Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

Lesson 13: Family Life in Islam

The family is one of the most important and sacred institutions in Islam. According to Allah (S.W.T.) there is no other structure as dear as that of a family, which is why He tells us that whoever avoids a life of loneliness and puts an effort to acquire a spouse will have secured half of his faith.

The establishment of a family is the best way to protect oneself from sins. It helps to provide an Islamic environment for the people in it and thus, enhances moral values.

In order to ensure that this blessed environment remains strong and firm from the beginning, Allah (S.W.T.) has assigned all members who fall under its umbrella with rights and duties. Every individual has an important role to play in his family. Just as no one can claim to have rights without duties, similarly, each member of a family has both when dealing with his relatives.

The Rights Of Children Upon Their Parents

It is the duty of parents to do the following for their children:

1. To give them good names.

2. To educate and nurture the children spiritually, morally, intellectually and physically. Especially in Qur'anic training and Islamic values.

3. To show them love, compassion, kindness and respect.

4. To allocate them a good place in the home as part of the family. Parents must guide their children towards Good with an attitude of kindness. They should also encourage them in their ambitions and share their feelings and ideas.

The Rights Of Parents Upon Their Children

The duties of children towards their parents are:

1. They should not to do anything that would against their will or order. This applies only as long as the order is not against that of Allah (S.W.T.)

2. Children should show their parents great compassion and utmost respect at all times.

3. When their parents become old, they should serve them happily with a willing heart i.e. not only out of a sense of duty but also with love. Parents raise their children with love when they are helpless babies and thus, it is only fitting that children should reciprocate in the same manner when they are frail and weak in old age.

Family life in Islam is based on principles like sacrifice, kindness, sincerity, and devotion. That is why, although a member is required to fulfill his duties, he is expected to understand if his rights are not upheld to his standards. He should also try and help the other members to fulfill their rights.

The Role of Hejab (Modesty) in the Family

In order to safeguard the sanctity of families and protect the Islamic society, Islam has ordered men, women, boys and girls to live within Hejab in order to avoid moral corruption.

Islam warns daughters, not to cross the limits of the Sheriat in regards to Hejab. They should refrain from socializing with Na-Mahram (men who are strangers). This is so that they may live in self-respect and chastity, away from the dangers of lust and greed. They should also avoid adorning themselves in front of such men as this too would invite advances.

Allah (S.W.T.) says in the Holy Quran:

"Say to the believing men that they cast down their looks and guard their private parts; that is purer for them; surely Allah is aware of what they do." Sura Noor, Verse 30

In another ayat, Allah (S.W.T.) ordered His Prophet saying: "O Prophet! Say to the believing women to lower their gaze..." Sura Noor, Verse 31

According to the laws of Islam, a woman should cover her body, hair and head from strange men. She should refrain from wearing clothes that would attract/seduce men because clothes are regarded not only as a covering for the body, but also as a shield of protection. This kind of modest dressing raises the status and value of women and prevents their being abused or dishonored.

The Ideal Family

When studying family life in Islam, we find a perfect example of what this institution should be like in the form of Imam Ali (a.s.) and Hadhrat Zahra (a.s.). Theirs was a marriage that was founded on faith, respect and honor.

The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) had allocated each their duties when they were married. Hadhrat Fatema (a.s.) would deal with the indoor work i.e. grinding flour, baking bread, cooking, cleaning and looking after the children, while Imam Ali (a.s) handled all the outdoor work. However, when he came home, if he saw that she was tired and over burdened, he would help her out with the chores. He also took an equal part in looking after the children so that they spent quality time with both their mother and father. This system worked wonderfully and they lived a hard but happy life.

Despite the fact that they had to struggle to make ends meet, their love and faith never wavered and Islam always came first in their priorities. It was this devotion to Allah (S.W.T.) that allowed them to find solace and comfort in even the most trying times.

One day Imam Ali (a.s.) found Hadhrat Fatema (a.s.)'s working at the chores with blistered and bleeding hands. He felt sad that she was suffering so much and yet never uttered a word of complaint to him.

"How I wish I could help you more in your work," he said to his wife. "Forgive me that I cannot assist much. My responsibilities towards my beloved Prophet take up my time so that I cannot do more for you."

He then suggested, "Why not ask your kind father to get you a househelp to share the duties with."

Hadhrat Fatema (a.s.) agreed with this and left for her father's house. When she arrived to there, she found that the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) was in the company of a few of his companions. Seeing this, she felt too shy to present her request and after a little while, she bid him farewell and left.

The next morning, the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) came to his daughter's house and at the door he stopped and greeted those inside three times, saying "Assalamu Alaikum Yaa Ahlul-Bayt" (Peace be upon you, O People of My house).

Imam Ali (a.s.) immediately replied inviting the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) to come inside. The Prophet (s.a.w.w.) sat and talked with them a little. Then, he turned to his daughter and said, "My dear daughter, yesterday you came to my house and wanted to say something to me but left without sharing what you had in your heart."

He waited for her to reply but seeing that she was to shy to bring up the issue, he asked her "O my beloved Fatema, tell me what it is that you want with your father."

Again Hadhrat Fatema (a.s.) could not state her wish. Instead she looked away and seeing her reluctance, Imam Ali (a.s.) spoke instead, "O Messenger of God, I sent Zahra to you, because the work of the house is too much for her to handle alone. Looking after the children, baking bread, grinding flour, and the innumerable other chores tire her out. Because I am busy traveling on missions, in the battle field or carrying out the other work required outside, I cannot offer her more help and support in fulfilling her enormous tasks. Sometimes, when I am tired, she even has to bring firewood and fetch water."

He told the Prophet (s.a.w.w.), "For this reason, I suggested that she come to you for guidance and assistance in acquiring a house help".

The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) pondered on this request. He greatly loved his daughter and would have liked nothing better than to relieve her from all the problems she was facing but he knew that the majority of people in Medina lived in similar conditions.

After Hijrat, the Ansaars (the citizens of Medina) shared what they had with the Muhajirin (the Immigrants). Many did not live a comfortable life and could not afford house help. The Messenger of Allah (S.W.T.) knew that as leader of the Ummah, he could not live a more comfortable or luxurious life than other Muslims. Looking at his daughter and son-in-law gently, he asked them, "Would you like me to teach you something that is much better than a house help?" "Of course, O Messenger of God," they both replied.

Pleased with their answer, the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) told them, "When you prepare for bed, say Subhaan Allah 33 times, Alhamdulilah 33 times, and Allaho Akbar 34 times. Repeat this often and it will provide you with strength, patience and firmness. No doubt, repeating this Dhikr is far better than a house help. He then glanced at his daughter and asked her, "Are you happy with your father?"

Hadhrat Fatema (a.s.) smiled and nodded saying, "Whatever Allah (S.W.T.) and his Messenger wills, I gladly accept too." Ref: Bihaarul-Anwaar Vol 43 page 82

A Holy Verse

Regarding parents, Allah (S.W.T.) has said in the Qur'an "And We have enjoined on man doing of good to his parents." Sura Ahqaf, Verse 15

SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT…

1. The family is the most sacred and loved social structure in Islam and Allah (S.W.T.) has identified duties and rights for every member so that it be strong may face all problems that come its way with unity.

2. The duties of parents to their children are to give them a good name, show them love and consistently persevere in raising their children up with the highest standard of morals.

3. The duties of children to their parents are to do good to them, respect them, follow their order - as long as it is not against Allah (S.W.T.). During their old age, when they turn weak and frail, it is obligatory upon the children to take care and nurse them with patience, gentleness and love.

Think and Answer

1. What is the most beloved social structure in Islam?

2. Mention the rights of children upon their parents.

3. Mention the duties of children upon their parents.

4. What do you think is the philosophy behind Hejab and chastity? What are the effects of maintaining Hejaab?

5. What was the Dhikr the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) gave to Imam Ali (a.s.) and Hadhrat Fatema Zahra (a.s.)?

