Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

Lesson 15: Hard Work and Independence

Asking in Islam has two meanings. The first one refers to inquiring about things that one is ignorant of. To do this, we need to ask those who possess the wealth of knowledge.

Obviously, to ask questions is a commendable act and also an excellent method of learning. It is highly recommended that anyone who does not know should ask those who do and gain from them. Islam came to awaken souls and brought the light of knowledge. The doors to the seas and oceans of knowledge and learning are wide open, and the key is with you. One of the ways is through asking questions.

The second type of asking is the seeking help from others in order to further oneself materially. In Islam, anyone claiming to be a beggar is disliked and one who does not strive to remove himself from this position is out of favour with Allah (S.W.T.) and the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.).

Once a man came and asked the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.), "O Prophet of Allah, advise me of good acts with which I may pave my way towards Jannah (Paradise)."

In answer to the man's query, the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) recommended three important points. He told him:

"If you really wish happiness in the eternal life of the hereafter and want to be amongst the dwellers of Jannah, take the following points seriously and implement them:

1. Avoid getting unnecessarily annoyed.

2. Do not ask (material) things from people.

3. Like for others what you like for yourself."

What an important message to us all! The Prophet (s.a.w.w.) clearly shows us that a true Believer is not dependent on people. We must try not to humiliate ourselves in front of others. On the Day of Judgement, Allah (S.W.T.) will bring down disgrace upon those who relied on fellow human beings for their sustenance.

The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) showed utmost respect to the Muslims and looked at them with dignity. Therefore, a Muslim must not lower himself in front of others under any circumstances.

He must learn how to ask for the fulfilment wishes and to direct his requests only to the most Kind and Merciful Lord. Muslims are valuable people and most surely valuable in His eyes too!

If we take a look at one event that took place during the time of the Prophet (s.a.w.w.), we will be better able to appreciate this message. This is what happened:

There was a man in the city who did not work for his livelihood. His family lived in appalling conditions of poverty. One day, his wife suggested that he go and visit the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) and ask for some advice. She was confident that he would be in a position to assist them in their difficult times and would help ease their problems.

The man reached the Prophet (s.a.w.w.)'s house and found people gathered around him. Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.w.) greeted and welcomed him. The man sat down but felt ashamed to state his problems in front of the others. Through his divine knowledge, the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) knew the purpose of the man's visit, and began to address all those seated. He said:

"Any one who seeks my help, I will most certainly help him. But, I sincerely advise you all to be diligent, hard-working and ambitious so that you become independent. Do not rely on others. After you have struggled then finally seek help from God."

Hearing these words, the man quickly understood their meaning. He immediately bid the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) farewell and left for his home. The following morning, he decided to try and find work but at the end of the day, his efforts seemed to be in vain and he decided to visit the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) again. After exchanging warm greetings, he sat beside him with the intention of sharing his troubles.

It was in the fine character of the Prophet of Islam (s.a.w.w.) that he respected the situation of others and their shortcomings. Even before the man could speak, he repeated his advice of the previous day. Once again, the man was struck by the words of the Messenger of Allah (S.W.T.). He thought to try once again but the next evening saw him no better that before.

For the third time, he sought out the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) feeling that he had no way out except to beg for his help. This time the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) repeated the same advice and emphasized on having faith in Allah (S.W.T.). He said:

"Whoever wants his desires to be fulfilled, should work hard, be ambitious, have a strong faith in Allah (S.W.T.) and seek help from Him. Have certainty that Allah (S.W.T.) will help."

This time, the man left determined to overcome all his doubts. That night he sought help from the Almighty and placed all his hopes in Him telling himself that he would certainly be answered. The next day, he went into the forest and cut down some trees.

Chopping them into logs, he carried the wood into the town and sold them in the market. This success encouraged him and strengthened his faith in Allah (S.W.T.).

Slowly as the days passed, he saw the fruits of his labour and soon he was able to lift his family out of poverty and live an independent and comfortable life.

After a few weeks, with renewed confidence, he happily went to the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) and said, "O Prophet of Allah (S.W.T.), I have got myself a good job, and my living conditions are much better."

The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) smiled and reminded him of his earlier advice: "Did I not tell you that anyone who needs help should seek it from the Almighty, because sustenance comes from Allah (S.W.T.) and He has promised rizq for all His creatures. Such are Allah (S.W.T.)'s infinite blessings! How dignified a person becomes when he is independent and self-reliant."

FRUITS OF HARD LABOUR

Almighty Allah (S.W.T.) has given a special status to human beings. Human beings are created with honour and dignity. Islam has laid great emphasis on hard work and noble ambitions. The goal of a person should be to become self-reliant and not stretch a hand to others.

