and go beyond the blackclouds which darken our souls, we urgently need rightly guided minds. The mind can secure human happiness the same way it was able to bring aboutmany advancements in our material living. It is here that the power of thinkingbecomes clearly manifested and shows its astonishing influence on man’s life.

Clear mindedness is a fluent spring which advance man to a more excellent degree than material gains can by introducing him to a vast new world. Righteous thinking prevents clever individuals from becoming toys in the hands of money. Those whose thinking abilities grow to become the center of their existence can steadfastly stand in the way of infliction when it befalls them, by adopting a positive outlook.

In order to safeguard ourselves from being victims of various events, and to protect ourselves from the waves of negligence and exaggeration we must establish a scale of thinking for ourselves by which we can judge our behavior and conduct; hence guiding our souls to correct thinking that may equip us with spiritual powers to defeat anxiety.

A leading western scholar says:

“Perhaps we are unable to elect the counted individualswho’s conduct and ways of thinking are most hike ours, but we are free to select our thoughts. We are the judges of our minds. We may choose that which we deem appropriate. The external causes andinfluences which we observe are not part of us that they may force us to think in a certain way.

Therefore, we must choose the correct way of thinking and eradicate disadvantageous ones. Our soulsare directed to the path of our thoughts. In other words, our thoughts direct us in any manner they wish; because ofthis we should not allow ourselves to hold any evil thoughts or to occupy our minds with that which we resent.

Such thoughts can capture us and make us victims of different kinds of misery. We must struggle continuously towards achieving perfection and reaching the noblest hopes and most honorable goals as the secret of success and happiness lie in righteous thinking only.”

The Effects of Optimism

In the same manner in which the body system becomes disturbed by various illnesses, the harmony of thoughts, which are held by one’smind becomes disturbed by different factors and evil traits. Despite the powers of the mind, itcannot be independent of a person’s conduct. Therefore, man can only feel happiness when he enjoys good manners that conform to his thinking,conduct and enthusiasm.It is the responsibility of men to eradicate the roots of the traits that blacken his comfort and happiness.

Two elements that help create harmonious thinking are optimism and a positive outlook towards life and others. Optimism and positive expectations of those around you are guaranties of comfort for those who live in the field of humanity. Contrary to optimism are pessimism andill-thinking of others which bring a halt to the ability of righteous thinking and reduce the ability to move towards perfection.

Optimism can best be described as a light in darkness which widens as the horizon of thinking does. Withit the love of kindness grows in man, thus counting a new development in his view on life and in his outlook at it. Enabling man to see a more beautiful color of life, hence, achieving the ability to observe all people in a new light and the powerto equally and justly judge each one of them. An optimistic man’s sufferings vanish and his hopes increase while keeping his apparent and spiritual relations with the various elements of the society in the best manners.

There is not a factor able to reduce the number of problems in a man s lifelike optimism can. The features of happiness are more apparent on the faces of optimists, not only in the instances of satisfaction but throughout life in positive and negative situations alike. The light of happiness shines from the optimist’s comfortable soul of the optimist at all times.

The need to acquire other’s trust is essential. In order for trust to exist between individuals, optimism must become part of their lives. This is afact which has its direct influence on the happiness of the individual and society. Trust among the members of any society is an important factor in the advancement of that society.

The opposite is also true, for mistrust can always be a destructive element in the future of any social entity. The deeper the communication is between the various elements of the society, the faster development and advancement are. Also, among the leading social fruits of optimism are harmony,cooperation and trust. Moreover, peace in any social life can only be enjoyed if therelationship between the members of that life are built on affection along with trust and good expectations of others.

A scholar in this field of study said:

“Good expectation is a feature of belief, and nothing can be achieved without belief and hope.”

When one’s trust in others increases, his trust in himself also increases; this is one of the naturaloccurrences which happen in all societies with no exceptions. At thispoint we should not ignore the fact that there does exist a big difference between optimism and trust in others, and the unreasonable quick belief in any person.

Trust does not mean that a Muslim should totally submit to those he does not know or listen to what they say without investigating their realities and examining them. Likewise, we cannot generalize the concept of trust to include those who are open in their crimes and injustices.

In other words, trust has exceptions and should exclude some members of the society under certain conditions. In fact, a trusting person practices scrutiny and studies the expected conclusions of every matter.

Therefore, his conductis built upon precaution and carefulness, and his actions depend on careful examination and deep reflections.

Islam Calls for Optimism and Trust

Islam has planted root in the believers by filling their hearts with faith. It is in this manner that our religion leads its adherents to comfort and stability. The Holy Qur’an states that the Honorable Messenger (S) was so confident that the hypocrites criticized him for it.

Islam commands its followers to trust each other, and to assume that another’s intentions are good. Therefore, itis not permitted for anyone to judge a Muslim’s actions as corrupt without proper evidence for such a judgment.