Introduction To Chapter Six

In The Name Of Allah (S.W.T.), the Beneficent, the Merciful

IMAMAT AND THE SOCIAL SYSTEM

We have seen in our previous studies that the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) gave very special attention to the issue of Imamat (Leadership) of the Muslim society after his death. We know that he appointed Ali Ibn Abi Taalib (a.s.) as his own successor, at the command of Allah (S.W.T.). Imam Ali (a.s.) was to take over the leadership of the Ummah and implement the ahkam of Islam. He was to be guardian of the religion sent by Allah (S.W.T.).

In furthering our study of this most basic root of religion (Imamat), we will now look at the position of Aimmah (a.s.) and their attitude against unjust Caliphs.

Lesson 14: The Treasure Of The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.W.)

The Family of the Holy Prophet i.e. the Ahlul Bayt (a.s.), are the Treasure of Prophethood. Allah (S.W.T.) is the source of all the Teachings and Ahkam in Islam. The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) received these ahkam through Wahy (Revelation) and it was his duty is to pass the knowledge on to the people. He was ordered to teach the people at a pace they could follow and ensure that they understood everything that they were being told to do.

The most basic problem he faced was trying to explain these teaching to the people at their level. Because they had lived all their lives in ignorance, many found it difficult to understand philosophical and spiritual matters.

Even learning the basic laws took time and effort. In addition to this, the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) was constantly being distracted from his main aim by the various plots of the Kuffar. From the beginning, he was never allowed to freely preach to the people. When Allah (S.W.T.) first commanded him to declare his Message, the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) had to approach a few people in secret.

Later, he and the Muslims were boycotted by the Mushrikeen and had to live in the Valley of Abu Talib like prisoners. This together with the tortures that the Muslims faced daily, did not allow them to spend much time of the actual learning of akham.

The Muslims had to deal with this persecution for thirteen years in Mecca before Allah (S.W.T.) commanded the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) to migrate to Medina. In the thirteenth year of Be'that, Hijrat took place. This might have provided the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) with the stable base he needed except that the Muskrikeen were not willing to leave him in peace.

They prepared armies to attack Medina and the Muslims found themselves constantly at war, with one battle barely ending before the next began. With all these problems, they again did not have the time to devote to learning more about the teachings of Islam and Ahkam. The Prophet (s.a.w.w.) knew this and he realized that if he wanted to pass the treasures of knowledge at his disposal to all the Muslims, coming generations included, then he would have to make some kind of provision for this.

The tactic he used was to leave the knowledge in the hands of a chosen few who could grasp it easily. These few could then make it available to others as and when the people had the time and ability to study it. The person he selected to head this group was Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s.).

Since, Ali (a.s.) was under the care and guidance of the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) from his infancy, the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) brought him up to a level of maturity, Taqwa, and understanding that allowed him to accept the knowledge of the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) and become a source of it for the people. His pure spirit accepted and absorbed the divine light as it was given to him.

When Imam Ali (a.s.) was still a young boy, the people of Mecca were affected by drought. Abu Talib - the father of Imam Ali (a.s.) - was a very respected personality. At the time of the drought, he had great difficulty in looking after his family because of their large numbers.

At this time, the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) discussed the issue with his uncle, Abbas, and they decided that they should offer to look after one of the children of Abu Talib so as to ease his burden. Abu Talib (a.s.) accepted their offer and gave Ali (a.s.) to the Prophet (s.a.w.w.).

The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) loved the boy and gave him the best education and training. Imam Ali (a.s.) himself says, "I was with the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) since my childhood. Every day, he would open for me the door of his knowledge, give me some of his excellent akhlaq and discipline me in the best way. He used to care for everything I needed and gave me the order to follow him in whatever he did.

" The Prophet (s.a.w.w.) told me that Allah (S.W.T.) ordered him to feed me with his knowledge and my ruh (spirit) would be ready to accept and understand it." In the years to come,

Imam Ali (a.s.) proved to be the best and most knowledgeable companion of the Prophet (s.a.w.w.). So much so that the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) said, "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is the gate of that city." Whoever wants to attend and go to the city he has no choice other than to pass through the gate and to the door of that city.

Imam Ali (a.s.) was appointed as the source of all Knowledge. He was in direct contact with the Unseen One. Despite this, the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) ordered him to write down all the verses and ahadith that he learnt from him.

Imam Ali (a.s.) asked him, "O Prophet! Are you afraid that I may forget them?" The Prophet (s.a.w.w.) replied, "No, I am not afraid of that. It is not possible for you to forget, while Allah (S.W.T.) wants you to remember and protect the ahkam of deen. But, I want to leave a written record that will be passed on to the Aimmah (a.s.) who are going to succeed you." Then the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) pointed at Imam Hassan (a.s.) and said, "He is going to be the first one of them."

After that he turned towards his younger grandson and said, "The second one of them is Hussayn. The rest of the Aimmah (a.s) will be from his descendants."

The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) repeatedly spoke of Imam Ali (a.s.) as his successor and when he received knowledge that he was soon to leave this world, he left a definite decree regarding the issue. This was at Ghadeer where we have seen the famous Hadith of Thaqalayn was spoken. In it the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) told the people,

"I am leaving with you two valuable things. If you hold on to them, you will never lose the right path. One of them is the book of Allah (S.W.T.), which serves as a chain connecting the Heavens and earth. The other is my pure family. These two will never separate from each other till the Day of Judgment when they will both come to me at the spring of Kauther."

From this hadith, we understand that that the Qur'an and the Aimmah (a.s.) together will provide us with the direct path to salvation. It is not possible to be successful if we take either one independently because they were created to complement each other.

The other Aimmah (a.s.) are included in the progeny that the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) referred to in this hadith.They followed in the footsteps of Imam Ali (a.s.) and like him, were the sources of divine knowledge in their times. These Aimmah (a.s.) guided the people, giving them the deeper information that the Muslims of the Prophet (s.a.w.w.)'s time were unable to fully absorb.

Our sixth Imam, al-Sadiq (a.s.) says, "My ahadith are the ahadith of my father, and my father's sayings are the same as those of my grandfather and the sayings of my grandfather are the sayings of Imam Hussayn (a.s.) and the sayings of Imam Hussayn (a.s.) are the sayings of Imam Hassan (a.s.) and the sayings of Imam Hassan (a.s.) are the sayings of his own father Ali Ibn Abi Taalib (a.s.) which are the sayings of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.w.) and the sayings of Rasullah (s.a.w.w.) are the sayings of Allah (S.W.T.)."

Thus the knowledge that we derive from the ahadith of the Aimmah (a.s.) and use in our studies of Akhlaq and Fiqh, is directly linked with the treasure of Wisdom that is with Allah (S.W.T.). Utilizing this wealth leads us to success in this world and the hereafter and turning away from it destroys us.

SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT…

1. The Holy Prophet of Islam (s.a.w.w.) received the laws and regulations of Islam directly from Allah (S.W.T.). He then conveyed them to the people but because of the many problems that were facing him - in regards to politics and the intellectual level of the people - he could not give all his knowledge and had to teach them according to their own ability and power of understanding. He shared with them all that they could accept but could do no more than that.

2. To ensure that the knowledge did not leave the world with him, the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) was commanded to choose Imam Ali (a.s.) as receiver and preserver of this divine wisdom. The Prophet (s.a.w.w.) took Imam Ali (a.s.) under his care from infancy and supervised his upbringing to ensure that he would be perfect for the responsibility that he was to take.

3. Imam Ali (a.s.) and the other Aimmah (a.s.) after him, were appointed by the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) as bearers of the treasure of knowledge. It is the duty of all Muslims to follow them in order to achieve success in this world and the hereafter.

Think And Answer

1. Explain in your own words what the difficulties and problems were that the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) faced in his own mission.

2. What did Imam Ali (a.s.) say about his upbringing in the house of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.)?

3. What was the order of Allah (S.W.T.) to the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) regarding the teaching of Imam Ali (a.s.)?

4. What did the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) say about the Aimmah (a.s.) who were to come after Imam Ali (a.s.)?

