Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

The Supplication for Wednesday

دعاء يوم الأربعاء

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

1. أَلْحَمْدُ لِلّهِ الَّذِي جَعَلَ اللَّيْلَ لِباساً،

وَالنَّوْمَ سُباتَاً،

وَجَعَلَ النَّهارَ نُشُوراً.

2. لَكَ الْحَمْدُ أَنْ بَعَثْتَنِي مِنْ مَرْقَدِي،

وَلَوْ شِئْتَ جَعَلْتَهُ سَرْمَداً

حَمْداً دَائِمَاً لا يَنْقَطِعُ أَبَداً،

وَلا يُحْصِي لَهُ الْخَلائِقُ عَدَدَاً.

3. أَللَّهُمَّ لَكَ الْحَمْدُ

أَنْ خَلَقْتَ فَسَوَّيْتَ،

وَقَدَّرْتَ وَقَضَيْتَ،

وَأَمَتَّ وَأَحْيَيْتَ،

وَأَمْرَضْتَ وَشَفَيْتَ، وَعافَيْتَ وَأَبْلَيْتَ،

وَعَلَى الْعَرْشِ اسْتَوَيْتَ، وَعَلَى الْمُلْكِ احْتَوَيْتَ.

4. أَدْعُوكَ دُعآءَ مَنْ ضَعُفَتْ وَسِيلَتُهُ،

وَانْقَطَعَتْ حِيلَتُهُ، وَاقْتَرَبَ أَجَلُهُ،

وَتَدانى فِي الدُّنْيا أَمَلُهُ،

وَاشْتَدَّتْ إلى رَحْمَتِكَ فاقَتُهُ،

وَعَظُمَتْ لِتَفْرِيطِهِ حَسْرَتُهُ،

وَكَثُرَتْ زَلَّتُهُ وَعَثْرَتُهُ،

وَخَلُصَتْ لِوَجْهِكَ تَوْبَتُهُ.

5 ـ فَصَلِّ عَلى مُحَمَّد خاتَمِ النَّبِيِّينَ،

وَعَلى أَهْلِ بَيْتِهِ الطَّيِّبِينَ الطَّاهِرِينَ،

وَارْزُقْنِي شَفاعَةَ مُحَمَّد صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ،

وَلا تَحْرِمْنِي صُحْبَتَهُ

إنَّكَ أَنْتَ أَرْحَمُ الرَّاحِمِينَ.

6 ـ أَللَّهُمَّ اقْضِ لِي فِي الاَرْبِعآءِ أَرْبَعَا:

إجْعَلْ قُوَّتِي فِي طاعَتِكَ،

وَنَشاطِي فِي عِبادَتِكَ،

وَرَغْبَتِي فِي ثَوَابِكَ،

وَزُهْدِي فِيما يُوجِبُ لِي أَلِيمَ عِقابِكَ،

إنَّكَ لَطِيفٌ لِما تَشآءُ.

In the Name of God, the All-merciful,

the All-compassionate

1- Praise belongs to God,

who appointed the night to be a garment,

and sleep for a rest,

and day He appointed for a rising!7

2- To Thee belongs praise, for Thou roused me from my sleep,

- and hadst Thou willed, Thou wouldst have made it everlasting -

an everlasting praise that will never be cut off

and whose number the creatures will never count!

3- O God, to Thee belongs praise,

for Thou created, then proportioned,

ordained and decreed,

gave death and bestowed life,

made sick and healed,

made well and afflicted,

sat upon the Throne and encompassed the Kingdom!8

4- I supplicate Thee with the supplication of one whose mediation is weak,

whose stratagems have been cut off,

whose term has drawn near,

whose expectation from this world has shrunk,

whose neediness for Thy mercy has intensified,

whose remorse for his neglect has become great,

whose slips and stumbles have become many,

and whose repentance is devoted sincerely to Thy face.

5- So bless Muhammad, the Seal of the Prophets,

and his Household, the good, the pure,

provide me with the intercession of Muhammad

(God bless him and his Household)

and deprive me not of his companionship!

Surely Thou art the Most Merciful of the merciful!9

6- O God,

decree for me on Wednesday four things:

Induce me

to be strong in obedience to Thee,

to be joyful in worshipping Thee,

to be desirous of Thy reward,

and to abstain from that which would make incumbent upon me Thy painful punishment!

Thou art Gentle to whom Thou wilt!

The Supplication for Thursday

دعاء يوم الخميس

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

1. أَلْحَمْدُ لِلّهِ الَّذِي أَذْهَبَ اللَّيْلَ مُظْلِمَاً بِقُدْرَتِهِ،

وَجآءَ بِالنَّهارِ مُبْصِراً بِرَحْمَتِهِ،

وَكَسانِي ضِيآءَهُ

وَآتانِي نِعْمَتَهُ.

2. أَللَّهُمَّ فَكَما أَبْقَيْتَنِي لَهُ

فَأَبْقِنِي لاِمْثالِهِ،

وَصَلِّ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ مُحَمَّد وَآلِهِ،

وَلا تَفْجَعْنِي فِيهِ وَفِي غَيْرِهِ مِنَ اللَّيالِي وَالاَيَّامِ

بِارْتِكابِ الْمَحارِمِ، وَاكْتِسابِ الْمَاثِمِ،

وَارْزُقْنِي خَيْرَهُ، وَخَيْرَ ما فِيهِ، وَخَيْرَ ما بَعْدَهُ،

وَاصْرِفْ عَنِّي شَرَّهُ، وَشَرَّ ما فِيهِ، وَشَرَّ ما بَعْدَهُ.

3. أَللَّهُمَّ إنِّي بِذِمَّةِ الاِسْلامِ

أَتَوَسَّلُ إلَيْكَ،

وَبِحُرْمَةِ الْقُرْآنِ أَعْتَمِدُ عَلَيْكَ،

وَبِمُحَمَّد الْمُصْطَفى صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وآلِهِ

أَسْتَشْفِعُ لَدَيْكَ،

فَاعْرِفِ اللَّهُمَّ ذِمَّتِي

الَّتِي رَجَوْتُ بِها قَضآءَ حاجَتِي، يا أَرْحَمَ الرَّاحِمِينَ.

4. أَللَّهُمَّ اقْضِ لِي فِي الخَمِيسِ خَمْساً

لا يَتَّسِعُ لَها إلاَّ كَرَمُكَ

وَلا يُطِيقُها إلاَّ نِعَمُكَ:

سَلامَةً أَقْوى بِها عَلَى طاعَتِكَ

وَعِبادَةً أَسْتَحِقُّ بِها جَزِيلَ مَثُوبَتِكَ،

وَسَعَةً فِي الْحالِ مِنَ الرِّزْقِ الْحَلالِ،

وَأَنْ تُؤْمِنَنِي فِي مَواقِفِ الْخَوْفِ بِأَمْنِكَ،

وَتَجْعَلَنِي مِنْ طَوارِقِ الْهُمُومِ وَالْغُمُومِ فِي حِصْنِكَ،

صَلِّ عَلى مُحَمَّد وَآلِهِ،

وَاجْعَل تَوَسُّلِي بِهِ شافِعَاً

يَوْمَ الْقِيامَةِ نافِعاً،

إنَّكَ أَنْتَ أَرْحَمُ الرَّاحِمِينَ.

In the Name of God, the All-merciful,

the All-compassionate

1- Praise belongs to God,

who has taken away the shadowy night by His power

and brought the sight-giving day through His mercy.

He has clothed me in its brightness

and given me its favour.

2- O God, just as Thou hast spared me for this day,

so also spare me for its likes,

bless the prophet Muhammad and his Household,

torment me not in it and in other nights and days

by allowing me to commit unlawful acts

and to clothe myself in sins;

provide me with its good, the good of all within it, and the good of everything after it;

and turn away from me its evil, the evil of all within it, and the evil of everything after it!

3- O God, by the protective compact of Islam,

I seek mediation with Thee!

By the inviolability of the Qur'an,

I rely upon Thee!

By Muhammad the chosen (God bless him and his Household) I seek intercession with Thee!

So recognize my protective compact

by which I hope my need will be granted,

O Most Merciful of the merciful!

