Mutahhirat (Purifying Agents)
71. There are twelve things which make Najis objects Tahir:
(i) Water
(ii) Earth
(iii) The Sun
(iv) Trancformation (Istihalah)
(v) Change (Inqilab)
(vi) Transfer (Intiqal)
(vii) Islam
(viii) Subjection (Tabaiyyah)
(ix) Removal of original Najasah
(x) Confining (Istipà) of animal which feeds on Najasah
(xi) Disappearance of a Muslim
(xii) Draining of the usual quantity of blood from the slaughtered body of an animal.
I.Water
72. The interior of a Najis vessel, or utensil, even if it has been made Najis with wine, must be washed three times if less than Kurr water is used, and as per obligatory percaution,the same will apply if Kurr or running water is used. If a dog drinks water or any other liquid from a utensil, the utensil should be first scrubbed with Tahir earth,and after washing off the dust, it should be washed twice with running, Kurr or under Kurr water. similarly, if the dog licks a utensil, it should be scrubbed with dust before washing. And if the saliva of a dog falls into the utensil, or somewhere of its body meets the utensil, as per obligatory precaution, it should be scrubbed with dust and then washed with water three times.
73. If a utensil is licked by a pig, or if it drinks any liquid from it, or in which a rat has died, it should be washed seven times with running water, or Kurr or lesser water. It will not be necessary to scour it with dust.
A Najis utensil can be made Tahir with under Kurr water in two ways:
(i) The utensil is filled up with water and emptied three times.
(ii) some quantity of water and poured in it, and then the utensil is shaken, so that the water reaches all Najis parts. This should be done three times and then the water is spilled.
74. If a Najis thing is immersed once in Kurr or running water, is such a way that water reacher all its Najis parts, it becomes Tahir. And in the case of a carpet or dress, it is not necessary to squeeze or wring or press it. And when body or dress is Najis because of urine, it must be washed twice even in Kurr water.
75. When a thing which has become Najis with urine, is to be made Tahir with under_Kurr water, it should be poured once, and as water flows off eliminating all the traces of urine,the thing will become Tahir. But if dress or body has become Najis because of urine, it must be washed twice to be made Tahir. when a cloth or a carpet and similar things are made Tahir with water which is less than Kurr, it must be wrung, or squeezed, till the water remaining in it runs out.
76. If anything becomes Najis with the urine of a suckling child, who has not yet started taking solid food, the thing will be Tahir if water is poured over it once, reaching all parts which had been Najis.
163.
If anything becomes Najis with Najasah other than urine, it becomes Tahir by first removing the Najasah and then pouring under-Kurr water once allowing it to flow off. But, if it is a dress etc, it should be squeezed so that the remaining water should flow off.
77. If the exterior of soap becomes Najis, it can be made Tahir, but if its interior becomes Najis, it cannot become Tahir, and if soap or not, its interior will be considered Tahir.
78. A Najis thing does not become Tahir unless the najis_ul_Ayn is removed from it,but there is not harm if the colour, or smell of the Najasah remains in it. So, if blood is removed from a cloth, and the cloth is rinsed with water, it will become Tahir even if the colour of blood remains on it.
79. Meat or fat which becomes Najis, can be made Tahir with water like all other things. same is the case if the body or dress or utensil has a little grease on it, which does not revent water from reaching it.
80. Tap water which is connected with Kurr water is considered to be Kurr.
81. If a person washed a thing with water, and becomes sure that it has become Tahir, but doubts later whether or not he had removed the Najis_ul_Ayn from it, he should wash it again, and ensure that the Najis_ul_Ayn has been removed.
82. If a ground which absorbs water (e.g. land on the surface of which there is fine sand) becomes Najis, it can be made Tahir even with under Kurr water.
83. If the floor which is made of stones, or picks or other hard ground, in which water is not absorbed, becomes Najis, it can be made Tahir with under Kurr water, but, it is necessary that so much water is poured on it that it begins to flow. And if that Water is not drained out, and it collects there, it should be drawn out by a vessel or soaked by a cloth.
II.Earth
84. The earth makes the sole of one’s feet and shoes Tahir, provided that the following four conditions are fulfilled:
(i) The earth should be Tahir.