5. Mention two important pieces of advice given to us by the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) in Hadith - e - Thaqalayn.

6. The knowledge of Fiqh in the Shia Ja'fari Faith is based on four main sources. What are those sources?

Lesson 15: The Aimmah (A.S.) Vs. The Opperessor

1. Imam Ali (a.s.)

During his lifetime and prophethood, the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) had two main responsibilities to fulfill:

1. Receiving the divine Laws (ahkam) and commands about Islam from the Almighty and conveying the message to the people.

2. Establishing an Islamic government i.e. one based on Islamic principles. After the demise of the Prophet (s.a.w.w.), Imam Ali (a.s.) was given these duties. We have seen that he was chosen by Allah (S.W.T.) and appointed by the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.).

Imam Ali (a.s.) was to ensure that the existing laws were practiced and upheld. There was no further revelation descending from the Almighty and the information that he used was what the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) had brought. This is true of all the Aimmah (a.s.).

Ideally, it was the duty of the Ummah to follow each of the Aimmah (a.s.) as their leader. No doubt the Islamic society would have flourished if this had been the case. However, this was not so. The Prophet (s.a.w.w.) had just passed away when the struggle for power and Caliphate began amongst the hypocrites. Despite the fact that the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) had left clear instruction that Imam Ali (a.s.) was to take over leadership after him, the majority of the Muslims did not allow this to happen.

Infact, history shows us that of all twelve Aimmah (a.s.), only Imam Ali (a.s.) managed to rule (for approximately 4 years and 9 months). Imam Hassan (a.s.) also came to power after his father's martyrdom but for a very short while. While our Aimmah (a.s.) struggled to uphold the Islamic System of Justice, the power-hungry were willing to stoop to the lowest levels to gain the Caliphate. They bribed, threatened and murdered where necessary and took over the ruling of the Ummah. However, their evil ways were greatly overshadowed by the purity and excellence of the Imam (a.s.) alive at that time. Thus, at some time or the other, an oppressor would feel so greatly threatened by the popularity of the Ahlul Bayt (a.s.) that he would plot to murder the Ma'soom leader. Eleven of the twelve Aimmah (a.s.) were martyred in this way.

Keeping in mind that the times and circumstances of each Imam was uniquely different, let us look very briefly at what happened in each of their lifetimes. We will study the Imamat of Imam Ali (a.s.) in detail in our next lesson so let us begin with the second Imam.

2. Imam Hassan (a.s.)

Our second Imam (a.s.) initially succeeded his father as Caliph of the Muslim Ummah but within a little while, the majority turned against him and joined the oppressors. He was forced to agree to a treaty in order to prevent widespread bloodshed. After him, no Imam was given his right to govern.

3. Imam Hussayn (a.s.)

During the Imamat of our third Imam, Islam was being attacked and mutilated by the tyranny of the Banu Ummayyad. Imam Hussayn (a.s.) thus had to openly protest against the oppressor so that people would not forget the true message of Islam.

The tragic event of Karbala in which Imam (a.s.) sacrificed the lives of his family members - including his six month old son - and his own acted as both a re-awakening and a catalyst for the Muslims and the whole world. When the shock and horror of what Yazid had done sank in, the people began to follow the example of Imam (a.s.) and fight against oppression and injustice. Islam was saved and never again did it face the danger of extinction because as long as there were tyrants and dictators, the story of Karbala offered strength to the oppressed to stand up for their rights.

4. Imam Sajjad (a.s.)

Our fourth Imam (a.s.) lived in very difficult times. He survived the event of Karbala and had to bear the imprisonment and mistreatment of Yazid from the moment his Imamat began.

Even after Yazid died, the Banu Ummayad were so wary of another revolution of the kind that Imam Hussayn (a.s.) had begun that they watched every move that Imam Sajjad (a.s.). They were on the lookout for a chance to arrest or even execute him. For this reason, Imam (a.s.) could not preach directly and had to rely on du'a (Supplication) and munaajat (prayers) to pass on the word of Islam.

His poems penetrate the hearts of those who read them and ignite a spark of light in the spirit. These du'as have been compiled into a famous book Sahifa- e-Sajjadiya which is used even today both as a guide for communicating with Allah (S.W.T.) and as a source of rules for akhlaq and spiritual enlightenment.

5. Imam Muhammad Baqir (a.s.) and 6. Imam Jaffer Sadiq (a.s.)

Our fifth and sixth Holy Imams (a.s.) had a chance during their lifetime to educate many Muslims and they led the way in furthering all areas of science. They both prepared the society to fight against and destroy Kufr. History tells us that the Caliphs tried many times to stop people from meeting with our Holy Imams (a.s.) but were unsuccessful in their attempts.The Muslims, once inspired, came up with a variety of plans and strategies to meet the Imam's (a.s.) in secret.

The times were far from easy and many companions were arrested, tortured and imprisoned. Many others were martyred because of their love for the Ahlul Bayt (a.s.) but none of this discouraged them and they continued to meet with and learn from their leaders.

This made the tyrants turn their attention towards the Imam's (a.s) themselves. Imam Muhammad Baqir (a.s.) was arrested and put in jail for some time but the Caliph had to release him because he had no reason for his actions. When this did not affect the popularity of Imam Baqir (a.s.), he was poisoned and murdered.

Imam Al-Sadiq (a.s.) faced similar problems with the oppressors raiding his house at night and constantly arresting him. It was during his Imamat that the Caliphate of the Banu Ummayyads was overthrown and taken over by the Banu Abbas who turned out to be even greater enemies of the Ahlul Bayt (a.s). Our sixth Imam (a.s.) was murdered by these new tyrants.

7. Imam Musa al-Kadhim (a.s.)

Our seventh Holy Imam (a.s.) spent long periods of his lifetime in the brutal prisons of the Bani Abbas. A few of the Caliphs during his Imamat were Mahdi Al-Abbasi, Ahadi and Haroun Rashid. It was this last tyrant who poisoned and killed Imam (a.s.) in his prison.

8. Imam Ali al-Ridha (a.s.)

The Caliphs during the Imamat of the eighth Imam (a.s.) were extremely cunning. On seeing that the people were not turning away from the Ahlu Bayt (a.s.) under any circumstance, Mamoon (the ruler of the time) decided to pretend to be on the side of Imam (a.s.).

He forced him to move from Medina where his family was to Khorasan, which was far away. Although, he outwardly declared respect for Imam (a.s.) in reality he only wanted to monitor the movements and actions of Imam (a.s.). When he saw that Imam Ridha (a.s.) had won the love and admiration of the public, he began to fear that his power would be overthrown and thus poisoned Imam (a.s.)

9. Imam al-Jawad (a.s.) and 10. Imam al-Hadi (a.s.)

The ninth and tenth Imam's (a.s.) were both under close and constant surveillance of the rulers of their times. They were denied any contact with people and were neither allowed to spread Islam nor perform any kind of Tabligh. Their close companions hardly ever saw them or met with them. After suffering the raids and tortures of the tyrants, each Imam (a.s.) was finally poisoned.

11.Imam Hassan al-Askari (a.s.)

Our eleventh Imam (a.s) spent all his life in the town of Samarra and most of it in military barracks. By this time, the people and the rulers knew that the birth of the promised saviour - the Mahdi - was nearing. That is why they were extra careful in their watch over the eleventh Imam (a.s.) and his family. Finally, believing themselves successful in having prevented the birth of the twelfth Imam (a.s.), the tyrants killed the eleventh Imam (a.s.). However, the promise of Allah (S.W.T.) always comes to pass and the twelfth Imam (a.s.) had already been born and was five years of age when his father was martyred.

12.Imam Muhammad Mahdi (a.s.)

Our twelfth Imam (a.s.), who is the Imam of our times, was taken away from public sight by the Almighty, because the tyrants were intent on killing him and finishing off the line of Imamat.

He continues carrying the responsibilities of Imamat but does so away from our view. The religious scholars act as the representatives of Imam (a.s.) and lead us under his guidance.