Worship in Islam has been divided into 70 parts and hard work in order to earn Halaal (Lawful) sustenance is one of the best forms of Ebadat (Worship).

Our 5th Holy Imam, Al-Baqir (a.s.) has said: "Whosoever strives to work hard, looks after the well-being of his family and neighbours will surely on the Day of Judgement have his face shining with radiance like the full moon of the 15th night (of every month)."

Our 6th Holy Imam, Al-Sadiq (a.s.) has also spoken on this important subject saying:

"Whosoever satisfies the needs and desires of his family, it is as if he is performing Jehad in the way of Allah (S.W.T.)."

SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT…

1. Asking for ones needs from others is an ugly act according to Islam and Allah (S.W.T.) dislikes such people.

2. The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) taught us that we must never humiliate ourselves in front of others. According to Islam, the greatest Jehad is to work hard and put tremendous effort. One must never under any circumstances lose hope in Allah (S.W.T.).

3. The 6th Holy Imam (a.s.) has laid great stress in the importance of working as a valuable form of worship.

Think and Answer

1. How did the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) respond to the needy man's desperation?

2. What advice did the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) give?

3. Discuss with your friends and explain what you understand from the hadith of our 6th Imam (a.s.) mentioned above. Then state the ways in which we can apply it in our lives.

Introduction to Chapter Six

In The Name Of Allah (S.W.T.), the Beneficent, the Merciful

IMAMAT AND LEADERSHIP

We believe our Holy Prophet, Muhammad (s.a.w.w.) to be the last heavenly Messenger sent by Allah (S.W.T.). Through his Risalah (Prophethood), Islam was truly established and finally completed. Islam expects Muslims to be practical in their lives and to follow its rich principles.

The Prophet of Islam (s.a.w.w.) was endowed with the grave responsibility of establishing Allah (S.W.T.)'s Divine Message and training divine spiritual leaders, to protect and maintain the message after him. These leaders would continue to guide the Ummah towards the right path.

Thus, our last Messenger, Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.w.) left behind him Imam Ali (a.s.) as guardian, authority and protector of Islam. Therefore, it is the duty of all Muslims to believe in this appointed Imamat as part of the heavenly path.

Is it possible to believe that the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) would fail to appoint a spiritual guide after his departure from this world? What would have happened to the Muslim ummah without a leader to shoulder the heavy responsibilities that the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) left behind? The noble Messenger of Allah (S.W.T.) completed the task as ordained by Him, which included the introduction of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s.) as the rightfully guided Imam sent by the Almighty.

In this chapter, we will study the exalted personality of Imam Ali (a.s.), beginning with his official appointment as Imam over the Ummah.

Lesson 16: The Two Weighty Things

It was during the last year of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.)'s life that he invited Muslims to join him for the pilgrimage to the holy house of Allah (S.W.T.). The majority of pilgrims who joined him were from Mecca and the pilgrimage came to be known as Hajjatul-Wida (The Farewell Hajj) in history.

After completing all the religious rite and duties of Hajj, the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) announced that all the pilgrims were to meet with their caravans at a strategic place called "GHADEER KHUM" which was on the outskirts of Mecca.

The purpose of this gathering was that he had an important message to deliver to the Muslim Ummah. Some pilgrims went ahead immediately after completion of hajj to reach the place, while others joined them later It was midday by the time all the people finally gathered at Ghadeer. The sun was overhead and the heat intense. Many wondered at the reason for the Prophet (s.a.w.w.)'s command and everyone was curious about what he had to say.

After the entire congregation - of thousands - completed the noon prayers led by the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) himself, the main event began. A mimbar (Pulpit) was made for the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) so that everyone could see and hear him when he spoke.

After praising, glorifying and thanking Almighty Allah (S.W.T.), he began his sermon:

"O people! Death is inevitable. It is a reality, which every soul shall taste and experience. I seek His mercy now that I am coming to the last stages of my life. I also ask Him to protect you and you to accept death as a natural process.

Indeed! You are all aware of your Islamic duties. I have been able to spread the message of Islam to you all and have guided you towards the right path.

"I have been inspired by the Almighty that my time of death is near. Soon I shall no longer be amongst you. I leave behind for you TWO WEIGHTY THINGS. They will never be separated from each other.

I ask you to be steadfast and uphold these two things so that you may never go astray. They are the Holy Qur'an and my Ahlul-bayt and both are great, valuable treasures. Again I say, they will never be separated from each other…

"The Holy Qur'an is the final heavenly book from Allah (S.W.T.) for the guidance of mankind. The other weighty thing - the Ahlul-bayt - is my pure family. Almighty Allah (S.W.T.) has advised me that these two things will never be separated from each other until till they will meet at the KAUTHAR on the Day of Judgement.