4 O God, decree for me on Thursday five things

which none embraces but Thy generosity

and none supports but Thy favours:

health through which I may have the strength to obey Thee,

worship by which I may deserve Thy plentiful reward,

plenty in my state through lawful provision,

and that Thou makest me secure in the places of fear through Thy security,

and placest me in Thy fortress against the striking of worries and sorrows!

Bless Muhammad and his Household,

and make my seeking his mediation as an intercessor

give profit on the Day of Resurrection!

Surely Thou art the Most Merciful of the merciful!10

The Supplication for Friday

دعاء يوم الجمعة

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

1. أَلْحَمْدُ لِلّهِ الاَوَّلِ قَبْلَ الانْشآءِ وَالاحْيآءِ،

وَالاخِرِ بَعْدَ فَنآءِ الاَشْيَآءِ،

الْعَلِيمِ الَّذِي لا يَنْسَى مَنْ ذَكَرَهُ،

وَلا يَنْقُصُ مَنْ شَكَرَه،

وَلا يُخَيِّبُ مَنْ دَعاهُ،

وَلا يَقْطَعُ رَجآءَ مَنْ رَجاهُ.

2. أَللَّهُمَّ إنِّي أُشْهِدُكَ

وَكَفى بِكَ شَهِيداً،

وَأُشْهِدُ جَمِيعَ مَلائِكَتِكَ،

وَسُكَّانَ سَمواتِكَ، وَحَمَلَةَ عَرْشِكَ،

وَمَنْ بَعَثْتَ مِنْ أَنْبِيآئِكَ وَرُسُلِكَ

وَأَنْشَأْتَ مِنْ أَصْنافِ خَلْقِكَ،

أَنِّي أَشْهَدُ أَنَّكَ أَنْتَ اللَّهُ

لا إلهَ إلاَّ أَنْتَ، وَحْدَكَ

لاَ شَرِيكَ لَكَ، وَلا عَدِيلَ

وَلا خُلْفَ لِقَوْلِكَ وَلا تَبْدِيْلَ،

وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّداً صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وآلِهِ

عَبْدُكَ وَرَسُولُكَ،

أَدَّى ما حَمَّلْتَهُ إلَى الْعِبادِ،

وَجاهَدَ فِي اللَّهِ [عزّوجل خ ل ]حَقَّ الْجِهادِ،

وَأَنَّهُ بَشَّرَ بِما هُوَ حَقٌّ مِنَ الثَّوابِ،

وَأَنْذَرَ بِما هُوَ صِدْقٌ مِنَ الْعِقابِ.

3. أَللَّهُمَّ ثَبِّتْنِي عَلى دِينِكَ ما أَحْيَيْتَنِي،

وَلا تُزِغْ قَلْبِي بَعْدَ إذْ هَدَيْتَنِي،

وَهَبْ لِي مِنْ لَدُنْكَ رَحْمَةً،

إنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْوَهَّابُ،

صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّد وَآلِ مُحَمَّد

وَاجْعَلْنِي مِنْ أَتْباعِهِ وَشِيعَتِهِ

وَاحْشُرْنِي فِي زُمْرَتِهِ

وَوَفِّقْنِي لاَداءِ فَرْضِ الْجُمُعاتِ،

وَما أَوْجَبْتَ عَلَيَّ فِيها مِنَ الطَّاعاتِ،

وَقَسَمْتَ لاِهْلِها مِنَ الْعَطآءِ فِي يَوْمِ الْجَزآءِ،

إنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ.

In the Name of God, the All-Merciful,

the All-compassionate

1- All Praise belongs to God,

the First before the bringing forth and the giving of life,

and the Last after the annihilation of all things,

the All-knowing who forgets not him who remembers Him,11

decreases not him who thanks Him,12

disappoints not him who supplicates Him,

and cuts not off the hope of him who hopes in Him!

2- O God, I call Thee to witness

- and Thou art sufficient witness –

and I call to witness all Thy angels,

the inhabitants of Thy heavens, the bearers of Thy Throne,

Thy prophets and Thy messengers whom Thou hast sent out,

and the various kinds of creatures Thou hast brought forth,

that I bear witness that Thou art God;

there is no god but Thou, Thou alone,

who hast no associate nor any equal,

and Thy word has no failing, nor any change;13

and that Muhammad (God bless him and his Household)

is Thy servant and Thy messenger;

he delivered to the servants that with which Thou charged him,

he struggled for God as is His due,14

he gave the good news of the truth of reward,

and he warned of the veracity of punishment.

3- O God, make me firm in Thy religion as long as Thou keepest me alive,

make not my heart to swerve after Thou hast guided me,

and give me mercy from Thee,

surely Thou art the Giver.15

Bless Muhammad and the Household of Muhammad,

make me one of his followers and his partisans,

muster me in his band,

and give me the success of accomplishing the obligatory observance of Friday,

performing the acts of obedience which Thou has made incumbent upon me within it,

and [receiving] the bestowal which Thou hast apportioned for its people

on the Day of Recompense!

Surely Thou art Mighty, All-wise!16

The Supplication for Saturday

دعاء يوم السبت

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

1. بِسْمِ الِلّهِ

كَلِمَةِ الْمُعْتَصِمِينَ،

وَمَقالَةِ الْمُتَحَرِّزِينَ،

وَأَعُوذُ بِالِلّه تَعالى مِنْ جَوْرِ الْجآئِرِينَ،

وَكَيْدِ الْحاسِدِينَ، وَبَغْيِ الظَّالِمِينَ،

وَأَحْمَدُهُ فَوْقَ حَمْدِ الْحامِدِينَ.

2 ـ أَللَّهُمَّ أَنْتَ الْواحِدُ بِلا شَرِيك،

وَالْمَلِكُ بِلا تَمْلِيك،

لا تُضَادُّ فِي حُكْمِكَ،

وَلا تُنازَعُ فِي مُلْكِكَ.

3. أَسْأَلُكَ أَنْ تُصَلِّىَ عَلَى مُحَمَّد وَآلِهِ،

عَبْدِكَ وَرَسُولِكَ،

وَأَنْ تُوزِعَنِي مِنْ شُكْرِ نُعْماكَ

ما تَبْلُغُ بِي غايَةَ رِضاكَ،

وَأَنْ تُعِينَنِي عَلى طاعَتِكَ،

وَلُزُومِ عِبادَتِكَ، وَاسْتِحْقاقِ مَثُوبَتِكَ بِلُطْفِ عِنايَتِكَ،

وَتَرْحَمَنِي،

وَتَصُدَّنِي عَنْ مَعَاصِيكَ مَا أَحْيَيْتَنِي،

وَتُوَفِّقَنِي لِما يَنْفَعُنِي ما أَبْقَيْتَنِي،

وَأَنْ تَشْرَحَ بِكِتابِكَ صَدْرِي،

وَتَحُطَّ بِتِلاوَتِهِ وِزْرِي،

وَتَمْنَحَنِي السَّلامَةَ فِي دِينِي وَنَفْسِي،

وَلا تُوحِشَ بِي أَهْلَ أُنْسِي،

وَتُتِمَّ إحْسَانَكَ فِيما بَقِيَ مِنْ عُمُرِي

كَما أَحْسَنْتَ فِيما مَضَى مِنْهُ

يا أَرْحَمَ الرَّاحِمِينَ.

In the Name of God, the All-merciful

the All-compassionate

1- 'In the name of God',

the word of those who hold fast to Him,

the speech of those who seek His protection!

I seek refuge in God (high exalted is He) from

the injustice of the unjust,

the trickery of the enviers,

and the oppression of the wrongdoers,

and I praise Him beyond the praise of the praisers!

2- O God,

Thou art the One without partner,

and the King without having been made sovereign;

no one opposes Thee in Thy decree

and no one contests Thee in Thy kingdom!

3- I ask Thee to bless Muhammad and his Household,

Thy servant and Thy messenger,

inspire me with a thanksgiving for Thy favours

which will take me to the utmost limit of Thy good pleasure,

help me through the gentleness of Thy solitude to obey Thee, hold fast to worshipping Thee,

and deserve Thy reward,

have mercy upon me,

bar me from acts of disobedience toward Thee

as long as Thou keepest me alive,

give me success in what profits me

as long as Thou sparest me,

expand my breast through Thy Book,

lessen my burden through its recitation,

bestow upon me health in my religion and my soul,

estrange not my intimates from me,

and complete Thy beneficence in what is left of my lifetime,

just as Thou hast shown beneficence in that of it which has passed!