After glancing at the way our Aimmah (a.s.) have been treated, it is natural to wonder why they were subjected to torture, imprisonment and finally murder. Was it only because they were teaching the Laws of Allah (S.W.T.)? Was it because they used to call Muslims to pray to and worship only Allah (S.W.T.)? Or is there a deeper meaning to their sacrifices?

The late spiritual leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran - Imam Khomeni (may the Almighty be pleased with his soul) said:

" The martyrdom of Imam Ameerul Mo'mineen (a.s.) and the grand uprising of Imam Hussayn (a.s), the imprisonment, torture and killing of our Aimmah (a.s) was all because of their effort to establish divine political movements. Due to this important action, the followers of Imams emulated their holy path both in speech and actions. The political movement is one of the most important duties of Muslim religious leaders."

We can easily see that the Aimmah (a.s.) worked hard to establish an Islamic government and this was what scared the oppressors of their times. Just as those Muslims supported the Imam (a.s.) of their time and were willing to sacrifice their lives for them, we too should be willing to stand up against the oppressors of our times and be prepared to back our Imam (a.s.) anytime he should need us.

One of the victories that Islam has gained in recent times is the Revolution led by the great spiritual leader, Ayatullah Al-Udhma Imam Khomeini (May Allah (S.W.T.) be pleased with his soul). His struggle against the Kuffar began a movement that continues even today in the whole world. Islam gained a new reputation from his words and actions and people even today take lessons from the manner in which he handled the situations he faced.

Taking this victory as a stepping-stone, we must now concentrate on encouraging each other to do good and forbid evil. In this way, we will be preparing the ground for the re-appearance of our twelfth Imam (a.s.) and the establishment of a Universal Islamic Government, Insha Allah Ta'ala.

SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT…

1. The administration and leadership of the Muslim society and its protection after him, was given to Imam Ali (a.s.), by the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.).

2. The Aimmah (a.s.) spent their entire lives persevering and trying to fulfill their God-given duties. They stood firmly and fearlessly against the unjust Caliphs who had usurped their rights as leaders of the Islamic society.

3. It is the duty of all Muslims to know the Imam of their time and accept his leadership. Each one of them must support him wholeheartedly and be willing to sacrifice everything for him and his cause (Islam).

4. During Ghaybah, struggle against Kufr and injustice continues under the leadership of the Fuqaha and Religious authorities, until the advent of Imam Al-Mahdi (a.s.).

Think And Answer

1. Explain the two major responsibilities that the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) had.

2. What proofs can you present that an Imam was needed to take responsibility after the demise of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.)? What is the difference between the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) and an Imam (a.s.)?

3. Which one of our Aimmah (a.s.) managed to lead the Muslim Ummah and was able to establish an Islamic government? How long did his reign last?

4. Why did our Aimmah (a.s.) use different ways and means to fulfill their duties and goals?

5. What were the ways in which the fourth Imam, al-Sajjad (a.s.) explained the Islamic beliefs and created awareness within the society?

6. During the Imamat of our Holy Imams al-Baqir (a.s.) and al-Sadiq (a.s.), what system did they use to teach people and educate them about the religious tenets? Why did they choose that particular system of inviting people to Islam?

7. How did the seventh Imam (a.s.) spend most of his Imamat and how was he martyred?

8. The eighth Imam (a.s.) left his home and family and travelled to Khorasan. What was the reason for this? What was the aim of that journey?

9. Mention some of the extreme precautions the unjust Caliphs took when dealing with the ninth, tenth and eleventh Imam's (a.s.).

10. During this time of ghaybah of the twelfth Imam (a.s.), how do the religious scholars take the responsibility in combating and resisting Kufr and injustice? When and how do you think this fight will end?

Lesson 16: The Shia and The Ahle-Sunnah

The Muslim Ummah is divided into two basic communities, the Shia and the Sunni. They differ mainly in the issue of Succession and Caliphate after the demise of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.).

Other differences also arise in the laws of Fiqh - Islamic Jurisprudence. However, both denominations are essentially Muslims, they believe in the same Lord, follow the religion of Islam, share the same prophets, pray facing the same Qibla - Holy Ka'bah - and accept the Holy Qur'an as the last heavenly testament from the Almighty.

They are united as brothers in faith and should ideally work together to gain victory over Kufr and develop an Islamic nation.

Succession after the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.)

I. The Sunni point of view

The Ahle-Sunnah are of the opinion that Abu Bakr is the successor after the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.). They do not claim that the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) appointed him but rather say that the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) did not choose a successor for himself. Because of this, the Muslim Ummah was faced with the need for a leader to maintain unity and to organize their life after the Prophet (s.a.w.w.).

Thus, when the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) had left this world, a small number of Muslims gathered together for a meeting at Saqifah and chose Abu Bakr as new Caliph of the Muslims and pledged their allegiance to him.

The Ahle-Sunnah believe that at the time of his death, Abu Bakr in turn chose a successor after himself i.e. Umar Ibn Khattab, to be the next ruler of the Muslims. Umar did a similar thing when his death drew near.

He appointed a council of six selected people who were to take the responsibility of selecting a Caliph from amongst them selves. From this council, Uthman bin Affan emerged as Caliph. It was only after the death of Uthman bin Affan, that the Muslims insisted Imam Ali (a.s.) take the reigns of Caliphate and gave their allegiance to him.

The Muslims who believe in this chain of succession later called themselves the Ahle-Sunnah or the Sunni.

II. The Shia point of view

The Shia are of the opinion that the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) did not leave his Ummah without a leader. They believe that the leadership of the Muslims is not something that can be left in the hands of the people.

According to them, the succession of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) is a very sensitive issue and it has to be dealt with by the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) himself. From ahadith they derive information that the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) from the early days of his divine mission, had chosen Ali Ibn Abi Taalib (a.s.) as his successor and on several occasions introduced him to the people as such, by saying, "After me, Ali Ibn Abi Taalib will be your Imam and your leader."

Such a proclamation first took place when the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) invited his own close relatives to Islam and was last mentioned at the event of Ghadeer. Between these two times, it was mentioned on numerous occasions.

The Shias (and the Sunni) know Imam Ali (a.s.) to have been most like the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) in manners and faith. He was above all other in knowledge, Taqwa (Piety), worship, faith and spiritual perfection. They believe that an Imam, as leader of the Muslim Ummah, must possess all these qualities of perfection.

To them Imamat is a fundamental root of religion and an Imam is the one who implements the Laws of the religion, thus he is supposed to be familiar with all the branches of knowledge.

Because he is supposed to lead the society towards salvation, he must therefore be appointed by the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.), through the divine command of Allah (S.W.T.). Only then can he can be accepted as leader of the Muslim Ummah and followed with confidence.

The Shia follow the chain of Imamat introduced by the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) from Imam Ali (a.s.) who accordingly appointed Imam Hassan (a.s.) as his own successor. Imam Hassan (a.s.) introduced his brother Imam Hussayn (a.s.) after him and Imam Hussayn (a.s.) in the same manner introduced his son, Imam Sajjad (a.s.). This continued until the appointment of the twelfth Imam (a.s.) who is the Seal of Imamat and still reigns to this day.

These Muslims who believe in the Imamat are called Shia Ithna Asheri (Followers of the Twelve).

The Muslims Against Kufr

While these differences do exist between the Shia and the Ahle-Sunnah, the matter can be critically looked at. More research is required on this important aspect. In the meantime, both groups must stand firm against the enemies of Islam because it is only with a united front that the Kuffar can be defeated.

The enemies know that the best way to overpower a strong force is to break it into smaller more manageable parts. The concept of 'divide and conquer' has been used time and again successfully.

For this very reason, the Muslims need to be vigilant, and strengthen their solidarity. The concepts of brotherhood, unity and jehad are the same in all Muslim communities and working with these it is possible to maintain a solid union despite the differences that do exist.

If we stop fighting against each other, we will realize what a great power he Muslims are. It is only in times of internal unity that we can expect to concentrate on higher aims and gain the upper hand over our enemies. The late Imam Khomeini (May the Almighty be pleased with his soul) in his will told the Muslim Ummah the following:

"I advise the nations of all Muslim countries to join hands in brotherhood in any country from any creed and race, wherever they may be because the great Islam needs them and honours them as brothers."