"I wish to see you maintain and keep these two valuable things in your lives." Then he took the hand of Imam Ali (a.s.) and confirmed:

"O people! Until today you pledged your allegiance to me and accepted me as your final messenger. Therefore, was I not a God-sent guide to you? Was I not your leader and Allah (S.W.T.)'s representative unto you? " The entire congregation replied: " Yes, O Prophet of Allah! You are our guide and Allah (S.W.T.)'s proof!"

At that point, the Prophet of Islam (s.a.w.w.) raised Imam Ali (a.s.)'s hand and proclaimed:

" Whoever's leader I am, this Ali is his leader, whoever's authority I am, this Ali is now his authority… "

Then he recited the following dua:

"O Allah! Protect, help and befriend those who protect, help and befriend Ali, and be the enemy to those who become the enemies of Ali…"

Through this sermon it becomes apparent that the appointment of Imam Ali (a.s.) as the divine leader was an event of extreme importance. The Holy Prophet of Islam (s.a.w.w.) confirmed the need of an Imam after his own departure, as a sign from Allah (S.W.T.). It was necessary to have a divinely chosen leader who would be able to lead an Islamic Government and fulfil the needs of Muslims through the perfect teachings of the Holy Qur'an The Prophet (s.a.w.w.) then continued with his sermon:

"For all your difficulties and problems, seek guidance from the Holy Qur'an. By pondering on its verses, understanding its commands and implementing its perfect teachings, you will succeed. As for the other valuable treasure that I leave behind, the Ahlul-bayt, my progeny - the pure infallible family, they are those who become the manifestation of the Quranic teachings. Follow them as your guides.

Be aware of your individual duties and responsibilities. Seek guidance from the Ahlul-bayt for they are the Beacons of the Light of Guidance on the perfect path towards Allah.

"The Holy Qur'an and the Ahlul-bayt can never be separated. So this means that in order to seek happiness in this world and the hereafter, one has to believe and follow both of them as they complete the perfection of Islam."

Such were the valuable words of the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) at Ghadeer-e-Khum! This tradition of the two weighty things is known as HADITH-E-THAQALAYN and accepted as an authentic hadith by all Muslims, including the Sunnis.

The sermon of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) at Ghadeer shows us the importance of following Imam Ali (a.s.). On several occasions before this one, the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) had stressed this issue so that the Ummah would be aware of the concept of Wilaayah (Succession) of Imam Ali (a.s.).

Every Muslim must strive to act upon the Prophet (s.a.w.w.)'s advice on the importance of reading, understanding and practising the teachings of the Holy Qur'an and the seeking of guidance from the infallible Aimmah (a.s.) who were the perfect role models after the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.)'s demise.

A Holy Saying:

"I leave among you two weighty things: the Book of Allah (S.W.T.) and my Ahlul-bayt, they shall never be separated from each other till they meet at the spring of Kauthar" The Holy Prophet of Islam (s.a.w.w.)

SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT …

1. The final messenger, our Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.w.) soon after completing his last Hajj, invited a large gathering of Hujjaj (pilgrims) to gather at a remote place - Ghadeer-e-Khum. This was in order to make an official announcement of Imam Ali (a.s.)'s wilaayah.

2. The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) left behind two weighty things in the hands of the Muslims:

a. The Holy Quran.

b. The Ahlul-Bayt (a.s.) - his pure progeny.

Think and Answer

1. In which place did the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) gather soon after the farewell pilgrimage? What was his official message to the large crowd at this stop?

2. Why do you think the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) would need to leave behind a spiritual guide?

3. What was his prayer after completing his declaration?

4. What do you understand from the Hadith of Thaqalayn.

5. "The Holy Qur'an and the Ahlulbayt shall never be separated from one another." Analyse this tradition. Do Muslims practice this hadith today?

Lesson 17: Why Ali Ibn Abi Talib As Imam?

After the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.)'s demise, no other man could take up the divine leadership except one who was chosen by him under the command of Allah (S.W.T.). As we have seen, this man was no other than Imam Ali (a.s.).

It befits us, as Muslims, to study the life of the great personality - Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s.). How much do we know about this man's contribution to humanity and Islam? Not much has been highlighted about his moral conduct, honesty, piety, justice, bravery and humility towards the Allah (S.W.T.) yet he was indeed the shadow of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) and the living example of the Holy Qur'an!

Imam Ali (a.s.) was the closest and most beloved person to the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.). History shows that from his childhood he took great pains to look after the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) and would take food to him while he worshipped at the Cave of Hira. These were moments when Imam (a.s.) saw how passionately and deeply the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) was immersed in worship of the Merciful Lord.