O Most Merciful of the merciful!

Foootnotes for the Supplications of the Days of Week

1. 12:64

2. Allusion to 20:111: Faces shall be humbled unto the Living, the Subsistent.

3. 12:53

4. 37:173

5. 58:22

6. 10:62

7. 25:47

8. There are a number of Qur'anic allusions in this passage, including: He created, then proportioned (87:2), and He sat upon the Throne (7:54 etc.).

9. 7:151

10. 7:151

11. Allusion to such verses as: They forgot God, so He forgot them (9:67); Today We forget you, just as you forgot the meeting on this your Day (45:34; cf. 7:51).

12. Allusion to 14:7: If you are thankful, surely I will increase you, but if you are thankless, My chastisement is surely terrible.

13. Cf. 59.9 and note 283.

14. Reference to 22:78: Struggle for God as is His due!

15. 3:8

16. 2:129

Fifteen Whispered Prayers from the Words of Sayyid al-Sajidin

مُناجاتُ خَمْسَ عَشَرَةَ مِن كلامِ سَيِّد السِّاجِدينَ

1. The Whispered Prayer of the Repenters

الأولى : مناجاة التائبين

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

1. إلهِي أَلْبَسَتْنِي الْخَطايا ثَوْبَ مَذَلَّتِي،

وَجَلَّلَنِي التَّباعُدُ مِنْكَ لِباسَ مَسْكَنَتِي،

وَأَماتَ قَلْبِي عَظِيمُ جِنايَتِي،

فَأَحْيِه بِتَوْبَة مِنْكَ

يا أَمَلِي وَبُغْيَتِي،

وَيا سُؤْلِي وَمُنْيَتِي،

فَوَ عِزَّتِكَ ما أَجِدُ لِذُنُوبِي سِواكَ غافِراً،

وَلا أَرى لِكَسْرِي غَيْرَكَ جابِراً،

وَقَدْ خَضَعْتُ بِالإنابَةِ إلَيْكَ

وَعَنَوْتُ بِالاسْتِكانَةِ لَدَيْكَ،

فَإنْ طَرَدْتَنِي مِنْ بابِكَ فَبِمَنْ أَلُوذُ؟

وَإنْ رَدَدْتَنِي عَنْ جَنابِكَ فَبِمَنْ أَعُوذُ؟

فَوا أَسَفاهُ مِنْ خَجْلَتِي وَافْتِضَاحِي،

وَوالَهْفاهُ مِنْ سُوءِ عَمَلِي وَاجْتِراحِي.

2. أَسْأَلُكَ يا غافِرَ الذَّنْبِ الْكَبِيرِ،

وَيا جابِرَ الْعَظْمِ الْكَسِيرِ،

أَنْ تَهَبَ لِي مُوبِقاتِ الْجَرآئِرِ،

وَتَسْتُرَ عَلَيَّ فاضِحاتِ السَّرآئِرِ،

وَلا تُخْلِنِي فِي مَشْهَدِ الْقِيامَةِ

مِنْ بَرْدِ عَفْوِكَ وَغَفْرِكَ،

وَلا تُعْرِنِي

مِنْ جَمِيلِ صَفْحِكَ وَسَتْرِكَ.

3. إلهِي ظَلِّلْ عَلَى ذُنُوبِي غَمامَ رَحْمَتِكَ،

وَأَرْسِلْ عَلى عُيُوبِي سَحابَ رَأْفَتِكَ.

4. إلهِي هَلْ يَرْجِعُ الْعَبْدُ الابِقُ إلاَّ إلَى مَوْلاهُ

أَمْ هَلْ يُجِيرُهُ مِنْ سَخَطِهِ أَحَدٌ سِواهُ؟

5. إلهِي إنْ كانَ النَّدَمُ عَلَى الذَّنْب تَوْبَةً،

فَإنِّي وَعِزَّتِكَ مِنَ النَّادِمِينَ،

وَإنْ كَانَ الاسْتِغْفارُ مِنَ الْخَطيئَةِ حِطَّةً،

فَإنِّي لَكَ مِنَ الُمُسْتَغْفِرِينَ،

لَكَ الْعُتْبى

حَتّى تَرْضى.

6. إلهِي بِقُدْرَتِكَ عَلَيَّ تُبْ عَلَيَّ،

وَبِحِلْمِكَ عَنِّي اعْفُ عَنِّي،

وَبِعِلْمِكَ بِي

ارْفَقْ بِي.

7. إلهِي أَنْتَ الَّذي فَتَحْتَ لِعِبادِكَ بَابَاً إلَى عَفْوِكَ

سَمَّيْتَهُ التَّوْبَةَ،

فَقُلْتَ: ( تُوبُوا إلَى اللَّهِ تَوْبَةً نَصُوحَاً)،

فَما عُذْرُ مَنْ أَغْفَلَ دُخُولَ الْبابِ بَعْدَ فَتْحِهِ.

8. إلهِي إنْ كانَ قَبُحَ الذَّنْبُ مِنْ عَبْدِكَ

فَلْيَحْسُنِ الْعَفْوُ مِنْ عِنْدِكَ.

9. إلهِي ما أَنَا بِأَوَّلِ مَنْ عَصاكَ،

فَتُبْتَ عَلَيْهِ،

وَتَعَرَّضَ بِمَعْرُوفِكَ، فَجُدْتَ عَلَيْهِ،

يا مُجِيبَ الْمُضْطَرِّ،

يا كَاشِفَ الضُّرِّ،

يا عَظِيمَ الْبِرِّ،

يا عَليمَاً بِما فِي السِّرِّ،

يا جَمِيلَ السِّتْرِ

اسْتَشْفَعْتُ بِجُودِكَ وَكَرَمِكَ إلَيْكَ،

وَتَوَسَّلْتُ بِجَنابِكَ وَتَرَحُّمِكَ لَدَيْكَ،

فَاسْتَجِبْ دُعآئِي،

وَلا تُخَيِّبْ فِيكَ رَجآئِي

وَتَقَبَّلْ تَوْبَتِي وَكَفِّرْ خَطيئَتِي،

بِمَنِّكَ وَرَحْمَتِكَ

يا أَرْحَمَ الرَّاحِمِينَ.

In the Name of God, the All-merciful,

the All-compassionate

1- My God, offenses have clothed me in the garment of my lowliness,

separation from Thee has wrapped me in the clothing of my misery!

My dreadful crimes have deadened my heart,

so bring it to life by a repentance from Thee!

O my hope and my aim!

O my wish and my want!

By Thy might,

I find no one but Thee to forgive my sins

and I see none but Thee to mend my brokenness!

I have subjected myself to Thee in repeated turning,

I have humbled myself to Thee in abasement.

If Thou castest me out from Thy door,

in whom shall I take shelter?

If Thou repellest me from Thy side,

in whom shall I seek refuge?

O my grief at my ignominy and disgrace!

O my sorrow at my evil works and what I have committed!

2- I ask Thee, O Forgiver of great sins,

O Mender of broken bones,

to overlook my ruinous misdeeds

and cover my disgraceful secret thoughts!

At the witnessing place of the Resurrection,

empty me not

of the coolness of Thy pardon and forgiveness,

and strip me not

of Thy beautiful forbearance and covering!

3- My God, let the cloud of Thy mercy cast its shadow upon my sins

and send the billow of Thy clemency flowing over my faults!

4- My God,

does the runaway servant go back but to his Master?

Or does anyone grant sanctuary to him from His anger but He?

5- My God, if remorse for sins is a repentance,1

I - by Thy might - am one of the remorseful!

If praying forgiveness for offenses is an alleviation,

I am one of those who pray forgiveness!

To Thee I return

that Thou may be well pleased!

6- My God, through Thy power over me, turn toward me,

through Thy clemency toward me, pardon me,

and through Thy knowledge of me,

be gentle toward me!

7- My God,

Thou art He who hast opened a door to Thy pardon

and named it 'repentance',

for Thou said, Repent to God with unswerving repentance.2

What is the excuse of him who remains heedless of entering the door after its opening?