It is for Muslims to sincerely pray and put an effort into creating this unity. If we are successful in implementing such a brotherhood through the efforts of our governments and nations, then undoubtedly Muslims will flourish throughout the world.

A Holy Verse

Allah (S.W.T.) reminds all Muslims about their duty towards unity saying: "And hold on to the rope of Allah strong and firm and do not create any discord." Sura Ale Imran, Verse 103

SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT…

1. The Muslim Ummah can be divided into two groups: Shia and Sunni. Although they differ on the concept of Imamat and some areas of Fiqh, both are Muslims. They both worship One God - Allah (S.W.T.), believe in the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.), pray facing the Ka'bah, and accept the Holy Qur'an as the source of heavenly guidance.

2. The Shias believe that the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) left his Ummah with a guide and spiritual leader. On many occasions he introduced Imam Ali (a.s.) as the leader after him, therefore appointing him as the religious authority and protector of Islam after himself. Hence, Imam Ali (a.s.) was the rightly guided Imam for Muslims.

3. On the other hand, the Ahle-Sunnah are of a different opinion i.e. that the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) did not appoint anyone to succeed him after his demise and this matter was left in the hands of the Ummah.

4. Both the Shia and Ahle-Sunnah must be aware of their common enemy - the Kuffar. They should be prepared to overcome their differences and stand united against the enemy. By doing so, the Muslims will progress and become a strong, formidable force.

Think And Answer

1. How did Imam Ali (a.s.) become Caliph?

2. Explain the Shia opinion regarding the issue of Prophet (s.a.w.w.)'s succession?

3. Mention two important events in which the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) addressed the important concept of Imamat?

4. How should the Ahle-Sunnah and Shia behave against the enemies of Islam and Qur'an?

5. What did Imam Khomeini write in his will concerning the importance of Muslims solidarity against the Kuffar?

Introduction To Chapter Seven

In The Name Of Allah (S.W.T.), the Beneficent, the Merciful

LAWS (AHKAM)

As with our past studies, this final chapter is dedicated to studying the finer rules regarding the Ahkam that we must follow as Muslims.

In the previous books, we studied Wudhu, Tayyamum, Fasting, Prayers, Friday Prayers and Hajj amongst others. In this book, we will move ahead with some more laws concerning Taharat, Ghusl, Tayyamum and apparel for prayers. It is advisable for you to have the book on Masael in order to be able to better study the laws of Islam.

Lesson 4: Paradise and Hell

A person once came to Abu Dhar Ghafari and asked him, "Why don't we like to taste death?"

Abu Dhar replied, "Surely, it is because we have put a lot of effort in constructing this world and have not thought about the eternal world. We have not even thought of building our abode in the hereafter which is the eternal world." The person then asked, "What is going to be our situation when we enter the next world?"

Abu Dhar answered, "There will be two groups of people: The good-doers and the bad-doers. A person in the first group will be like one who has been far from home, family and friends for a long time, has finally come back to meet them.

You can imagine how happy such a person would be! The good doers will be in such a position and will enjoy the blissful life. They will go back to their Lord, and enjoy the pleasures of Paradise in the company of angels, prophets and the Awliyaa (Trustees). They will be receiving unlimited favors from Allah (S.W.T.).

"A person in the second group - the bad doers - will be like one who had committed heavy crimes and after committing these crimes had run way as a fugitive. When such a criminal is captured, his sorrow is great and his burden heavy. One can only imagine what person in such a situation would feel! The remorse that he feels when he witnesses his bad deeds, and knows he is to be punished for them, is indescribable.

The bad doers will be in the same situation. They will find themselves facing the wrath of their Lord, tasting His chastisement. They will know the greatness of their crimes and feel ashamed for what they have sown in the temporary world."

The man asked Abu Dhar, " O Abu Dhar! Can you tell me what position I have in the next world? Will I be in Paradise or Hell-fire?"

Abu Dhar told him, "O man! Check your deeds with the book of Allah (S.W.T.). See what the book says and what have you done. Allah (S.W.T.) says: 'Believers will enter Paradise and the criminals will enter Hell fire.' Look at yourself, and take account of your soul. You will get an answer."

The man finally inquired, " Then where is the Mercy of Allah (S.W.T.)?" Abu Dhar explained, " The mercy of Allah (S.W.T.) is very close to the Believers." In other words, it is wise to keep in mind that in the hereafter, a person will have no other choice except to enter the paradise or hellfire. However, his decision can be made in this world.

Jannah (Paradise)

Paradise is the most attractive place for the God-conscious, the pure, the obedient and the good doers. It is the abode of prophets and their followers. Especially created by the Lord, as a reward and source of pleasure for His servants, Jannah is a beautiful and luscious place.

It has been described as being very wide and spacious, more massive than the heavens and the earth put together! It is bright, glittering with a heavenly shine. Its wonders are awesome and beyond the capability of the human mind to imagine. The Holy Qur'an often mentions paradise referring to it as Jannah.

Jannah is an Arabic word, meaning green or implying an exotic, luscious garden. In various verses and traditions, Jannah has been described as a garden full of beautiful trees, giving cool shade to the heavenly dwellers. Under these trees flow cool springs, rivers and streams of pure, sweet and sparkling water.

Fruits of all kind - known in this world and unknown - of different shapes, colors and tastes will hang ever-ripe, in abundance, from the branches of the trees. A fragrant breeze will gently drift through the boughs providing freshness to the Believers.

There will be no such thing as pain, hurt, sorrow or restlessness in Jannah. Even the fruit and food will be ever fresh and never rot! The good-doers will enjoy infinite blessings, their every wish shall be granted and Jannah will serve them in every way. We are told that even the branches of the trees will lower themselves to allow believer to pick fruit off it!

Palaces, mansions and castles are present for the Believers with spacious, elegantly furnished rooms. The Believers will be clothed in the most beautiful garments covered in emeralds, pearls and other glittering gems. They will spend their time exploring and reveling in the wonders of Paradise and when they wish to rest, they will relax on soft couches in the company of the Ma'soomeen (a.s.), prophets, martyrs and other dwellers of Jannah.

The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) says:

"I saw in paradise, angels constructing beautiful palaces whose bricks were made up of emeralds, gold and pearls! Sometimes they would build very swiftly, and at other times rather slowly. Many times the angels would stop constructing the mansions all together. So I asked the pure dedicated angels, 'Why do you stop working on several occasions?

"They said, ' We begin by building a palace for one of the believers.' "I asked them again, 'Why do you stop so many times?' "The angels replied, 'Because we do not have the building materials and so we cannot continue.'

"I then asked them, ' What are the building materials that you do not have in order to continue with the constructions?'

"And the angels answered, ' Through the dhikr (Remembrance) of Allah (S.W.T.), a mo'meen sends us the materials to start building with but when he forgets, we lack the materials and thus we have no choice but to stop our work.' "

From this beautiful account, we can see that the countless favors and blessings of paradise are made up of our own good deeds that we sow in this world. Some of those favors are so beautiful that no human eye has ever seen and no human ear has ever heard of them before!

Heaven and its favors are indeed beyond our understanding and imagination. Whatever we attempt to describe about the magnificence of Paradise does it no justice and it is really far beyond that.

In order to give us a slight understanding of these wonders, Allah (S.W.T.) mentions them in the Holy Qur'an, saying "A likeness of the Garden which the Righteous are promised; there flow beneath it rivers; its foods and shades are perpetual; this is the requital of those who guarded (against evil), and the requital of the Unbelievers is the Fire." Sura Ra'ad, Verse 35

"(As for) those who say: 'our Lord is Allah!' ; then continue in the right way, the angels descend upon them, saying: 'Fear not, nor be grieved, and receive good news of the garden which you were promised.' " Sura Fussilat, Verse 30

"Allah has promised to the Believing men and the Believing women, gardens, beneath which rivers flow; to abide in them (the gardens) and goodly dwellings in gardens of perpetual abode; and best of all is Allah's goodly pleasure - that is the grand achievement." Sura Tawbah, Verse 72

Glory be to Him! There will be neither death, nor sadness or illness in Jannah. Paradise dwellers will continuously receive Allah's Mercy and above all, they will receive the happiness of their Lord. This will be the greatest reward of all! Note: The dwellers of Jannah are not all in the same level. They differ according to their individual purity of actions and piety in deeds.