When the blessed angel Jibraeel descended to him the glad tidings of the heavenly message, the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) knew it was his responsibility to deliver Islam to the world.

At that time, Imam Ali (a.s.) was a young boy but mature beyond his years. He was more a man, fully committed to the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) and loyal to his cause. He was also the only one in those early days who accompanied and prayed behind the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.).

During the third year of his Be'that (Prophethood), the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) generously invited people to Islam and the way to Allah (S.W.T.). Ali (a.s.) was only thirteen years old at the time but he publicly confirmed his submission to Islam.

His faith was unparalleled except in regards to that of the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) himself and this verifies why Imam Ali (a.s.) was chosen to be his Wazir. He helped and supported the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) in the spread of Islam even in the most troubled times and remained steadfast while others rejected the true message.

The pagan Arabs and Kuffar of Mecca never left the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) in peace after his first call towards Islam. They insulted and ridiculed him in public and sang perverted songs whilst he preached the words of Allah (S.W.T.).

When their words did not stop him, they resorted to violence. Physical assaults of all kinds were carried out against the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.)! For a long time, the beastly behaviour of the pagans continued in intensity and with the passing years their resentment grew until finally they decided to kill him.

The very night they had planned to carry out their evil intentions, a heavenly message came down on the pure soul of Muhammad (s.a.w.w.) to migrate from Mecca and seek refuge in Yathrib (today known as Madinah).

After receiving this divine revelation, the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) requested Imam Ali (a.s.) to sleep on his bed while he journeyed towards Yathrib. This is one of the most famous events in history and is known as the night of Hijrat (Migration). The faithful Imam (a.s.) slept in the Prophet (s.a.w.w.)'s bed without hesitation although he knew his life would be in danger.

This selfless act on his part helped to trick the enemy into thinking that the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) was still in the house when in actual fact he had left the town and gave Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.w.) a chance to cover ground without the fear of being followed.

The character of our first Holy Imam (a.s.) was magnificent and the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) described him on various occasions as a Godly-man and one who feared and worshipped none except the Almighty Allah (S.W.T.). He also praised him as an Aabid (Worshipper) and a Mujaahid (one who stood firm to defend Islam).

Imam (a.s.)'s kindness and generosity towards the poor and orphans overwhelmed them while his justice is famed to this day in both the Muslim and non-Muslim societies.

" If all of the Arab world rise and fight against me, I will not be defeated nor will I surrender or compromise. I shall fight for the sake of Allah (S.W.T.) even if thousands of swords embrace me. I will not leave the perfect path of Islam!" He further went on to say, "I would rather be swept away by the swords and At one time the Holy Imam (a.s.) warned his enemies:

arrows then die sick in bed."

One instance of his bravery can be seen in the battlefield of Ohad. When the enemy attacked the Muslims from behind, all the warriors ran from battleground out of fear. At that time, our first Imam (a.s.) stood alone, firmly fighting to safeguard Islam.

Away from the fighting field, Imam Ali (a.s.) was exemplary in his worship and love for Allah (S.W.T.). He spent long hours of the nights in prostration and worship. He first started praying publicly, following the Prophet (s.a.w.w.), at the age of only ten years.

His death was also in the state of worship i.e. while in sajdah (prostration). It was in this state that he embraced the glory of shahadat (martyrdom).

After the Holy Prophet of Islam (s.a.w.w.), Imam Ali (a.s.) was the most knowledgeable man. As a man with a strong vision, whose goal was to preserve the teachings of Islam left by the Prophet (s.a.w.w.), he gave many sermons and traditions to the people in order to keep the Message of Islam alive in their hearts and souls.More than a thousand sayings, sermons and letters by the Commander of the Faithful were, in the later times, collected and compiled.

They form the contents of the famous book known to be second only to the Holy Qur'an - Nahjul Balaagha (The Peak of Eloquence).

One of the most common hadith concerning Imam Ali (a.s.), which is accepted and confirmed by both the Sunnis and Shiites, is that of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) where he said: "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate."

No justice can be done to the virtues of this Holy Imam (a.s.). Even if we were to study him in depth, it would be quite a task to reveal the greatness of this man.

Suffice to say that he was a humble servant of Allah (S.W.T.) and that the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) had repeatedly said to the people that he, Ali, was the Wali (Beloved) of Allah (S.W.T.).

Imam (a.s.) spent his life doing various things for the society such as building wells and dams. He worked very hard to get a living and at the end of the day he would give away all that he had earned to the needy and destitute. He led a very simple life and expressed a lot of concern for the orphans, widows and the poor people.