8- My God, though the sins of Thy servant are ugly,

Thy pardon is beautiful.

9- My God, I am not the first to have disobeyed Thee,

and Thou turned toward him,

or to have sought to attain Thy favour, and Thou wert munificent toward him.

O Responder to the distressed!

O Remover of injury!

O Great in goodness!

O Knower of everything secret!

O Beautiful through covering over!

I seek Thy munificence and Thy generosity

to intercede with Thee,

I seek Thy side and Thy showing mercy

to mediate with Thee,

so grant my supplication,

disappoint not my hope in Thee,

accept my repentance, and hide my offense,

through Thy kindness and mercy,

O Most Merciful of the merciful!

2. The Whispered Prayer of the Complainers

الثانية : مناجاة الشاكين

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

1. إلهِي إليْكَ أَشْكُو نَفْساً بِالسُّوءِ أَمَّارَةً،

وَإلَى الْخَطيئَةِ مُبادِرَةً،

وَبِمَعاصِيكَ مُولَعَةً،

وَلِسَخَطِكَ مُتَعَرِّضَةً،

تسْلُكُ بِي مَسالِكَ الْمَهالِكِ،

وَتَجْعَلُنِي عِنْدَكَ أَهْوَنَ هالِك،

كَثِيرَةَ الْعِلَلِ طَوِيلَةَ الاَمَلِ،

إنْ مَسَّهَا الشَّرُّ تَجْزَعُ، وَإنْ مَسَّهَا الْخَيْرُ تَمْنَعُ،

مَيَّالَةً إلَى اللَّعِبِ وَاللَّهْوِ،

مَمْلُوَّةً بِالْغَفْلَةِ وَالسَّهُوِ،

تُسْرِعُ بِي إلَى الْحَوْبَةِ، وَتُسَوِّفُنِي بِالتَّوْبَةِ.

2. إلهِي أَشْكُو إلَيْكَ عَدُوّاً يُضِلُّنِي،

وَشَيْطانَاً يَغْوِينِي،

قَدْ مَلاَ بِالْوَسْواسِ صَدْرِي،

وَأَحاطَتْ هَواجِسُهُ بِقَلْبِي

يُعاضِدُ لِيَ الْهَوى،

وَيُزَيِّنُ لِي حُبَّ الدُّنْيَا،

وَيَحُولُ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَ الطَّاعَةِ وَالزُّلْفى.

3. إلهِي إلَيْكَ أَشْكُو قَلْبَاً قاسِياً

مَعَ الْوَسْواسِ مُتَقَلِّباً،

وَبِالرَّيْنِ وَالطَّبْعِ مُتَلَبِّساً،

وَعَيْنَاً عَنِ الْبُكآءِ مِنْ خَوْفِكَ جامِدَةً،

وَإلى ما تَسُرُّها طامِحَةً.

4. إلهِي لا حَوْلَ وَلا قُوَّةَ إلاَّ بِقُدْرَتِكَ،

وَلا نَجاةَ لِي مِنْ مَكارِهِ الدُّنْيا إلاَّ بِعِصْمَتِكَ،

فَأَسْأَلُكَ بِبَلاغَةِ حِكْمَتِكَ،

وَنَفاذِ مَشِيَّتِكَ،

أَنْ لا تَجْعَلَنِي لِغَيْرِ جُودِكَ مُتَعَرِّضاً،

وَلا تُصَيِّرَنِي لِلْفِتَنِ غَرَضاً،

وَكُنْ لِي عَلَى الأَعْداءِ ناصِرَاً،

وَعَلَى الْمَخَازِي وَالْعُيُوبِ ساتِراً،

وَمِنَ الْبَلاءِ واقِياً،

وَعَنِ الْمَعاصِي عاصِمَاً،

بِرَأْفَتِكَ وَرَحْمَتِكَ يا أَرْحَمَ الرَّاحِمِينَ.

In the Name of God, the All-merciful,

the All-compassionate

1- My God, to Thee I complain of a soul

commanding to evil,3

rushing to offenses,

eager to disobey Thee,

and exposing itself to Thy anger.

It takes me on the roads of disasters,

it makes me the easiest of perishers before Thee;

many its pretexts, drawn out its expectations;

when evil touches it, it is anxious,

when good touches it, grudging;4

inclining to sport and diversion,

full of heedlessness and inattention,

it hurries me to misdeeds

and makes me delay repentance.

2- My God, I complain to Thee

of an enemy who misguides me

and a satan who leads me astray.

He has filled my breast with tempting thoughts,

and his suggestions have encompassed my heart.

He supports caprice against me,

embellishes for me the love of this world,

and separates me from obedience and proximity!

3- My God, to Thee I complain

of a heart that is hard,

turned this way and that by tempting thoughts,

clothed in rust and the seal,5

and of an eye too indifferent to weep in fear of Thee

and eagerly seeking that which gladdens it!

4- My God,

there is no force and no strength

except in Thy power,

and no deliverance for me from the detested things of this world

save through Thy preservation.

So I ask Thee

by Thy far-reaching wisdom

and Thy penetrating will

not to let me expose myself to other than Thy munificence

and not to turn me into a target for trials!

Be for me a helper against enemies,

a coverer of shameful things and faults,

a protector against afflictions,

a preserver against acts of disobedience!

By Thy clemency and mercy,

O Most Merciful of the merciful!

3. The Whispered Prayer of the Fearful

الثالثة : مناجاة الخائفين

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

1. إلهِي أَتَراكَ بَعْدَ الإِيْمانِ بِكَ تُعَذِّبُنِي،

أَمْ بَعْدَ حُبِّي إيَّاكَ تُبَعِّدُنِي،

أَمْ مَعَ رَجآئِي برحمَتِكَ وَصَفْحِكَ تَحْرِمُنِي،

أَمْ مَعَ اسْتِجارَتِي بِعَفْوِكَ تُسْلِمُنِي؟

حاشا لِوَجْهِكَ الْكَرِيمِ أَنْ تُخَيِّبَنِي،

لَيْتَ شِعْرِي، أَلِلشَّقآءِ وَلَدَتْنِي أُمِّي،

أَمْ لِلْعَنآءِ رَبَّتْنِي؟

فَلَيْتَهَا لَمْ تَلِدْنِي وَلَمْ تُرَبِّنِي،

وَلَيْتَنِي عَلِمْتُ

أَمِنْ أَهْلِ السَّعادَةِ جَعَلْتَنِي؟

وَبِقُرْبِكَ وَجَوارِكَ خَصَصْتَنِي؟

فَتَقَرَّ بِذلِكَ عَيْنِي،

وَتَطْمَئِنَّ لَهُ نَفْسِي.

2. إلهِي هَلْ تُسَوِّدُ وُجُوهً خَرَّتْ ساجِدَةً لِعَظَمَتِكَ؟

أَوْ تُخْرِسُ أَلْسِنَةً نَطَقَتْ بِالثَّنآءِ

عَلَى مَجْدِكَ وَجَلالَتِكَ؟

أَوْ تَطْبَعُ عَلَى قُلُوب انْطَوَتْ عَلى مَحَبَّتِكَ؟

أَوْ تُصِمُّ أَسْماعَاً تَلَذَّذَتْ

بِسَماعِ ذِكْرِكَ فِي إرادَتِكَ؟

أَوْ تَغُلُّ أَكُفَّاً رَفَعَتْهَا الآمالُ إلَيْكَ

رَجآءَ رَأْفَتِكَ؟

أَوْ تُعاقِبُ أَبْداناً عَمِلَتْ بِطاعَتِكَ

حَتَّى نَحِلَتْ فِي مُجاهَدَتِكَ،

أَوْ تُعَذِّبُ أَرْجُلاً سَعَتْ فِي عِبادَتِكَ.

3. إلهِي لا تُغْلِقْ عَلى مُوَحِّدِيكَ

أَبْوابَ رَحْمَتِكَ،

وَلا تَحْجُبْ مُشْتاقِيكَ

عَنِ النَّظَرِ إلَى جَمِيلِ رُؤْيَتِكَ.