Jahannam (The Dreaded Hell-Fire)

Jahannam is the place for the Mushreekeen, Hypocrites, and the evil-doers. Life in Hell will be extremely painful and hard. Its dwellers will undergo painful chastisement in various forms of punishment. They will live in misery and un- ending agony. One cannot imagine the severity of chastisements in Hell! The Holy Qur'an describes the blazing fire of Hell and its inhabitants in various surahs:

"And say: The truth is from your lord, so let him who pleases believe, and let him who pleases disbelieve; surely We have prepared for the disbelievers, a fire the curtains of which shall encompass them about; and if they cry for water, they shall be given water like molten brass which will scald their faces; evil the drink and ill the resting place." Sura Kahf, Verse 29

"On the day when it shall be heated in the fire of Hell, then their foreheads and their sides and their backs shall be branded with it; this is what you hoarded up for yourselves, therefore taste what you hoarded." Sura Tawbah, Verse 35

Such will be the abode for those who lived in this world without care! The reality of the next world is permanent and those who take Islam lightly will have to bear the dreadful consequences in Hell.

Just like the man who spoke to Abu Dhar, each and every one of us is curious to know where we shall be: in Jannah or Jahannam. If we ponder on the sayings of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.), we will be able to speculate on our destination. He has said:

"One has to overcome great heights of difficulties in order to enter Paradise. Jannah is surrounded by difficulties, hard work and effort. Whosoever tries hard and accepts the difficulties of this world in the way of Allah (S.W.T.), gives service to humanity and does good deeds, will receive the blessings of Jannah."

He has also warned us of the painful abode in Hell, saying:

"Surely the hell-fire, is surrounded by carnal desires, lust, worldly temptations and one has only to follow these to reach the miserable state in the fire of hell. Whosoever obeys and bonds himself to worldly temptations and lusty desires, runs after it with unlimited passion will indeed reach the doomed place - Hell."

A Holy Verse

"They shall have chastisement in this world's life, and the chastisement of the hereafter is certainly more grievous, and they shall have no protector against Allah." Sura Ra'ad, Verse 35

SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT…

1. The final destination in the hereafter is either Heaven or Hell-fire. There is no other choice.

2. Jannah is the most awesome place that the Merciful Allah (S.W.T.) has created as a gift for His close servants. It is vaster than the heavens and the earth together! Those Believers with the best conduct, moral excellence and good deeds will find that these virtues will lead them into Jannah. The favours of Jannah are so enormous, that one cannot even begin to imagine them. It is beyond human description and comprehension.

3. Jahannam - The abode of Hell - is the most painful and difficult place that the Almighty has created for disbelievers and unjust people. Those who disobey Allah (S.W.T.) and perform ugly deeds in this world are the ones who shall end up in this most painful and severe environment of the hell.

Think And Answer

1. Why do you think we dislike death? Use Abu Dhar's answer as a basis for your own.

2. What are the favors of good-doers the moment they reach the Day of Judgment (as described by Abu Dhar)?

3. What is the status of bad doers in the hereafter according to the answer of Abu Dhar?

4. Describe the position of the Believers in the Hereafter. Mention the counsels of Abu Dhar

5. Where is the Mercy of Allah (S.W.T.)?

6. Describe Paradise according to the verses mentioned in this lesson.

7. Describe Hell according to the verses mentioned in this lesson.

THE DAY OF ACCOUNTABILITY

Beware! It is the Almighty who has brought the grand news of the Day of Judgment,

Soon you shall learn, the promise of God is nothing but true, Open the eyes of your heart, so you may appreciate the mighty signs of the Almighty,

The trees give birth from the heart of seeds And indeed they extend their care to all;

Flowers in the awesome garden; the colorful butterflies,

Singing of the Birds of the Night; streams of fresh water pouring down from falls,

Who else beside the Kind God can provide all these as His wonderful signs?

O Men! Think today about yourself!

A day shall come for your accountability which is indeed in front of you The day of Rewards - both the Good and the Bad

The day of immense pain, anguish and difficulties, indeed the day of Qiyamat!

A day that would judge all actions - good and evil,

And God will advocate His divine Justice in His majestic Court,

Whosoever pleads to be guilty, he shall be disgraced and surely humiliated and nothing will remain for him on that day,

Sustenance for him will be nothing but remorse, and falling in to the pits of fire! The status of a believer will deserve a castle in paradise,

Abundance of His blessings,

The fragrance of Jasmine and Nargis shall overwhelm him,

In this place full of God's blessings,

Most Surely, to be bestowed with God's nearness will be the Best of all Gifts!

Introduction To Chapter Three

In The Name Of Allah (S.W.T.), the Beneficent, the Merciful

THE PERFECT GUIDES

We have seen the reason for and importance of sending prophets, their aims and objectives. Let us further look at this concept of Nubuwwah and study other areas within it, such as the characteristics of prophets.

Besides knowing about the prophets, we will also aim to study the common beliefs and values found amongst all divinely revealed religions. Through this we will be able to appreciate the fact that all prophets were sent from the same source - Allah (S.W.T.) with the same message for all Mankind.

Lesson 5: Prophets

Have you seen the beautiful flowers that flourish in gardens? Or the trees that bear abundant fruit in orchards? Have you ever taken the time to wonder about the process involved in this result that we see? How long does it take for a tiny seed to grow into a fruit-bearing tree? How complex are the steps that a flower must go through in order to mature into a beautiful blossom? Who guides the trees and the flowers so that they fulfill their aim in existence?

According to our belief in Tawheed, we know that all creatures are designed, and managed by Allah (S.W.T.). The continuation of their existence i.e. their growth and maturity is also under the direction of the Almighty (S.W.T.).

Who else besides God can teach the tree how to grow? All other creations are similar to the tree - enjoying divine guidance, being nurtured by the Lord. This movement towards perfection can be referred to as 'General Guidance'.

Now that we have established that all things receive a common guidance in their progression, we can next ask ourselves, what of human beings? Humans differ from other creations in one clear aspect and that is that they possess the power to think, make decisions and choose. A few of the other creations enjoy the same power, but in a very limited scale. Allah (S.W.T.) bestowed this favour in its highest form on human beings only.

By nature human beings, like other existences, share in the common divine guidance. But their special powers of Aql (Intellect) and reasoning cannot be catered for by this same guidance. Allah (S.W.T.) created humans with the gift of understanding the difference between good and bad and the ability to appreciate ideals and values. So who then shows human beings this difference between good and evil? Who guides Man towards the right ideals and values?

It has always been the prophets who have taken up the responsibility of showing Man the path of salvation. They were the Warners and the Bearers of Truth. Allah (S.W.T.) bestowed upon them a divine message. All prophets were given the task of guiding the intellect of man towards progress and maturity.

Three Fundamental Principles

Throughout the long history of the world, thousands of prophets were sent to guide mankind to the divine call of Allah (S.W.T.). Many brought with them divine laws e.g. Nooh, Ibrahim, Musa, Issa and the last messenger Muhammad Mustafa (s.a.w.w.). These prophets are called Ulool - Azm.

Other prophets did not bring a special shariat but propagated that of the prophets who came before them. We must realize the root that all these religions were based on, is one and the same. All the messages invited human beings towards a single goal and all divine faiths are based on three basic facts i.e.

1.Tawheed - Knowing God as the One and Only Creator of the Universe.

2.Ma'ad - Belief in the Day of Resurrection and Life after death.

3.Ambiya - Belief in all Godly sent prophets and their divine call.