The Prince of the Faithful (a.s .) said:“Expect good from your brothers, unless something happen that makes you rule otherwise; and do not assume a word of his is evil when there is still the possibility of it being good” .1

When people trust each other, it increases their love towards each other and brings harmony into their lives. The Muslims’ Imams expressed the importance of trust in many ways. Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) once said:“He who trusts others gains love from them.” 2

Dr.Mardin is quoted as saying:

“When you establish a friendship with someone, try to observe only his positive points: then try to appreciate in your consciences those good traits von have found in him. If you are able to center this advise in your mind, on will live a good and satisfactory life, and will discover that everyone presents his good and kind sides to you while trying to win your friendship forhimself .” 3

It is even possible that optimism and trust affect the thinking and conduct of the misguided ones. In summary, they (trust and optimism) provide grounds for the salvation of such people.

Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) once said:“Trust rescues him who indulged in sin.”

Dr. Dale Carnegie states:

“Recently I met the manager of a franchise of restaurants. This particular chain of restaurant is called “The Honorable Deal”. In these restaurants, which were established in 1885, the employees never presented a bill to the customers;instead thecustomers order what they wish to eat and after the meal they calculate the charges and pay the cashier without any questions.

“I said to the manager: ‘Of course you have a secret inspector?! You can’t trust all the customers of your restaurant?’ He answered: ‘No, we do not secretly watch ourcustomers, yet, we do know that our method is appropriate, otherwise we would not have been able to advance during this last half century.’ The customers of this restaurant feel that they are dealt with honorably, it stems from the idea that the poor, rich, thief, and beggar all try to conform to the good conduct which is expected of them here.”

Mr. Louis, a social psychologist, has said:

“If you interact with an unstable, ill-natured man and are trying to lead him to goodness and stability, try to make him feel that you trust him, treat him like a respected and honorable man. You will find that he tries to keep the trust that you have placed in him. Consequently, in order for him to prove that he is worth your trust, he will try to do what makes him qualified for your trust.”

How to Win Friends

Dr. GilbertRoben wrote:

“Trust children. WhatI mean is deal with them as if they have never made a mistake. In otherwords erase their past and forgive their wrong conduct. Try to assign important duties to those who do not behave well. With every new job that yougive them make it appear as if they have improved their behavior, and that they have become qualified for the job you have given them.

It is possible to remove theobstacles which stand in the way of correction by good conduct and trusting the ones to be corrected. From here we can say that most of the unwanted are not but reactions to fill space in the lives of the individuals.”

SirYal Bint used to suggestto trust children who have a habit of stealing with some money, and give them jobs which conform to the ability of those who are lazy. Trust guarantees comfort to the person.

Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) said:“Trust is a comfort to the heart and security in faith.” 4

Trust also releases the pressure created by the miseries and misfortunes of life.

Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) stated:“Trust reduces depression.”

Dr.Mardin said: “There is not a thing that makes life more beautiful in our eyes, reduces our sufferings, and paves the way for success like optimism and trust do. Therefore, be careful of painful thoughts just as you are cautious of illnesses and their dangerous effects. Open your minds to optimistic thinking and you will see how easily you can rescue yourself from existing thoughts.” 5

It is essential for Muslims to behave with each other in such a way that does not leave room for ill expectations to penetrate their society. Imam ‘Ali (a.s .), on this subjects, used to advise the Muslims to think positively about each other and not to act in a manner that would make others mistrust them. He (a.s .) also recommended that people should avoid places of suspicion. He is quoted as saying:“He who holds hope in you has given you his trust, therefore do not disappoint him” .6

Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) made the judging point for man’s reason his thinking about others when he said:

“Man’s expectation is the scale for his reason, and his conduct is the most truthful witness to his authenticity.” 7

Because an individual whose expectations of people is negative lacks the ability to reason logically, Imam ‘Ali (a.s .) made the Muslim’s refusal of ill-thinking a sign of their spiritual power. He also said:“One who refuses ill expectations of his brother, has healthy reason and his heart is at peace.” 8

Samuel Smiles said:

“It has been proven that those who have strong natures andspirits, are naturally happy and hopeful in life. They look at everyone and everything with trust and ease. Wise men see beyond every cloud a shining sun, and realize that behind every misery and infliction, exists the happiness they long for. These people find new power every time theyare inflicted with a new problem; and find hope with every depression or sadness.

Such nature enjoys real happiness, and its advocates are lucky. The light of gladness shines in their eyes and theycan always be seen smiling. The hearts of these individuals sparkle like stars and they see everything with an understanding eye and with the color they wish.”

Imam as-Sadiq (a.s .) considered good expectation to be one of the Muslim’s rights on each other.

“Among the rights of a believer to another believer.., is not to doubt him.” 9

Truly the element most capable of giving man optimism and trust is faith. Had all people been one nation who believed in Allah, His Messenger, and the Last Day, it would have been natural for everyoneto truly trust each other. The lack of faith among people is the reason for the acute disease of mistrust in society. A believer, whose heart is comfortable with belief and trust in Allah, depends on that unlimited power whenever heis inflicted with weakness. He seeks refuge in Allah during hardships: this trains his souls and deeply affects his morals.

Notes

1. Jami’ as-Sa’adat v.2, p. 28.

2.Ghurar al-Hikam .

3.Pirozi Fikr (Persian).

4.Ghurar al-Hikam p. 376.

5.Pirozi Fikr (Persian).

6.Ghurar al-Hikam p. 680.

7.Ghurar al-Hikam p. 474.

8.Ghurar al-Hikam p. 676.

9.Usul al-Kafi V 1. p. 394.