Our Holy Imam (a.s.) had no interest in gaining materialistic things like wealth, status and power. A broad smile played on his lips at all times and he never got angry except when a person tried to attack Islam.

His excellent akhlaq and conduct with the people attracted all towards him. He even showed compassion to those who had committed crimes, and pardoned many just to gain the acceptance and pleasure of the All-Merciful.

He was the Furqan of Islam, which means that he acted as the standard of Allah (S.W.T.)'s Deen. He was the living, talking, walking Qur'an.

A man of absolute conviction with a unique personality, Imam Ali (a.s.) is an example for all times and generations and a perfect role model. As Muslims, we should be proud of having such a great man as our Leader!

SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT…

1. Imam Ali (a.s.) was the perfect example after the Holy Prophet of Islam (s.a.w.w.).

2. He was the first man to submit and show full commitment to the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) and Islam. He helped and protected the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) at all times in delivering the true message of Islam.

3. The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) left behind Imam Ali (a.s.) as the perfect spiritual leader and guide after him.

4. Imam (a.s.)'s immaculate personality attracted all the people. He was a man who was brave, just, knowledgeable, kind and a lover of Allah (S.W.T.). Ultimately, he was martyred in the state of sajdah in salaat.

5. The Messenger of Allah (S.W.T.) said several times: "Ali is the Wali of Allah (S.W.T.)." He also said: "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate"

Think and Answer

1. Mention some of the characteristics of Imam Ali (a.s.). What makes you love him?

2. In what manner did Imam Ali (a.s.) fight during the battles?

3. Attempt to describe Imam (a.s.)'s Ebadah.

4. Mention the name of the book with the valuable sermons, sayings and letters of Imam and its compiler. Read a part of the book if you haven't before, then describe what you feel while reading it.

5. How did the Holy Prophet of Islam (s.a.w.w.) describe the excellent character of Imam Ali (a.s.)?

6. What manners did our Imam (a.s.) show towards the people? Can such exemplary leaders be found in the Muslim Ummah today?

Introduction to Chapter Seven

In The Name Of Allah (S.W.T.), the Beneficent, the Merciful

AHKAM (LAWS) AND EBADAH (WORSHIP)

Ahkam comes from the Arabic word 'Hukm' meaning 'Law' while 'Ebadah' means 'Worship'. From the lessons we studied in the previous chapters, we now know that all our actions must be for the sake and pleasure of Allah (S.W.T.). It is therefore the duty of all those who are Mukkalaf (have reached the stage of Buloogh) to familiarize themselves with the Islamic laws and rituals in order to be able to perform their duties accurately.

Ahkam and Ebadah are strong branches of religion. The fundamental Islamic beliefs or the Roots of Religion (Usool-e-Deen) are belief in:

- Tawheed (Monotheism)

- Adalat (Divine Justice of God)

- Nubbuwah (Prophethood)

- Imamah (the 12 infallible Imams) and

- Ma'ad (the Return on the Day of Judgment)

So far, we have discussed issues relating to AQAID i.e. the Roots of Religion. Let us now begin to study important issues related to the Branches of Religion.

Before we talk about the actual Ahkam that make up these branches, we will briefly study the importance of Taklif and Taqleed. These enable a Mukkalaf to learn and appreciate the laws of Islam.

After that we will look at the basic rules regarding Wudhoo, Tayyamum, Ghusle- Jum'ah and Congregational prayers.

Lesson 18: Taklif and Taqleed

Once a person reaches the age of Taklif (estimated at completion of 15 years for boys and 9 years for girls) he is called a MUKKALAF. This means that that individual has reached a point where he has become answerable to Allah (S.W.T.) for all the obligatory actions and duties prescribed by Him.

When a Muslim becomes a Mukkalaf, he must learn all his wajibat, which include Salaat, Sawm, Hajj and Zakat amongst others. A Mukkalaf must also avoid doing anything Haram (forbidden) such as lying and stealing. Those who do not avoid that which is forbidden, will suffer Allah (S.W.T.)'s wrath and punishment. Disobedience to the Almighty who has created us all is a grave sin.

Ahkam and Ebadah thus form the core of Islam. Allah (S.W.T.) expects human beings to attain happiness in the eternal abode by seeking His pleasure in this world.

However, every human being must try to utilize his Aql (Reasoning) in his beliefs. He must spend time searching for the philosophy behind the religious duties and not perform them blindly. This will deepen the effect of the action and strengthen his faith in Allah (S.W.T.) the Creator.

Logical proofs are a necessary ingredient in the quest for the true path. One has to fully understand his beliefs and cannot follow another persons' ideas in this matter. This is the reason why Islam does not allow Taqlid (acting according to the verdict of another) in Usool - e - Deen.