(ii) The earth should be dry, as a precaution.
(iii) As an obligatory precaution, the Najasah should have stuck from the earth.
(iv) If najis-ul- Any, like blood or urine, or something which has become Najis, like najis clay, is stuck on the sole of a foot, or a shoe, it will be Tahir only if it is cleared by walking on earth, or by rubbing the foot or the shoe against it. therefore, if the Najis-ul-Any vanishes by itself, and not by walking or rubbing on the ground, the foot or the sole will not be Tahir by earth, as an obligatory precaution. And the earth should be dust or sand, or consisting of stones or laid with picks ; which means walking on carpet, mats, green grass will not make the sole of feet or shoes Tahir.
85. It is a matter of Ishkal that walking over a tarred road. or a wooden floor will make the Najis sole of feet and shoes Tahir. ( In other words, as an obligatory precaution, tarred road or wooden floor does not make Najis sole of feet or shoes Tahir.)
86. When the Najis sole of one's foot or shoe becomes Tahir by walking on earth, the parts adjacent to it, which are usually blotched with mud, become Tahir.
87. If a person moves on his hands and knees, and his hands or knees become Najis, it is a matter of Ishkal (it is improbable) that they become Tahir by such movement. Similarly, the end of a stick, the bottom of a prosthetic leg, the shoe of quadruped and the wheels of a car or a cart etc. would not become Tahir.
III.The Sun
88. The sun makes the earth, building,and the walls Tahir, provided the following five conditions are fulfilled:
(i) The Najis thing should be sufficiently wet, and if it is dry, it should be made wet so that the sun dries it up.
(ii) Any Najis-ul-Ayn should not be remained on it.
(iii) Nothing should intervene between the Najis thing and the sun. Therefore, if the rays fall on the Najis thing from behind a curtain, or a cloud etc, and makes it dry, the thing will not become Tahir. But, there is no harm if the cloud is so thin that it does not serve as an impediment between the Najis thing and the sun.
(iv) Only the sun should make the Najis thing dry. So, if a Najis thing is jointly dried by the wind and the sun, it will not become Tahir. However, it would not matter if the wind blows so lightly that it can be said that the thing has dried by the sun.
(v) The sun should dry up the whole Najis part of the building all at once. if the sun dries the surface of the Najis earth, or building, first, and later on dries the inner part, only the surface will become Tahir, and the inner portion will remain Najis.
89. If the sun shines on Najis earth, and one doubts later whether the earth was wet or not at that time, or whether the wetness dried up because of the sunshine or not, the earth will remain najis. Similarly, if one toubts whether Najis-ul- Ayn had been removed from the earth, or whether there was any impediment preventing direct sunshine, the earth will remain Najis.
IV. Transformation (Istia*àlah)
90. If a Najis thing undergoes such a change, that it assumes the category of a Tahir thing it becomes Tahir ; for example, if a Najis wood burns and is reduced to ashes,or a dog falls in a salt-marsh and transforms into salt, it becomes Tahir. But a thing does not become Tahir if its essence or category does not change ; like, if wheat is ground into flour, or is used for baking pead, it does not become Tahir
Change (Inqilab)
91. Any wine which becomes vinegar by itself, or by mixing it with vine gar or salt, becomes Tahir.
92. If the juice of grapes ferments by itself, or when heated, it becomes Halal (allowed). However, if it boils so much that only one third of it is left, it becomesHalal (allowed). It has already been mentioned in rule 60 that the juice of grapes does not become Najis on fermentation.
VI. Transfer (Intiqal)
93. If the blood of a human being, or of an animal whose blood gushes forth when its large vein is cut, is sucked by an insect, normally known to be bloodless, and it becomes part of its body, the blood becomes Tahir. This process is called intiqal.
VII. Islam
94. If an unbeliever testifies Oneness of Allah, and the Prophethood of prophet Muhammad(s), in whatever language, he becomes a Muslim. And just as he was Najis before, he becomes Tahir after becoming a Muslim, and his body, along with the saliva and the sweat, is Tahir.