4. إلهِي نَفْسٌ أَعْزَزْتَها بِتَوْحِيدِكَ،

كَيْفَ تُذِلُّها بِمَهانَةِ هِجْرانِكَ؟

وَضَمِيرٌ انْعَقَدَ عَلى مَوَدَّتِكَ

كَيْفَ تُحْرِقُهُ بِحَرَارَةِ نِيرانِكَ؟

5. إلهِي أَجِرْنِي مِنْ أَلِيمِ غَضَبِكَ وَعَظِيمِ سَخَطِكَ،

يا حَنَّانُ يا مَنَّانُ،

يا رَحِيمُ يا رَحْمنُ،

يا جَبَّارُ يا قَهَّارُ،

يا غَفَّارُ يا سَتَّارُ،

نَجِّنِي بِرَحْمَتِكَ مِنْ عَذابِ النَّارِ،

وَفَضِيحَةِ الْعارِ،

إذَا امْتازَ الأَخْيارُ مِنَ الأَشْرارِ،

وَحالَتِ الأَحْوالُ، وَهالَتِ الأَهْوالُ

وَقَرُبَ الْمُحْسِنُونَ،

وَبَعُدَ الْمُسِيؤُنَ،

وَوُفِّيَتْ كُلُّ نَفْس ما كَسَبَتْ وَهُمْ لا يُظْلَمُونَ.

In the Name of God, the All-merciful,

the All-compassionate

1- My God, what thinkest Thou?

Wilt Thou chastise me after my faith in Thee,

drive me far away after my love for Thee,

deprive me while I hope for Thy mercy and forgiveness,

forsake me while I seek sanctuary in Thy pardon?

How could Thy generous face disappoint me?!

Would that I knew - Did my mother bear me for wretchedness?

Did she nurture me for suffering?

Would then that she had not borne me

and had not nurtured me!

Would that I had knowledge -

Hast Thou appointed me one of the people of felicity?

Hast Thou singled me out for Thy nearness and neighbourhood?

Then would my eyes be gladdened,

and in that my soul reach serenity.

2- My God, dost Thou blacken faces which fall down in prostration before Thy mightiness?

Dost Thou strike dumb tongues which speak in laudation

of Thy glory and majesty?

Dost Thou seal hearts which harbour Thy love?

Dost Thou deafen ears which take pleasure

in hearing Thy remembrance according to Thy will?

Dost Thou manacle hands which expectations have raised to Thee

in hope of Thy clemency?

Dost Thou punish bodies which worked to obey Thee

until they grew thin in struggling for Thee?

Dost Thou chastise legs which ran to worship Thee?

3- My God, lock not toward those who profess Thy Unity

the doors of Thy mercy,

and veil not those who yearn for Thee

from looking upon the vision of Thy beauty!

4- My God,

a soul which Thou hast exalted by its professing Thy Unity -

how wilt Thou humiliate it by the disdain of Your abandoment (of it)?

A heart knotted with its love for Thee –

how wilt Thou burn it in the heat of Thy fires?

5- My God,

give me sanctuary from Thy painful wrath

and Thy mighty anger!

O All-loving, O All-kind!

O Compassionate, O Merciful!

O Compeller, O Subduer!

O All-forgiver, O All-covering!

Deliver me through Thy mercy

from the chastisement of the Fire

and the disgrace of shame

when the good are set apart from the evil,

forms are transformed, terrors terrify,

the good-doers are brought near,

the evildoers taken far,

and every soul is paid in full what it has earned,

and they shall not be wronged!6

Table of Contents

A History of Muslim Philosophy Volume 1, Book 1: Pre-Islamic Philosophical Thought20

Preface21

Introduction 23

A 23

B 23

C 29

D 31

E 31

F 34

Note36

Chapter 1:Pre-Islamic Indian Thought37

The Vedas37

Vedic Conception of God 38

1. Celestial Gods39

2. Atmospheric Gods39

3. Terrestrial Gods40

Vedic Eschatology 41

Brahmanas41

Upanisads42

The Heterodox Systems48

1. The Carvaka48

2. Jainism 49

3. Buddhism 52

The Philosophical Schools of Buddhism 54

Systems of Indian Philosophy 55

The Influence of Islam on Hinduism 63

Bibliography 64

Notes66

Chapter 2: Pre-Islamic Chinese Thought68

General Works76

Primary Sources77

Confucianism 77

Taoism 77

Mohism 77

Chinese Epicureanism 77

Legalism 77

Notes78

Chapter 3: Pre-Islamic Iranian Thought79

1. The Concept of Myth 82

2. Angelism 84

3. The Double Dualism 89

4. Time and Cycle91

5. Conclusion 95

Bibliography 96

Notes97

Chapter 4: Greek Thought99

The Early Beginnings99

Greek Philosophy in the Mainland and the Islands of Asia Minor100

Ionic Philosophy 100

Thales100

Anaximander100

Anaximenes101

Heraclitus101

Greek Philosophy in South Italy and Sicily 102

1. Pythagoras102

2. The Eleatic School103

3. Empedocles106

Greek Philosophy back to Asia Minor108

1. Anaxagoras and Diogenes of Apollonia108

2. The Atomists110

Lucippus110

Democritus110

Philosophy at Athens112

1. Early Record 112

2. The Sophists112

The Problem of Knowledge and the Study of Man 113

3. Socrates114

4. Plato 116

5. Aristotle122

6. The Decline129

Bibliography 133

Notes133

Chapter 5: Alexandrio Syriac Thought135

The Neo ‑Pythagoreans135

The Jewish‑Alexandrian Philosophy 139

Neo‑Platonism 141

Plotinus141

Porphyry 145

Iamblichus145

Early Christianity 146

References149

Notes149

Chapter 6: Pre Islamic Arabian Thought150

References158

Notes159

A History of Muslim Philosophy Volume 1, Book 2: Advent Of Islam, Fundamental Teachings Of The Qur'an164

Chapter 7: Philosophical Teachings of the Qur’an 165

The Qur'an 165

Ultimate Beauty: God and His Attributes165

He is the One and not one in a trinity 166

God and the World ‑ God is omnipotent167

God's Relation to Man 170

Soul170

Theory of Knowledge170

Man's Power173

Free Will173

Death 173

Life after Death 174

Notes176

Chapter 8: Ethical Teachings of the Qur’an 184

Values184

Life184

Eternity 184

Unity 184

Power186

Truth or Wisdom 187

Justice188

Love188

Goodness189

Beauty 189

Disvalues189

Destruction of Life190

Scandal‑mongering and backbiting 190

Things Momentary 190

Lack of Unity 190

Inertia191

Error192

Hypocrisy 192

Injustice193

Hatred and Unkindness193

Moral Discipline194

Repentance194

Taqwa195

Notes197

Chapter 9: Economic and Political Teachings of the Qur’an 206

Economic Teachings206

Political Teachings214

Notes221

Bibliography 226

A History of Muslim Philosophy Volume 1, Book 3: Early Centuries (From The First/Seventh Century To The Fall Of Baghdad)233