Coming to the Branches or the laws, how can one learn the practical laws of Islam? How can we derive the Haram (Prohibited) and Halal (Lawful) actions from the Qur'an and the Sunnah?

Is it possible for everyone or just anyone to teach this important issue? Can all pursue higher studies to the point of Ijtihad i.e. learning, analyzing and understanding all the Ahkams?

Such a great task is not possible for everyone. The majority of us cannot attain the highest stage of Ijtihad and so the question is what should we do in order to ensure that our actions are according to the command of Allah (S.W.T.)?

Thus, we can see the need to follow a Marja'e Taqleed. It is therefore necessary for every Mukkalaf to follow the present A'alam in the laws of Islam.

SOME OF THE MASA'ILS CONCERNING TAQLEED

Taqleed in religious laws means acting according to the verdict of a Mujtahid. It is necessary for that Mujtahid, among other things, to be:

Male

Shi'a Ithna Asheri

Adult

Sane

Of Legitimate Birth

Living

Adil (Just)

IDENTIFYING AN A'ALAM MUJTAHID

1. When one is certain that a particular person is the most learned Mujtahid alive and possesses Islamic understanding in making laws, then he can consider him as an A'alam amongst the existing Marja'e Taqleed

2. When two learned persons recognize a scholar as an A'alam and confirm this, then, provided that two other learned and just persons do not contradict them, this can be taken as a fact. The fact can also be established by a statement of only one trusted and reliable person

3. When a number of learned persons (Aalim) claim and certify that a Marja'e Taqlid is the A'alam of the time then this can also be accepted provided all are satisfied by the learned people's verdict.

Think and Answer

1. When does a girl/boy enter the stage of Buloogh?

2. What are the duties of a Mukkalaf?

3. Define Taqleed in the Islamic terminology.

4. What are the qualities of a Mujtahid?

5. Who can be called a Marja'e Taqleed?

Lesson 19: Wudhoo and Tayyamum

We perform Wudhoo to clean and prepare ourselves physically, spiritually and mentally for direct communion with the Almighty. We begin with the beautiful words in praise of the Supreme Lord saying "Bismillahir Rahman Rahim" which means "In the name of Allah (S.W.T.), the Beneficent, the most Merciful."

In Wudhoo, we physically wash our hands and face while asking Allah (S.W.T.) to forgive us and wash our souls clean from all sins. Through this act, we bear witness in the Oneness of Allah (S.W.T.) and in the prophethood of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.w.) before we begin our Salaat (Prayers).

Incase one is unable to perform Wudhoo (conditions are listed at the end of the lesson), he has the option of performing Tayyamum.

PERFORMING WUDHOO

The following are the basic steps of performing Wudhoo

1. Make a Niyyah (Intention) that you are performing the Wudhoo for the sake of Allah (S.W.T.).

2. Wash your face. The area that must be covered in this step is from the upper part of the forehead, where the hair begins to grow, down to the farthest end of the chin and what falls between the thumb and the middle finger (across the face).

3. After washing your face, wash your right arm from the elbows to the tips of the fingers.

4. Now wash your left arm in same manner as above.

5. The next step is wiping the front part of your head. Do not take more water but use the wetness left on your hand from the previous step.

6. Next continue with the same wet hands and wipe your right foot from any toe of the foot up to the ankle joint.

7. Finally, wipe your left foot to complete your wudhoo.

TAYYAMUM

Under certain circumstances, instead of Wudhoo, we are allowed to perform Tayyamum. A person can perform Tayammum if:

1. He has no access to pure and clean water.

2. Water is harmful to his health/body at that time.

3. There is very little time before the prayer becomes Qadha and performing Wudhoo will take too long.

Tayyamum can be performed on the following things:

Earth

Sand - hard or soft

A Lump of clay Dust that gather on dresses, carpets etc.

PERFORMING TAYYAMUM

We will describe the process using dust as our medium.

1. First of all make a Niyyah (Intention) similar to the one you would for Wudhoo.

2. Gently strike or keep both palms on the dust. This should be done with both the palms at the same time.

3. Wipe/stroke your forehead with the palms of both hands. You must cover all the area from the point where your hair grows down to the eyebrows just above the nose. It is recommended that you pass your palms over the eyebrows as well. You can do this by beginning from the middle of the forehead and then passing your palms to the left and right ends.

4. Next, pass your left palm on the back of your right hand and after that pass your right palm on the back of your left hand.