All messengers called to the people to accept these three basic criteria and to submit to the only Lord of the Universe. This has been true from the first prophet, Adam (a.s.) to the Seal of Prophethood, Muhammad (s.a.w.w.). This way of life that they called people to follow is known as the Religion of God. Each one proclaimed the truth of only one system and that is none other than Islam.

Characteristics Of Prophets

Being specially chosen by Allah (S.W.T.) to bear His message, prophets possess certain unique characteristics. These include:

1. Ability to Communicate with God

Prophets obey and totally submit to God. They receive the divine message from the Him and bring it down to mankind. They are similar to human beings in the physical aspect i.e. they eat, drink, sleep and enjoy the bounties of Allah (S.W.T.) just like any other human being.

What is unique and special about them is their spiritual aspect. They have a profound understanding above that of the ordinary human. Their spirits have been so purified that they are able to perceive and understand religion and beliefs to a level of perfection.

They are thus able to communicate with Allah (S.W.T.) and receive guidance from Him. The message of Allah (S.W.T.) comes to them as a Wahy in various ways. They can feel it with their spirits or even hear the voice of an angel deliver it. Their eyes and ears can see the angels and derive knowledge from their speech.

The prophets deserve this honorable status because they have proved themselves through their total conviction and submission to Allah (S.W.T.).

2. Ismat (Infallibility)

Prophets are Ma'soom, which means that they are free from all kinds of sin, mistake and evil. This infallibility is a result of their perfect knowledge about the Almighty Allah (S.W.T.). Due to the deep understanding they have, they do not commit any sort of sin or even attempt to be in the company of evildoers. Their Ismat also allows them to receive the Wahy of the Heavenly Message that they in turn convey to humanity.

They never go wrong in guiding and leading the people towards the true path of Allah (S.W.T.) and they are always under His protection.

3. Faith in the Eternal Message

Prophets are fully convinced in and have total certainty in Allah (S.W.T.). They are well aware of their divine goal in life and have not the slightest doubt about the life in the hereafter. Through their total reliance on the actions of the Almighty, they are able to spread the word of God.

Because of this unique understanding, they fear none but the Lord and are not affected by the rejection and attacks of people against them. It is amazing when you see that despite the harsh and cruel response from people, the prophets never weakened in their position regarding Allah (S.W.T.). They persevered in all the trails that came their way and never strayed from the right path.

A Holy Verse

"Say: I am a mortal like you; it is revealed to me that your God is One, therefore whoever hopes to meet his lord, he should do good deeds, and not join any one in the service of his Lord". Sura Kahf, Verse 110

SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT…

1. All creations go towards their perfection through the common guidance of Allah (S.W.T.). However, a human being who has been created as a thinker and bestowed with the power of reasoning moves towards his own perfection using the instructions shown to him by Allah (S.W.T.) through the prophets.

2. All prophets have one aim - to invite people to submit themselves towards the Almighty for achieving eternal happiness.

3. The Ulool - Azm are those prophets who received the divine laws. They are five in number and the last of them is the Seal of Prophets - Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.w.). His message from the Almighty is the universal message of Islam.

4. Prophets are human beings with special attributes, among them, having a unique communication with Allah (S.W.T.). They receive the guidance for Mankind, are supported, cared for and protected by the Almighty.

5. Prophets are Ma'soom. They do not commit sins or mistakes. This quality makes them unique from others, and allows them to be an ideal example to humanity. They are truthful in both words and practice and are perfect in their morals.

6. Prophets are submerged in the certainty of God, have innate faith and call Mankind towards the sublime faith in ONE GOD. They allow nothing to stop them from spreading the true message of God.

Think And Answer

1. What is common guidance?

2. What is the difference between human beings and other creatures?

3. What does the common guidance of man include? What is his guidance in regards to his thinking and intellect?

4. What are the three principles prophets invite human beings towards?

5. Through which ways do prophets attain revelations?

6. What is the reason for Ismat (Infallibility) in prophets?

Introduction To Chapter Four

In The Name Of Allah (S.W.T.), the Beneficent, the Merciful

PROPHET MUHAMMAD (s.a.w.w.)

The Last Messenger of Allah (S.W.T.)

The mission of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) was never an easy one. From the beginning he was faced with opposition and trials. He had to bear both physical and emotional pain in the first years of Be'that. We have seen the attitude of the Kuffar when he tried to first tell them about his good news in Daawatul Dhul Ashira, how they attacked him both in Mecca and in Ta'if, the losses he suffered after leaving She'b Abu Talib etc.

We now have a foundation on which to begin our study of the incentive of his migration to Medina and the philosophy behind this hijrat.

Lesson 6: The First Pledhes To The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.)

The season of Hajj always provided a very good opportunity to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.w.) to meet with pilgrims and other travelers and talk to them about the message of Islam. The Prophet (s.a.w.w.) explained Islam to them and invited them to bring Imaan on it while they were away from the Mushrikeen (Idol-Worshippers).

It was during one such season that the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) held discussions with six people from the tribe of Khazraj in Medina. It all began when they heard the Prophet of Islam (s.a.w.w.) read out some verses from the Holy Qur'an that spoke about Tawheed and rejected Shirk and idol-worship. He was speaking to the public about performing good deeds, and reminding them about the hereafter and the next life.

His actions are supported in the Qur'an in Sura Nahl, Verses 64 to 69 as follows: "And We have not revealed to you the book except that you may make it clear to them and that about which they differ, and as a guidance and a mercy for a people who believe…"

The words of Muhammad (s.a.w.w.) attracted the six people mentioned above and the love of Islam embedded itself in their hearts. They knew that according to the Jewish texts, Musa (a.s.) had predicted the advent of a prophet who would be based in Arabia and would invite people towards the oneness of God.

From their observation of the noble light that shone from the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.)'s face and his eloquent words, they knew that they had found that prophet. Thus, they gladly and wholeheartedly accepted Islam.

When the time came for them to depart and head back home, they told the Prophet (s.a.w.w.), "Now we are going back to our own town, Yathrib and we will spread the message of Islam there."

It was the effort of these people that led to the foundation and spread of Islam in Yathrib. The people there had heard of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) and through the description and encouragement of these six, many accepted Islam. A short while later, twelve leaders from Yathrib headed to Mecca and pledged their commitment to Islam. They made an agreement with the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) offering full support in spreading his deen.

Meeting with these 12 people was not easy task for the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) due to the fact that he was under the constant supervision of the Kuffar (idol- worshippers). At that time, the city of Mecca was a place of fear and darkness for the Muslims. Thus, the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) decided to meet them outside the town at a place under the mountain called AQABA. The meeting took place after midnight to escape the notice of the enemy.

The First Pledge Of Aqaba

It was past the middle of the night when Asad Ibn Zararah and Ibadat Ibn Samat, with ten others, walked silently down the rough road to the agreed meeting place. They found the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) waiting with a few Muslims who had braved the dangerous journey from Mecca. This meeting was in held in total secrecy and their aim was to complete the business before sunrise so that the Muslims could return to the city without the knowledge of the Mushrikeen.

When the pact was agreed upon, the twelve representatives went back to Yathrib, and told the people: "We have taken an oath on the absolute belief in the Oneness of Allah (S.W.T.). We will not steal, kill our children or insult one another and perform good actions in obedience to Him and His Commands."

The Propagation Of Islam In Medina

As the days passed, the leaders wrote a letter to the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) requesting him to send a person who could teach them Islam and educate them about the Holy Qur'an. The Prophet (s.a.w.w.) sent them a man by the name of Mus'ab.

Mus'ab was a very good Qur'an reciter, with a melodious voice. He also gave excellent speeches. He made it his habit to stand on the outskirts of Yathrib (present day Medina) under the shade of a tree and begin reciting the Holy Qur'an. His voice would attract people who would gather around him and listen to his sweet tone. When he had a crowd around him, Mus'ab would begin his speech about Islam. By then, most of the crowd would be receptive and keen to hear what he had to say.

