A Case In Between Two Concerns

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A Case In Between Two Concerns

A Case In Between Two Concerns

Author:
Publisher: www.alhassanain.org/english
English

This book is corrected and edited by Al-Hassanain (p) Institue for Islamic Heritage and Thought

A Case In Between Two Concerns

Author: AlRissalah Center

www.alhassanain.org/english

Notice:

This workis published on behalf of www.alhassanain.org/english.

The typing errorsaren’t corrected.

Table of Contents

Introduction 5

Prologue of the Center 7

Prologue of the Book 10

Chapter One: Historical Inevitability, Universal Inevitability 12

The Negative Results of These Two Inevitabilities 13

(Benou Aumyah), Behavioral and Historical Inevitability 14

Relation Between Both Inevitabilities 18

Al Quran position towards these two inevitabilities 19

The Progeny’s Position towards Both Inevitabilities 21

The First Inevitability 22

Discussing Alkasb (gain) as an Origin 24

Contemporary Material Inevitabilities 25

Criticism of Historical Inevitability 26

The Political Exploitation of Inevitability 27

Notes 29

Chapter Two: Al Quran Position Towards (Inevitability) and (Man’s Independence) 30

1. The Doctrine of Free Choice in Al Quran 30

2. “Al Quran Denies Authorization and Man’s Independence” 35

Chapter Three: The principle of the Progeny of Muhammad(A.S.) 38

The interpretation given by the progeny’s school scholars to the principle of (A case inbetween two concerns) 40

The example which the Authority Scholar Sayied Al Khouay employed to declare the matter 43

1. Repudiating the opinion of attributing man’s deeds to Allah 44

Discussing the Inference They Deduce from Quranic Verses to Validate Their Theory of Attributing Man’s Deeds to Allah 46

Repudiating the Idea of Man’s Independence to Act 48

“Examining the Texts” 48

The First Front of the Intellectual Conflict 49

The Second Front in the Conflict of Thought 50

Notes 52

Chapter Four: The Progeny (A.S.) Defending (Justice) and (Monotheism) 53

1. Destiny and Fate as a System in the Universe 53

2. (Destiny and Fate) is the Divine System in the Universe and in Man’s life 55

3. The Divine Permanent Guardianship on the System of Destiny and Fate in the Universe 56

4. Disobedience and peoples’ misdeeds are committed only by Allah’s destiny and fate; Allah is never disobeyed against His will 58

5. “Distinguishing Allah’s Formative Will from His Legislative Will” 62

6. Man’s freedom of choice within the determinate circuit of destiny and fate 64

7. Man’s responsibility for his deed 67

8. God’s domination over the movement of destiny and fate in the universe along history 68

9. The divine law of assistance and negligence and its role in the life of people 70

Notes 71

Epilogue 73

Notes 75

Introduction

This book tackles a vital ideologicalsubject which the thought of the progeny (A.S.) has already enriched.

One thousand three hundred years ago Imam As-Sadique (A.S.) issued his famous statement (Neither determinism nor authorization, rather a caseinbetween two concerns).

If people ever have extracted from the progeny’s glamour (A.S.) and drank from their fountain they would have never gone astray, never would they have gone to the extreme, orrefuged to extravagance; nor would have they deluded each other.

Imam Ali Foundation - Central Office - Holy Qum took into consideration the endless need of different schools and various levels of students to know the thought of the progeny(A.S.); hence it introduced this English translation realizing how urgently man needs this book in his mental and daily life.

From Allah the Sublime we obtain success and content.

Imam Ali Foundation

Holy Qum

“In the name Allah the Merciful the compassionate”

Prologue of the Center

Praise and thanks are due only to Allah, Lord of the worlds, and peace and prayer be only upon our most gracious prophet whois sent as a grace for the worlds Muhammad the Mustafa (well chosen) and upon his kind and virtuous progeny.

One of the essential matters that has occupied - and still does - a vast zone in the Islamic thought is man’s deeds and perceiving whether they are attributed to him or to Allah the Great and Almighty, or both to man and Allah the Great and Almighty.

Man due to the mentality and ability to think which has given him superiority over all creatures, is disposed to attribute his deeds - in case he had made them - to himself or to somebody else.

Is he the one who had prepared the introductions, reasons,means and devices under a certain determination and a specific conception for his deed, achieving it thereafter by his own will, choice and desire?

Or , did he undertake that deed without any previous planning and arrangement?

Or , was there a proportional compromise between both cases?

Hence, the Muslims differed about that matter adopting three trends.

Some of them believed that the suitable interpretation for man’s deeds is the concept of (determinism) (AlJabr ) so as to keep on the safe side about some very dangerous matters that concern the Muslim’s dogma, such matters like Allah’s non finite potency and his great vast sovereignty being the only creator ofevery thing ; they certify their claim by someQuranic verses such as:

[But Allah is the one who has created you and the material of which you make your gods].AsSaffat v. 96.

[Say: Allah is the creator of all things and beings]Ar Ra'd v. 16.