5. Strike your hands on the dust for a second time and repeat the fourth step above.

IMPORTANT NOTES

1. Tayyamum is a replacement for Wudhoo only under certain conditions.

2. Tayyamum can be performed on sand, dust or earth.

3. Tayyamum performed on Najis or Ghasbi sand is Batil (Null)

SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT…

Tayyamum when performed instead of Wudhoo must be carried out in the following sequence:

First strike your hands on the earth, then wipe your forehead and the back of your hands, and then strike the hands on the earth once again to wipe the back of the hands for the last time.

Think and Answer

1. In what circumstances can one perform Tayyamum instead of Wudhoo?

2. Mention the seven steps of Wudhoo in sequence (Tartib).

3. Mention the five steps of Tayyamum in sequence.

Practical

Perform Wudhoo and Tayyamum in front of your teacher.

Lesson 20: Ghusle - Jum'uah

Islam is a religion that gives much importance to both physical cleanliness and spiritual purity. Muslims are advised to always wear clean clothes. Washing ones hands before and after every meal and brushing ones teeth after every meal are also acts that are greatly recommended.

A Muslim must take a bath everyday, so as to remain fresh and clean. It is commonly said that "CLEANLINESS IS NEXT TO GODLINESS". How true! If we think about it, we will appreciate the fact that it is only through the physical, mental and spiritual purity that we can attain nearness to Allah (S.W.T.).

In Islam, the word Ghusl means 'the washing of one's body in a manner that is defined.' This is considered as one form of Ebadah (Worship) in Islam. In some cases Ghusl becomes obligatory and is supposed to be performed in a specific way as prescribed by the Islamic law. At other times Ghusl is Mustahab.

This means that it is highly recommended and given much reward but is not mandatory.Amongst these Mustahab Ghusl, one of the most highly recommended is Ghusle-Jum'uah (Friday Bath).

According to our sixth Holy Imam, Al-Sadiq (a.s.), "It is highly recommended to participate in the Friday prayers, wearing one's best, clean and perfumed clothes."

The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) advised Imam Ali (a.s.) as follows:

"One should never miss the opportunity of performing Ghusle-Jum'uah, even if one has to spend away hi money for food to buy the water for performing the Ghusl because Ghusle-Jum'uah is one of the exalted and the best recommended acts of worship in Islam."

PERFORMING GHUSLE-JUM'UAH

First and foremost, you must wash and remove all the dirt and impurities from your body with soap and water. Then, perform the Ghusl in the following manner:

1. First make a Niyyah that you are performing Ghusle-Jum'aah to seek the pleasure and happiness of Allah (S.W.T.).

2. After that, run water over your head and neck with water, so that all the parts are washed - back and front.

3. Next wash the right side of your body beginning from the neck downwards including shoulders, arms, hands and the lower body down to the soles of your feet. Leave no part of your body dry or unwashed.

4. Finally, wash the left side of your body, in the same manner as the right. Remember, no part of your body should be left unwashed.

SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT…

1. When performing Ghusl, one must ensure that no parts are left dry and the whole body is washed thoroughly. However, it is not necessary to run water inside the ears or eyes!

2. Sometimes it happens that while washing one part of the body, water may run onto parts that have already been washed e.g. when washing the left side, water will run onto the already washed right side. There is no problem in that matter.

3. While performing Ghusl, it is only necessary that the three major steps be followed. However, within the steps it is not necessary that the Ghusl be performed from the top of the body to the bottom (neck to legs), one can wash the body in any manner as long as water reaches all parts of the body required.

4. All the Ghusl have the same sequence, it is only the niyyah that changes.

5. The water used for Ghusl must be Mubah (Pure) and should not be Ghasbi (unlawfully acquired). If it is not so, then the Ghusl will automatically become null and void.

Think and Answer

1. How should one perform Ghusle-Jum'uah?

2. What did the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) recommend to Imam Ali (a.s.) concerning this Ghusl?

3. How should one prepare to attend Salatul Jum'uah? Quote any hadith you know of regarding your answers.

LESSON 21: HOW SHOULD WE PRAY?

Salaat (Prayer) is one of the most profound acts of worship. It is the strongest pillar of Islam and the best of all acts of worship. In order to gain closeness to Allah (S.W.T.), one of the pre-requisites is that one must have a pure heart so as to be able beseech Him in prayer and open one's heart to Him sincerely.

The Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.w.) advised all Muslims, "Praying is like getting rid of all the dirt and becoming clean and pure. For every prayer, one has to cleanse oneself with water to be able to pray. If a person purifies himself five times in a day, is it possible for him to remain dirty and impure?"

It is obligatory for every Muslim to pray five times a day, in this regard, the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) has stressed: "ONE WHO IS NIGGARDLY OF PRAYERS, WILL BE AWAY FROM ME (on the Day of Judgement)."