However, this made some leaders of Yathrib angry and finally one of them threatened to throw him out of Medina. He rushed up to him with his sword and shouted aloud: "Stop what you are doing and get out of our town!" Mus'ab did not let the anger of the man effect him and asked him to sit down and talk with him. He said, "Listen to what I have to say to you and if you find it is not acceptable, then I shall stop propagating and go back to where I came from."

The man replied, "You are right. Let me first listen to you and your invitation, then I will make my decision."

He put the sword aside, and Mus'ab began to recite ayats from the Holy Qur'an. The akhlaq and patience of the reciter, together with the beauty and wisdom of the verses woke the man's sleeping spirit. He asked Mus'ab to explain Islam to him and how he could embrace it. In reply to this, Mus'ab said: "It is very simple and easy. In order to become a Muslim, you need only bear witness that there is no God except Allah (S.W.T.) and Muhammad is His Messenger."

The Second Pledge Of Aqaba

Over the period of that year, the people of Medina slowly began to appreciate the teachings of Islam. By the time, the Hajj season dawned, they were anxious to go meet the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) himself and give their allegiance to him personally. Thus, when the pilgrims set out for the journey, 500 people headed to Mecca from Medina and from these 70 were Muslims.

Upon reaching Mecca, they arranged for a meeting with the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) similar to the one that had taken place the year before. The meeting was held on the night of 13th Dhul-Hajj behind a mountain near Mina.

After speaking to them and encouraging them to continue living their lives in the way of Islam. The Prophet (s.a.w.w.) then spoke of his interest in migrating to Medina. He told them that he wanted to set up the base of Islam there, if he had their support.

The people were delighted to hear this and immediately pledged their loyalty to him and Islam. They promised to protect him and uphold the Laws of Islam even if it cost them their lives. One of them stood up saying, "We are men of war and jehad. We have grown up in the war front and are ready to sacrifice our lives for your protection and in defense of Islam…"

These Muslims then silently signed an agreement with the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) and pledged themselves to him. All this was done in great secrecy, as they were afraid that the Mushrikeen might have sent a spy to watch their movements. By sunrise, everyone had dispersed, eager and hopeful of the success of their aims.

Unfortunately, the fears of the Muslims were realized and the Mushrikeen of Mecca found out about the meetings and the pledges. They also heard about the plan of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) to establish his base in Medina where the people fully supported him. Knowing that this would strengthen Islam, the Mushrikeen decided to meet in Daarul-Nadwa and plan their next steps in dealing with this threat.

A Holy Verse

"Surely those who say: 'Our Lord is Allah!', then they continue on the right way, they shall have no fear nor shall they grieve" Sura Ahqaaf, Verse 12

SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT…

1. The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) first met with six people from the tribe of Khazraj and explained Islam to them. His words and manners impressed them so much that they embraced Islam before going back to Yathrib.

2. After this, more people in Yathrib became Muslims and a group came back to Medina to pledge their allegiance to the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.). In the first pledge of Aqaba, the people made an oath that they would not steal, not perform bad actions and refrain from killing their children (a practice amongst the Jahil Arabs).

3. In the second agreement of Aqaba, 70 Muslims from Yathrib met with the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) and signed an agreement with him. They made a covenant that they would defend the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) and fight in defense of Islam even if it cost them their lives. This is what led to the migration of the Prophet of Islam to Medina some time later.

Think And Answer

1. When these six people from the tribe of Khazraj left Mecca, what did they say to the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.)?

2. What was the outcome of the efforts of this group?

3. Who was the person sent by the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) to Yathrib to teach Islam?

4. Describe the method of da'awah (invitation) used by this person.

5. Who met with the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) during the second pledge of Aqaba?

And what was the result of that pledge?

Lesson 7: The Plot Of The Mushrikeen

After learning of the meeting at Aqaba between the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) and the people of Yathrib, the Mushrikeen were very worried. They did not know exactly what had happened at the meeting and their fear led them to increase their tortures on the Muslims in Mecca.

When the Muslims saw this, they asked the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) to help them and to ease their suffering. The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) asked them to be patient and told them that they would soon find a solution to their problems.

Muslims Migrate To Medina

The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) ordered the Muslims to migrate towards Yathrib. He told them that they would receive great rewards for the patience they had shown in all their sufferings at the hands of the Kuffar and that Allah (S.W.T.) was extremely pleased with them. In placing their Trust in Him, they had performed the greatest worship and now Allah (S.W.T.) was providing a means for their salvation.

Can you imagine what the Muslims must have felt when they realized that they would have to leave their homes and properties and move to a strange town with no knowledge of how they were to live or earn any income there?

However, their Tawwakul was great and they relied totally on the promise of Allah (S.W.T.). Gradually, groups of Muslims started migrating towards Medina.

When the Mushrikeen realized that a large number of Muslims had already left Mecca they tightened their surveillance and made sure that there are no more were allowed to leave. The Muslims did not give up and made use of every opportunity to migrate. They would leave in the middle of the night, to escape while the Kuffar slept and then trek along the long and difficult paths. Many days later, with injured legs, tired bodies and burnt faces, they would reach Medina.

The Plan

When the Mushrikeen saw that their attempts to stop the Muslims migrating were not working, they met together and discussed the issue, wondering what to do about it. It worried them that the Islam would grow stronger with a firm base and that the Muslims would then attack them.

The Mushrikeen argued about the meeting at Aqaba and its importance. Many said that the base at Yathrib was growing stronger by the day and their main fear was that the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) would soon join them and find a supportive environment from which to spread Islam.

One of them stood up and suggested, " Why don't we find a man amongst us who is willing to kill Muhammad and then offer the Bani Hashim blood money for him. This should get rid of the problem and allow us to live in peace."

An old man who was sitting amongst them told him that the plan would never work. "The Bani Hashim will never accept the money and they will not rest until they identify, capture and execute the killer," he said. "Besides, who amongst you is willing to carry out this task?" The crowd was silent at this last question. They all knew that his words were true and that the Bani Hashim were a very powerful tribe not to played with.

"Well, then let us capture Muhammad and put him into prison," another one of the Kuffar said. "We will not let any one meet him and in this way, we can cut his connection with his people. With time they will forget his call and mission." The old man refuted this idea too. "Do you think the Bani Hashim will just keep quiet and let you imprison Muhammad? Even if you manage to capture him, they will fight you and free him."

A third person spoke up, "Let us catch Muhammad and banish him to a very far place from here. We can tie him to a camel and let the animal free in the desert. Muhammad will die in the desert and if another tribe finds him, he will not be able to come back."

Again the old man protested. "This is not a practical plan," he said to those gathered around. "Firstly, you will not be able to capture Muhammad so easily and secondly, if he is found by another tribe, they may become attracted to his words and accept his message thus giving him the strong base we are trying to prevent!"

By this time, the crowd was getting restless. "If you know so much, why don't you tell us what to do!" they cried.

The old man thought for a while and then he told them. "The best plan is if we choose one man from every tribe and send a group to the house of Muhammad at night. These men can catch him and kill him. The Bani Hashim will not be able to fight us all and will have no choice but to accept the blood money we offer and leave it at that."

The Mushrikeen discussed the plan, found it to be practical and accepted it. They swore to put it in action and set about making the arrangements for the murder. But, the Great Lord was aware of their plan and knew what they had plotted.

A Holy Verse

" And they planned and Allah (also) planned, and Allah is the best of planners." Sura Aale-Imran, Verse 54

SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT…

1. A group of Muslims migrated to Yathrib with the permission of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w.) in order to be free from the torture they were facing in Mecca at the hands of the Mushrikeen. When the Mushrikeen realized that Muslims were firm in their decision, they became afraid that a strong base would be established in Medina and they would be attacked. For this reason they gathered and decided to kill the Messenger of God.

Think And Answer

1. When the Muslims asked the Prophet (s.a.w.w.) to find them a solution to their problems, what did he say?

2. What problems did the Muslims face in their migration to Medina?

3. What did the Mushrikeen think when they realized that the Muslims were determined to migrate to Medina?

4. The Kuffar had a meeting to discuss what issue? What decision did they make in this meeting?