Part 1: Theologico-Philosophical Movements234

Chapter 10: Mu’tazalism 235

The General Mu’tazilite Position 235

Some leading Mu’tazilites239

1. Wasil ibn ` Ata240

2. Abu al‑Hudhail `Allaf242

3. Al‑Nazzam 243

4. Bishr ibn al‑Mu'tamir246

5. Mu'ammar247

Hafiz has expressed the same idea in his own words thus248

6. Thamamah 249

7. Al‑Jahiz249

8. Al‑Jubba'i250

9. Abu Hashim 252

The End 253

Bibliography 253

Notes254

Chapter 11: Ash’arism 255

Al-Ashari’s Life and Work 255

Ash’arite Theology 258

Fundamental Principles Of The Ash'arite Theology 260

1. Conception of God and the Nature of His Attributes260

2. Free will263

3. The Problem of Reason and Revelation and the Criterion of Good and Evil264

4. The Problem of the Eternity of the Qur'an 266

5. The Problem of the Beatific Vision 267

Ash’arite Metaphysics270

Ash'arite Atomism 273

Bibliography 276

Notes277

Chapter 12: Tahawism 279

Tahawi’s Life and Works279

Nature of Faith 281

God’s Essence and Attributes283

Throne of Allah 285

Beatific Vision 285

Speech of God and the Qur'an 286

Divine Will and Human Freedom 288

Conclusion 289

Bibliography 290

Notes290

Chapter 13: Maturidism 294

Life and Works of Maturidi294

Method 296

Criticism of the Mu’taziltes298

Maturidi’s System 299

Relation between God and Man 300

Divine Attributes302

Beatific Vision 304

Conclusion 305

Bibliography 306

Notes307

Chapter 14: Zahirism 310

Background 310

Dawid ibn ‘Ali, His Doctrine and His School311

The Zahirite School in Muslim Spain 314

1. Al-Balluti314

2. Ibn Hazm 314

Life and Works314

Ibn Hazm's Rationalism 315

Philosophy and Science316

Zahirism after Ibn Hazm 320

Bibliography 321

Notes322

Chapter 15: Ikhwan al-Safa325

Introduction 325

System and Theories327

1. Classification of the Sciences327

2. Theory of Knowledge327

3. Metaphysics328

Form and Matter328

Space and Time328

Motion 328

Causality 328

Number329

Being and Emanation 329

Macrocosm and Microcosm 331

The Individual Soul (al‑Nafs al‑Juz'iyyah) and Its Fall331

Lesser and Greater Resurrections, Paradise and Hell333

4. Nature and the Sciences333

5. Psychology 337

6. Politics337

7. Ethics338

8. Education 339

9. Religion 340

Final Note341

Bibliography 341

Notes344

Part 2: The Sufis347

Chapter 16: Early Sufis Doctrine348

A 348

B 350

C 352

Notes369

Chapter 17: Early Sufis (Continued)371

Sufis Before Al Hallaj371

By B.A. Dar371

Al-Hallaj379

By Louis Massignon 379

Bibliography 382

Early Sufis382

Al-Hallaj382

Notes383

Chapter 18: ’Abd Al-Qadir Jilani and Shihab Al-Din Suhrawardi385

Abd Al-Qadir Jilani385

Shihab Al-Din Suhrawardi388

Origin of Sufism 389

What is Sufism?389

Psychology: Soul, Appetitive Self, Heart395

Mystery (Sirr)397

Reason ('Aql)397

State and Station (Hal wa Maqam)398

Love399

Nearness (Qurb)399

Bashfulness (Haya')400

Union (Ittisal)400

Contraction and Expansion (Qabd wa Bast)401

Annihilation and Abiding (Fana' wa Baqa')402

Union and Separation (Jam' wa Tafriqah)403

Process of Self-Purification 403

Bibliography 405

Notes405

Chapter 19: Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi Maqtul408

Life, Works and Sources of Doctrines408

The Meaning of Ishraq 411

The Orient and Occident in Sacred Geography 413

Hikmat al-Ishraq 415

Vegetative soul (al-nafs al-nabatiyyah):422

Animal soul (al-nafs al-hayawaniyyah):422

The Initiatory Narratives424

The Ishraqi Tradition 425

Bibliography 425

Notes426

Chapter 20: Ibn `Arabi432

Life And Works432

Pattern Of Thought And Style435

Controversy About His Orthodoxy 438

Influence On Future Sufism 440

From Throne to Carpet, all that is doth seem 441

Doctrines441

Unity of All Being 441

Notion of Deity 445

God and Man 446

Ethical and Religious Implications448

Conclusion 451

Bibliography 451

Notes452

Part 3: The Philosophers453

Chapter 21: Al-Kindi454

Life454

Works455

Philosophy 455

Harmony Between Philosophy And Religion 457

God 459

Infinity 461

Soul And Intellect462

Bibliography 464

Notes465

Chapter 22 : Muhammad Ibn Zakariya Al-Razi467

Life467

Al-Razi's Masters and Opponents468

Works469

Philosophy 470

1. Method 470

2. Metaphysics470

(i) God 472

(ii) Soul473

(iii) Matter473

(iv) Space474

(v) Time475

Theology 475

Moral Philosophy 476

Conclusion 478

Bibliography 478

A. Ancient Sources478

B. Modern Studies478

C. Editions of Philosophical Works479

Notes480

Chapter 23: Al-Farabi482

Life482

Works483

Philosophy 485

1. Logic485

2. The Unity of Philosophy 487

3. Theory of the Ten Intelligences488

4. Theory of the Intellect490

5. Theory of Prophecy 492

6. Interpretation of the Qur'an 495

Conclusion 496

Bibliography 497

A. Life497

B. Works497

C. Philosophy 498

Notes498

Chapter 24: Miskawaih 500

Life500

Works500

Miskawaih's Personality 501

Philosophy 501

First Philosophy 501

Psychology 503

Moral Philosophy 504

Spiritual Medicine507

Philosophy of History 508

Bibliography 509

A. Works509

B. Studies509

Notes509

Chapter 25: Ibn Sina511

The Doctrine Of Being 512

The Body-Mind Relationship 517

Theory Of Knowledge522

God And The World 530

Influence On The East And The West532

Bibliography 534

Notes535

Chapter 26: Ibn Bajjah 536

His Predecessors537

His Contemporaries538

Works539

Philosophy 539

Matter And Form 540

Psychology 541

Intellect And Knowledge546

God, The Fountain-Head Of Knowledge550

Political Philosophy 550

Ethics551

Mysticism 552

Bibliography 553

Notes553

Chapter 27: Ibn Tufail555

Life And Works555

Creed Of The Muwahhids556

Hayy Bin Yaqzan 556

Summary 556

Sources557

Object of the Treatise559

Doctrines560

World 560

God 560

Light Cosmology 561

Epistemology 561

Ethics563

Philosophy and Religion 563

Influence564

Bibliography 565

Notes566

Chapter 28: Ibn Rushd 569

Introduction 569

Philosophy And Religion 571

The Way To God 574

The Way To Knowledge577

The Way To Science581

The Way To Being 584

Notes589

Chapter 29: Nasir Al-Din Tusi592

Life592

The Maraghah Observatory 592

Works593

Akhlaq-I Nasiri594

Ethics594

Domestic Science597

Politics598

Source Of Practical Philosophy 599

Psychology 600

Nature of the Soul600

Faeulties of the Soul600

Metaphysics601

God 601

Creatio ex nihilo 602

Prophethood 603