95. If an unbeliever professes Islam, he will be Tahir even if another person is not sure whether he has empaced Islam sincerely, or not. And the same order applies even if it is known that he has not sincerely accepted Islam, but his words or deeds do not betray anything which may be contrary to the confirmation by him of the Oneness of Allah, and of prophet Muhammad(s) beingprophet of Allah.
VIII. subjection (TABA ‘IYYAH)
96. Tabaiyyah means that a Najis thing becomes Tahir, in subjection of another thing becoming Tahir.
97. When wine is transformed into vinegar, its container, up to the level wine reached on account of fermentation, will become Tahir. And so will the cloth or other thing which is usually put on it, if it has became Najis due to the wine. But, if the back part of the container become Najis because of contact with wine, it should be avoided, as an obligatory precaution, even after wine has transformed into vinegar.
98. If an unbeliever empaces Islam, his child in subjection to him becomes Tahir. Similarly, if the mother, grandfather or grandmother of a child empaces Islam, the child will become Tahir, provided that it is in their custody and care and there is not a Kàfir relative closer than them with it, and if the child has attained the age of under standing and discerning, it does not show inclination to unbelief.
99. The plank or slab of stone on which a dead body is given Ghusl, and the cloth with which his private parts are covered, and the hands of the person who gives Ghusl and all things washed together with the dead body, become Tahir when Ghusl is over.
100.
When a person washes something with water to make it Tahir, his hands washed along with that thing, will be Tahir when the thing is Tahir.
101.
If cloth etc. Is washed with under-Kurr water and is squeezed as usual, allowing water to flow off, the water which still remains in it is Tahir.
102.
When a Najis utensil is washed with under-Kurr water, the small quantity of water left in it after spillig the water of final wash, is Tahir.
IX. Remoral of Najis-ul ‘Ayn
103.
If body of an animal is stained with a Najis-ul-Ayn like blood or with something which has become Najis, for example, Najis water, its body becomes Tahir when the Najasah disappears. Similarly, the inner parts of the human body, for example inner parts of mouth, or nose or inner ears which become Najis with an external Najasah,become Tahir, after the Najasah has disappeared. But the internal Najasah, like the blood from the gums of the teeth,does not make inner mouth Najis. Similarly, any external thing which is placed internally in the body,does not become Najis when it meets with the internal Najasah. So if the dentures come in contact with blood from the gums, it does not require rinsing. Of course, if it contacts a Najis food, it must be made Tahir with water.
104.
If food remains between the teeth, and blood emerges within the mouth, the food will not be Najis if it comes in contact with that blood.
105.
Those parts of the lips and the eyes which overlap when shut, will be considered as inner parts of the body, and they need not be washed when an external Najasah reaches them. But a part of which one is not sure whether it is intenal or external, must be washed with water if it meets with an external Najasah.
X. Istipa’ of an animal which Eats Najasah
106.
The dung and urine of an animal which is habituated to eating human excrement,is najis, and it could be made Tahir by subjecting it to "Istipà", that is, it should be prevented from eating Najasah, and Tahir food should be given to it,till such time that it may no more be considered an animal which eats Najasah.
XI. Disappeance of aMuslim
107.
When body, dress, household utensil, carpet or any similar thing, which has been in the possession of an adult Muslim or an underage Muslim who is capable of distinguishing between purity and impurity, becomes Najis, and there after that Musl’m disappears, the things in question can be treated as Tahir, if one believes that he may have rinsed them.
108.
A scrupulous person who can never be certain about a Najis becoming Tahir, he should follow the method used by the common people.
XII. Flowing out of a slau ghtered Animal’s Blood in Normal Quantity
109.
As stated in rule 98, if an animal is slaughtered in accordance with the rules prescribed by Islam, and blood flows out of its body in normal quantity, the blood which still remains in the body of the animal is Tahir.
Rule of Gold and Silver Utensils
110.
It is Halal (allowed) to use gold and silver vessels for eating and drinking purposes, and as an obligatory precaution, their general use is also Halal (allowed). However, it is not Halal (allowed) to have them in possession as item of decoration. Similarly, it is not Halal (allowed) to manufacture gold and silver vessels, or to buy and sell them for possession or decoration.
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Author: Ayatullah Seyyed Ali Sistani