On such grounds, determinism means negating any relation between man and his deed, for heis deprived of free choice in his deeds, and any act he takes may not be regarded as a reflex for his desires, tendencies, trends and whatever he owns of personality or talents. He hasnot theslightest influence on his deeds; he is a device no more.

Others believed quite the opposite to this, hence they thought that the core of the matter lies in free choice so as to keep on the safe side about other matters that are no less dangerous from those which the determinists showed their reservations about; such as Devine Justice; for it will not be fair to punish a man for a deed that he has been obliged to do, being deprived of the ability not to do it.

They think that Allah the Great and Almighty hascreated mankind giving them the potency to act, authorizing them - at the same time - to carry on deeds and acts as much as they claim or like.

This actually means; man’s independence to bring about an act by means of the will and potency consigned to him; moreover, it connotes that Allah the Almighty has no impact whatsoever on any deed a man may do; for without his optional independence of action, the Holly commandments would have been meaningless and reward and punishment would have turned unjust.

Followers of this trend too tried to make use of the facial meaning of Quran to serve their purposes:

[And say (O, Messenger) act as much as you can, soon Allah will observe your deeds and so will His messenger and the believers.]AllTaubah v. 105.

[Then he who has done a particle - weight of good willsee it, and shall receive the reward for it, and he who had done a particle.Weight of evil will see it (and will receive the recompense for it)]Az Zilz'al v. 7-8.

A third party advocated that the verses of the Holy Quran frankly contradict the theory of determinism.

[And everyone is in pledge of his own deeds]At-Turv . 21.

[ThenWe showed him the straight path, whether he chooses to be grateful or shows ingratitude and be disbeliever]AlInsan v.3.

[This Quran is a reminder and a guide and whoever wishes can find through it a way towards his Creator and Nurturer]Al-Insa'n v. 29.

In other verses of the Quran free choice of man is repelled, the Sublime said:

[Following their pray they defeated them by Allah’s leave]AlBaquarah v. 251.

[And it is not possible for any (disbelieving) person to believe except by Allah’s will]Yunus . V. 100.

Therefore, this party adopted a midway view in between determinism and free choice - which is defined by the Imams of the progeny of Muhammad (Aa'ymat Ahlu Albait ) (A.S.) (who were the original advocates for it) by their expression (A caseinbetween two concerns); meanwhile it does not degrade Allah’s destiny, fate, sovereignty and justice. It also maintains the concept of attributing man’s deeds both to Allah the Sublime and tohimself , to this end they employed some Holy verses:

[Whatever of good reaches you (O, man) it is from Allah, but whatever of evil befalls you, it is from yourself]An-Nissa'a v. 79.

For, if there is no relation between the Creator and man’s deeds it would not have been correct to attribute man’s good deed to Allah the Great and Almighty.

Both Imam (AlBaquer ) and (AlSadequ ) (A.S.) relate: (Allah is too merciful to Oblige His creatures to commit sins thereafter to torment them for those sins; further Allah is too dignified to demand something that would not come true).

ImamSadiqu (A.S.) too relates:

(Neither determinism nor authorization, rather a caseinbetween two concerns).

Imam (AlRedha ) (A.S.) too on hearing a conversation among his visitors about determinism and authorization said : (Allah the Great and Almighty may not be obeyed by force, nor is He disobeyed in spite of Him, He does not forsake and neglect the people in His kingdom, He owns what He had made them own,

and He is capable of what He made them capable to do; so if they decided to obey Him He would not reject or prevent them; if they decided to disobey Him and He wanted to forbid them from doing so, He would do; now if He did not forbid them from disobedience, yet they did not obey and really disobeyed; He would not be the One who has obliged them to do so” This book which we put between your hands - dear reader - tackles this matter in its three trends, referring to its evidences and proofs,

discussing them in the light ofQuranic verses and the purified example of the prophet (AlSunah AlMutahrah ); in addition to the reasonable proof, following a modern scientific approach in a comparative study, till it reaches scientific conclusions. Al-Rissalah Center on presenting this book to the dear readers anticipates that it really could have participated in introducing the proper solution for this complicated question.

[And Allah does guide those whom He wills, to the straight path]AlBaquarah v. 213.

AlRissalah Center

Prologue of the Book

Since man realized the creative potency that hasinnovated the universe by all its various beings, establishing thereafter a relation with the Absolute (The Unique Creator); he started to think dealing several questions within his mind: can I behave and move away from the domination of (the Creator)? To what extent doI own a freedom of choice in doing or not doing things?

AmI forced and helpless having no will to act or misact?Or , is there a definite margin for my free will and free choice?And if I do possess a certain amount of that freedom and choice, do I possess them independently so that I can say: The Potential Creator had nothing to do with what I do or not do?

The case beingso, how does this accord with our belief in the creator’s domination, sovereignty, potency and knowledge?

Man has always raised such questions and the like whether he has faith in one of the religions or does not have any.

Along the ideological history ofman various answers for those questions emerged.