Good And Evil603

Logic604

Review 604

Bibliography 605

Notes606

Part 4: The Middle-Roaders608

Chapter 30: Al-Ghazali Part 1 - Metaphysics609

A. Introduction 609

B. Life609

C. Method 613

D. Attack On The Philosophers616

1. Introduction 616

2. Method and Problems of Tahafut618

2) denial of God’s knowledge of the particulars, and 619

3. Eternity of the World 621

4. Theory of Emanation 623

5. God’s Knowledge of the Particulars629

6. Causality 635

Notes637

Chapter 31: Al-Ghazali Part 2 643

A. Mysticism 643

1. Introduction 643

2. God 644

3. Soul645

4. Religious Experience and Moral and Intellectual Values646

5. Pantheism 647

B. Ethics648

C. Influence660

Bibliography 662

Notes662

Chapter 32: Fakhr Al-Razi667

A. Life, Signficance Of Thought And Works667

C. Philosophy 671

D. The Sciences672

E. Commentaries Upon The Qur’an 673

G. Dialectic, Rhetoric, And Poetry 674

H. Sufism 675

I. The Significance And Influence Of Imam Razi676

Bibliography 676

Notes677

Part 5: Political Thinkers680

Chapter 33: Political Thought In Early Islam 681

A. Principles of Islamic Polity 681

B. Early Caliphate and its Characteristic Features681

Elective Caliphate682

Government by Consultation 683

The Exchequer, a Trust683

Ideal Government684

Rule of Law 685

Absence of Bias685

C. Theological Differences and Schisms686

The Shi‘ah 687

The Khawarij689

The Murji’ah 690

The Mu‘tazilah 691

The Major Section 692

Bibliography 692

Notes694

Chapter 34: Abu Hanifah and Abu Yusuf697

Life697

Abu Hanifah’s Pronouncements and Opinions699

Al-Fiqh al-Akbar699

Abu Hanifah on State and Caliphate703

The Problem of Sovereignty and Legislation 703

Establishment of the Caliphate704

A Caliph’s Qualifications705

The Exchequer and the Public’s Right of Ownership 707

Separation of the Judiciary from the Executive707

Freedom of Expression: A Right and a Duty 709

The Question of Rebellion against Tyrannical Rule709

Private Council and Codification of Islamic Law 710

B. Abu Yusuf713

Brief Life Sketch 714

Kitab al-Kharaj716

Reversion to the “Right-guided” Caliphate717

Spirit of Democracy 718

Duties of the Caliph 718

Duties of Muslim Citizens718

The Exchequer718

Principles of Taxation 719

Rights of non-Muslim Subjects719

Land Settlement720

Redress of Wrong 720

The Judiciary 720

Personal Liberty 720

Jail Reforms721

Bibliography 722

Notes723

Chapter 35: Al-Farabi727

A. Society And Its Goal727

The City State727

Necessity of Society 727

How to Achieve Happiness728

B. Human Nature730

C. Education 731

The Imaginative Virtue732

D. The Chief732

E. Characteristics Of The Chief Of The Ideal State733

F. The Ideal State735

G. Arts And Blessings735

H. Inhabitants Of The Ideal State736

I. Imperfect States736

J. Conclusion 737

Bibliography 738

Notes738

Chapter 36: Al-Mawardi740

A. Life And Works740

B. Political Theory 741

C. Succession 743

D. Designation And Privileges746

E. Duties And Functions Of The Imam 746

F. Deposition Of The Imam 748

G. Conclusion 750

Bibliography 751

Notes751

Chapter 37: Political Theory Of The Shiites753

Political Theory Of The Ismailites756

Bibliography 763

Note765

Chapter 38: Nizam Al-Mulk Tusi766

Bibliogrraphy 786

Notes788

Chapter 39: Al-Ghazali792

Bibliography 802

Notes803

Table of Contents

A History of Muslim Philosophy Volume 1, Book 1: Pre-Islamic Philosophical Thought20

Preface21

Introduction 23

A 23

B 23

C 29

D 31

E 31

F 34

Note36

Chapter 1:Pre-Islamic Indian Thought37

The Vedas37

Vedic Conception of God 38

1. Celestial Gods39

2. Atmospheric Gods39

3. Terrestrial Gods40

Vedic Eschatology 41

Brahmanas41

Upanisads42

The Heterodox Systems48

1. The Carvaka48

2. Jainism 49

3. Buddhism 52

The Philosophical Schools of Buddhism 54

Systems of Indian Philosophy 55

The Influence of Islam on Hinduism 63

Bibliography 64

Notes66

Chapter 2: Pre-Islamic Chinese Thought68

General Works76

Primary Sources77

Confucianism 77

Taoism 77

Mohism 77

Chinese Epicureanism 77

Legalism 77

Notes78

Chapter 3: Pre-Islamic Iranian Thought79

1. The Concept of Myth 82

2. Angelism 84

3. The Double Dualism 89

4. Time and Cycle91

5. Conclusion 95

Bibliography 96

Notes97

Chapter 4: Greek Thought99

The Early Beginnings99

Greek Philosophy in the Mainland and the Islands of Asia Minor100

Ionic Philosophy 100

Thales100

Anaximander100

Anaximenes101

Heraclitus101

Greek Philosophy in South Italy and Sicily 102

1. Pythagoras102

2. The Eleatic School103

3. Empedocles106

Greek Philosophy back to Asia Minor108

1. Anaxagoras and Diogenes of Apollonia108

2. The Atomists110

Lucippus110

Democritus110

Philosophy at Athens112

1. Early Record 112

2. The Sophists112

The Problem of Knowledge and the Study of Man 113

3. Socrates114

4. Plato 116

5. Aristotle122

6. The Decline129

Bibliography 133

Notes133

Chapter 5: Alexandrio Syriac Thought135

The Neo ‑Pythagoreans135

The Jewish‑Alexandrian Philosophy 139

Neo‑Platonism 141

Plotinus141

Porphyry 145

Iamblichus145

Early Christianity 146

References149

Notes149

Chapter 6: Pre Islamic Arabian Thought150

References158

Notes159

A History of Muslim Philosophy Volume 1, Book 2: Advent Of Islam, Fundamental Teachings Of The Qur'an164

Chapter 7: Philosophical Teachings of the Qur’an 165

The Qur'an 165

Ultimate Beauty: God and His Attributes165

He is the One and not one in a trinity 166

God and the World ‑ God is omnipotent167

God's Relation to Man 170

Soul170

Theory of Knowledge170

Man's Power173

Free Will173

Death 173

Life after Death 174

Notes176

Chapter 8: Ethical Teachings of the Qur’an 184

Values184

Life184

Eternity 184

Unity 184

Power186

Truth or Wisdom 187

Justice188

Love188

Goodness189

Beauty 189

Disvalues189

Destruction of Life190

Scandal‑mongering and backbiting 190

Things Momentary 190

Lack of Unity 190

Inertia191

Error192

Hypocrisy 192

Injustice193

Hatred and Unkindness193

Moral Discipline194

Repentance194

Taqwa195

Notes197

Chapter 9: Economic and Political Teachings of the Qur’an 206

Economic Teachings206

Political Teachings214

Notes221

Bibliography 226

A History of Muslim Philosophy Volume 1, Book 3: Early Centuries (From The First/Seventh Century To The Fall Of Baghdad)233