The practical actions and Adaab (etiquettes) of prayer are very important and we must be careful to perform them properly. Before we describe the details of these adaab, we must know that all the acts must be performed step by step, one after the other. This is called Tartib.

METHOD OF PRAYER

(We will use the four-rakaat (unit) Dhohr prayers for our example.) 1. Face the Qiblah and recite Niyyat with absolute concentration. Remind yourself that you are of the fact that you are standing before the Almighty Lord and entering into a communication with Him. Your niyyat should be as follows:

"I am performing 4 rakaat Salaat of Dhohr for seeking the pleasure of and nearness to Allah (S.W.T.)."

2. After the intention, recite "Allaho Akbar" and simultaneously raise your hands, palms forward, and thumbs touching your ears. This is called Takbiratul - Ehraam.

3. You are now in the state of Qiyam. Here, recite Sura Fateha and any other small Sura e.g. Sura Ikhlaas.

4. When you have completed Qiyam by reciting the two Surahs, then bend down for Ruku. Make sure that your hands reach the knees and recite the following dhikr:

"Subhaanaa Rabbi al-Adhimi wa Bihamdihi" "Samii- Allahu Liman Hamidaah" 5. Stand up from Ruku and say:

6. Now prepare to go into Sajdah. This is an important part of prayer because a person places his forehead on the earth with an intention of showing humility before the Almighty. While performing Sajdah during prayers, it is obligatory that both the palms and the knees, and both the big toes are touching the ground. The Shiites use Khaake Shafaa (Earth from of Karbala) or any other sand from Holy places on which to place their foreheads.

During the Sajdah recite:

"Subhaana Rabbi Al-Aa'laa Wa Bi Hamdihi."

"Astaghfirullaha Rabbi wa Atoobu Ilay" 7. After the first sajdah, sit up with your legs folded under you and recite:

8. Go down into the second Sajdah and recite the same dhikr as in the first one. After the completion of both sajdah, stand up smoothly for the second rakaat while reciting:

"Bihawlilaahi Wa Quwwatihi Aquumu Wa Aq'uud"

9. The Qiyam of the second rakaat is identical to the first one except that after the second surah, you must raise your hands in du'a and recite the Qunut. Any du'a may be recited but the most common one is:

"Rabbanna Aatinaa Fi-Dunya Hassanatanw Wa Fil Akherati Hassanatanw Wa Qinaa Adhabun-Naar."

10. Continue the rakaat in the same manner as the first one until you finish the second sajdah. This time instead of standing up straight away, sit (as between the sajdah) and recite Tashahud in the following manner:

"Alhamdu Lilaah, Ashhadu An Laa Illaha Illa Allahu Wahdahu Laa Sharika Lahu wa Ashhadu Anna Muhammadan Abduhu wa Rasuluhu Allahumma Swalli Alaa Muhammadin Wa Ali Muhammad."

After Tashahud, recite the same dhikr as before while standing up for the third rakaat.

11. In the third rakaat, in place of the two surahs recite Tasbihaate Arba'a, which is the recitation of the following statement three times:

"Subhaana Lahii Wal Hamdu Lilaahi Wa Laa Illaha Illa Lahu Wallahu Akbar"

12. Complete the third rakaat in the same manner as the first one, standing up for the fourth rakaat immediately after the two sajdah.

13. The fourth rakaat is identical to the third rakaat until the point at which you complete the two sajdah. After that sit up and recite Tashahud as in the second rakaat and after that begin your Salaam reciting:

"Assalamu Alaika Ayyuhan Nabbiyu Wa Rahmatullahi Wa Barakatuhu, Assalamu Alaina Wa A'la Ibaadilaahi- Saalihin Assalamun Alaikum Wa Rahmatullahi Wa Barakatuhu" With the finishing of Salaam, your salaat is completed.

DIFFERENCES IN THE WAJIB SALAAT

Fajr consists of two rakaats, prayed as the first two of Dhohr except that the Salaam is recited after the Tashahud of the second rakaat. The Salaat of Asr and Isha are just like that of Dhohr except that their niyyat is different.

Maghrib has three rakaats. The three rakaats are same as those of Dhohr prayers but after the two sajdah in the third rakaat, sit up and recite Tashahud and Salaam to complete the prayer.

THE TIMINGS OF PRAYERS

The time for Fajr commences from the first appearance of whiteness in the morning till the rising of the sun.

Salaatul-Dhohr and Asr start from Dhohr (mid-day) till the dusk.

Maghrib and Isha start from the beginning of dusk (sunset) till midnight.

Think and Answer

1. Between what times do we pray Fajr prayers?

2. From what time to what time do we pray Dhohr and Asr prayers?

3. When do we perform the Maghrib and Isha prayers?