Part 1: Theologico-Philosophical Movements234

Chapter 10: Mu’tazalism 235

The General Mu’tazilite Position 235

Some leading Mu’tazilites239

1. Wasil ibn ` Ata240

2. Abu al‑Hudhail `Allaf242

3. Al‑Nazzam 243

4. Bishr ibn al‑Mu'tamir246

5. Mu'ammar247

Hafiz has expressed the same idea in his own words thus248

6. Thamamah 249

7. Al‑Jahiz249

8. Al‑Jubba'i250

9. Abu Hashim 252

The End 253

Bibliography 253

Notes254

Chapter 11: Ash’arism 255

Al-Ashari’s Life and Work 255

Ash’arite Theology 258

Fundamental Principles Of The Ash'arite Theology 260

1. Conception of God and the Nature of His Attributes260

2. Free will263

3. The Problem of Reason and Revelation and the Criterion of Good and Evil264

4. The Problem of the Eternity of the Qur'an 266

5. The Problem of the Beatific Vision 267

Ash’arite Metaphysics270

Ash'arite Atomism 273

Bibliography 276

Notes277

Chapter 12: Tahawism 279

Tahawi’s Life and Works279

Nature of Faith 281

God’s Essence and Attributes283

Throne of Allah 285

Beatific Vision 285

Speech of God and the Qur'an 286

Divine Will and Human Freedom 288

Conclusion 289

Bibliography 290

Notes290

Chapter 13: Maturidism 294

Life and Works of Maturidi294

Method 296

Criticism of the Mu’taziltes298

Maturidi’s System 299

Relation between God and Man 300

Divine Attributes302

Beatific Vision 304

Conclusion 305

Bibliography 306

Notes307

Chapter 14: Zahirism 310

Background 310

Dawid ibn ‘Ali, His Doctrine and His School311

The Zahirite School in Muslim Spain 314

1. Al-Balluti314

2. Ibn Hazm 314

Life and Works314

Ibn Hazm's Rationalism 315

Philosophy and Science316

Zahirism after Ibn Hazm 320

Bibliography 321

Notes322

Chapter 15: Ikhwan al-Safa325

Introduction 325

System and Theories327

1. Classification of the Sciences327

2. Theory of Knowledge327

3. Metaphysics328

Form and Matter328

Space and Time328

Motion 328

Causality 328

Number329

Being and Emanation 329

Macrocosm and Microcosm 331

The Individual Soul (al‑Nafs al‑Juz'iyyah) and Its Fall331

Lesser and Greater Resurrections, Paradise and Hell333

4. Nature and the Sciences333

5. Psychology 337

6. Politics337

7. Ethics338

8. Education 339

9. Religion 340

Final Note341

Bibliography 341

Notes344

Part 2: The Sufis347

Chapter 16: Early Sufis Doctrine348

A 348

B 350

C 352

Notes369

Chapter 17: Early Sufis (Continued)371

Sufis Before Al Hallaj371

By B.A. Dar371

Al-Hallaj379

By Louis Massignon 379

Bibliography 382

Early Sufis382

Al-Hallaj382

Notes383

Chapter 18: ’Abd Al-Qadir Jilani and Shihab Al-Din Suhrawardi385

Abd Al-Qadir Jilani385

Shihab Al-Din Suhrawardi388

Origin of Sufism 389

What is Sufism?389

Psychology: Soul, Appetitive Self, Heart395

Mystery (Sirr)397

Reason ('Aql)397

State and Station (Hal wa Maqam)398

Love399

Nearness (Qurb)399

Bashfulness (Haya')400

Union (Ittisal)400

Contraction and Expansion (Qabd wa Bast)401

Annihilation and Abiding (Fana' wa Baqa')402

Union and Separation (Jam' wa Tafriqah)403

Process of Self-Purification 403

Bibliography 405

Notes405

Chapter 19: Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi Maqtul408

Life, Works and Sources of Doctrines408

The Meaning of Ishraq 411

The Orient and Occident in Sacred Geography 413

Hikmat al-Ishraq 415

Vegetative soul (al-nafs al-nabatiyyah):422

Animal soul (al-nafs al-hayawaniyyah):422

The Initiatory Narratives424

The Ishraqi Tradition 425

Bibliography 425

Notes426

Chapter 20: Ibn `Arabi432

Life And Works432

Pattern Of Thought And Style435

Controversy About His Orthodoxy 438

Influence On Future Sufism 440

From Throne to Carpet, all that is doth seem 441

Doctrines441

Unity of All Being 441

Notion of Deity 445

God and Man 446

Ethical and Religious Implications448

Conclusion 451

Bibliography 451

Notes452

Part 3: The Philosophers453

Chapter 21: Al-Kindi454

Life454

Works455

Philosophy 455

Harmony Between Philosophy And Religion 457

God 459

Infinity 461

Soul And Intellect462

Bibliography 464

Notes465

Chapter 22 : Muhammad Ibn Zakariya Al-Razi467

Life467

Al-Razi's Masters and Opponents468

Works469

Philosophy 470

1. Method 470

2. Metaphysics470

(i) God 472

(ii) Soul473

(iii) Matter473

(iv) Space474

(v) Time475

Theology 475

Moral Philosophy 476

Conclusion 478

Bibliography 478

A. Ancient Sources478

B. Modern Studies478

C. Editions of Philosophical Works479

Notes480

Chapter 23: Al-Farabi482

Life482

Works483

Philosophy 485

1. Logic485

2. The Unity of Philosophy 487

3. Theory of the Ten Intelligences488

4. Theory of the Intellect490

5. Theory of Prophecy 492

6. Interpretation of the Qur'an 495

Conclusion 496

Bibliography 497

A. Life497

B. Works497

C. Philosophy 498

Notes498

Chapter 24: Miskawaih 500

Life500

Works500

Miskawaih's Personality 501

Philosophy 501

First Philosophy 501

Psychology 503

Moral Philosophy 504

Spiritual Medicine507

Philosophy of History 508

Bibliography 509

A. Works509

B. Studies509

Notes509

Chapter 25: Ibn Sina511

The Doctrine Of Being 512

The Body-Mind Relationship 517

Theory Of Knowledge522

God And The World 530

Influence On The East And The West532

Bibliography 534

Notes535

Chapter 26: Ibn Bajjah 536

His Predecessors537

His Contemporaries538

Works539

Philosophy 539

Matter And Form 540

Psychology 541

Intellect And Knowledge546

God, The Fountain-Head Of Knowledge550

Political Philosophy 550

Ethics551

Mysticism 552

Bibliography 553

Notes553

Chapter 27: Ibn Tufail555

Life And Works555

Creed Of The Muwahhids556

Hayy Bin Yaqzan 556

Summary 556

Sources557

Object of the Treatise559

Doctrines560

World 560

God 560

Light Cosmology 561

Epistemology 561

Ethics563

Philosophy and Religion 563

Influence564

Bibliography 565

Notes566

Chapter 28: Ibn Rushd 569

Introduction 569

Philosophy And Religion 571

The Way To God 574

The Way To Knowledge577

The Way To Science581

The Way To Being 584

Notes589

Chapter 29: Nasir Al-Din Tusi592

Life592

The Maraghah Observatory 592

Works593

Akhlaq-I Nasiri594

Ethics594

Domestic Science597

Politics598

Source Of Practical Philosophy 599

Psychology 600

Nature of the Soul600

Faeulties of the Soul600

Metaphysics601

God 601

Creatio ex nihilo 602

Prophethood 603

Good And Evil603

Logic604

Review 604

Bibliography 605

Notes606

Part 4: The Middle-Roaders608

Chapter 30: Al-Ghazali Part 1 - Metaphysics609

A. Introduction 609

B. Life609

C. Method 613

D. Attack On The Philosophers616

1. Introduction 616

2. Method and Problems of Tahafut618

2) denial of God’s knowledge of the particulars, and 619

3. Eternity of the World 621

4. Theory of Emanation 623

5. God’s Knowledge of the Particulars629

6. Causality 635

Notes637

Chapter 31: Al-Ghazali Part 2 643

A. Mysticism 643

1. Introduction 643

2. God 644

3. Soul645

4. Religious Experience and Moral and Intellectual Values646

5. Pantheism 647

B. Ethics648

C. Influence660

Bibliography 662

Notes662

Chapter 32: Fakhr Al-Razi667

A. Life, Signficance Of Thought And Works667

C. Philosophy 671

D. The Sciences672

E. Commentaries Upon The Qur’an 673

G. Dialectic, Rhetoric, And Poetry 674

H. Sufism 675

I. The Significance And Influence Of Imam Razi676

Bibliography 676

Notes677

Part 5: Political Thinkers680

Chapter 33: Political Thought In Early Islam 681

A. Principles of Islamic Polity 681

B. Early Caliphate and its Characteristic Features681

Elective Caliphate682

Government by Consultation 683

The Exchequer, a Trust683

Ideal Government684

Rule of Law 685

Absence of Bias685

C. Theological Differences and Schisms686

The Shi‘ah 687

The Khawarij689

The Murji’ah 690

The Mu‘tazilah 691

The Major Section 692

Bibliography 692

Notes694

Chapter 34: Abu Hanifah and Abu Yusuf697

Life697

Abu Hanifah’s Pronouncements and Opinions699

Al-Fiqh al-Akbar699

Abu Hanifah on State and Caliphate703

The Problem of Sovereignty and Legislation 703

Establishment of the Caliphate704

A Caliph’s Qualifications705

The Exchequer and the Public’s Right of Ownership 707

Separation of the Judiciary from the Executive707

Freedom of Expression: A Right and a Duty 709

The Question of Rebellion against Tyrannical Rule709

Private Council and Codification of Islamic Law 710

B. Abu Yusuf713

Brief Life Sketch 714

Kitab al-Kharaj716

Reversion to the “Right-guided” Caliphate717

Spirit of Democracy 718

Duties of the Caliph 718

Duties of Muslim Citizens718

The Exchequer718

Principles of Taxation 719

Rights of non-Muslim Subjects719

Land Settlement720

Redress of Wrong 720

The Judiciary 720

Personal Liberty 720

Jail Reforms721

Bibliography 722

Notes723

Chapter 35: Al-Farabi727

A. Society And Its Goal727

The City State727

Necessity of Society 727

How to Achieve Happiness728

B. Human Nature730

C. Education 731

The Imaginative Virtue732

D. The Chief732

E. Characteristics Of The Chief Of The Ideal State733

F. The Ideal State735

G. Arts And Blessings735

H. Inhabitants Of The Ideal State736

I. Imperfect States736

J. Conclusion 737

Bibliography 738

Notes738

Chapter 36: Al-Mawardi740

A. Life And Works740

B. Political Theory 741

C. Succession 743

D. Designation And Privileges746

E. Duties And Functions Of The Imam 746

F. Deposition Of The Imam 748

G. Conclusion 750

Bibliography 751

Notes751

Chapter 37: Political Theory Of The Shiites753

Political Theory Of The Ismailites756

Bibliography 763

Note765

Chapter 38: Nizam Al-Mulk Tusi766

Bibliogrraphy 786

Notes788

Chapter 39: Al-Ghazali792

Bibliography 802

Notes803