The philosophers tried to solve these complications according to their approaches and philosophical theories.

The religious texts presented answers, some of which were clear and accurate (Muhkam ); others were metaphorical so as to instigate man to think, meditate and reach to an inner conviction, on condition that it does not contradict the accurate (Muhkam ) answers mentioned above, for these accept no misinterpretation.

The scholastics and theologians expressed their points of view; some of them relied on the facial connotation of text making use of philosophy and formal logic thus believing in determinism. Man - to them - is like a feather in a storm, deprived of any will power, free choice to act or not to act.

[Allah is the Creator of all things and beings]ArRa'd v. 16.

Others tried to prettify this notion making it more acceptable byinnovating the theory of acquisition (AlKasb ).

Allah is the Creator of the deed and man acquires (i.e. gains) it, (Man gets reward for that (god) which he has done and he is punished for that (evil) which he has done) AlBaquarah v. 286; giving a completely different interpretation for the word (Kasb ).

Others more, emphasized the free will and free choice in away similar to independence to act or not to act.

[They are free to choose between believe and disbelieve]AlKahf v. 29.

The progeny of Muhammad’s (Ahlu AlBait ) (A.S.) doctrine was distinguished by itsinbetween moderate position among these trends - which either went to the extreme right “Theory of Determinism ‘AlJabr ’ ”; or to the extreme left “Theory of Free choice - authorization - (AlTafwedh )”; their phraseology pertaining to this complicated matter “Neither determinism nor authorization, rather a caseinbetween two concerns” became famous.

The proponents of the school of the Progeny of Muhammad interpreted this saying elaborating on it and proving its correctness by quoting the religious texts (the Qumran and the prophet’s example), furthermore they benefited from the development of the philosophical thesis and the scientific data of man’s realization and sensation.

Yes, man really has a decisive strong feeling that he is not a mere helpless instrument; such a feeling is accompanied by realization of the same feeling which is no less clear and manifest, yet beside such a sensation it may be said man does not possess his infinite freedom to schedule the process of his life; whether in the positions he takes or in managing his private and public affairs; for man - one way or another - realizes that he has no control over a lot of things, or they take place against his desire and will.

This book intends to demonstrate dissimilar points of view respective of this exciting subject, taking into consideration the process of simplifying the sentence and abridging the way to infer clear connotation depending on the most important and authenticated references.

The researchhas been made into four chapters, tackling in the first the historical inevitability and the universal inevitability.

In thesecond it tackles the Holy Quran view of both (inevitability) and (man’s independence).

In the third, it tackles the progeny’s approach to the (caseinbetween two concerns) surveying the various conflicting party’s points of view about the subject.

In the fourth and last it deals with the role of the progeny ofMuhammad( A.S.) in defending both dogmas (monotheism. AlTawheed .)and (Justice - AlAdl .).

Then the book ends with a proper epilogue.

And from Him the Sublime we ask assistance and success.

Chapter One: Historical Inevitability, Universal Inevitability

In the course of the philosophical history ofreason we come across two theories that set out from inevitability as a start point.

The first of which; concerns man’sbehaviour , in particular,individual and socialbehaviour .

The other pertains to the universal system as a whole. The first theory tends to believe in the inevitability of man’sbehaviour retarding his will and negating its role ever in hisbehaviour .

The second theory tends to assert inevitability in the universal system as a whole, claiming that the entire universe moves within an accurate system according to the law of casualty. This system runs within a serial chain, each one of its links is connected to the prior and the following one within some inevitable system that does not change or drop behind, and nobody’s will ever may interfere to shift it.

If we presume that we have found the key links in this series of the general universal system, succeeding to read the cardinal order of these links that keep the system in hold; then we shall be able to foretell all events in the universe right to its last day.

Both theories run through each of the two eminent trends of thought, the divinedoctrine and the material one.

Some of those who believe that inevitability controls man’sbehaviour and history, do believe in Allah the Sublime, and they attribute this inevitability to Him.

Others who belong to the opposite direction (the material trend) reach to the same conclusion on the grounds of casualty law, or the dialectical system of thought.

Thus both trends assert that both,mans behaviour and his history are inevitable.

The second inevitability (the universal) in its turn does not concern this party or that exclusively;it is quite possible that both materialists and religious may adhere to it.

The Jews are one of the religious groups that tend to follow the trend of the universal inevitability. The Sublime said:

[The Jewssaid: Allah’s hand is fettered. Be their hands fettered and they be cursed for what they uttered] AlMaidah v. 64.

A wide sect of Muslims thatis called (AlAshairah ) as well tends to believe that man’sbehaviour is inevitable.

The Marxists as a sect from the materialists believe that this inevitability governs man’s history, (calling it - by their terminology - the universal necessity. Translator)

The Negative Results of These Two Inevitabilities

These two inevitabilities lead to negative results in man’s history of thought, they also lead to negative results in man’s political history, for they will necessarily lead to the presumption that there is a compulsory system in the universe; a system that can never be adjusted changed or shifted.And interpretation as such connotes retarding the potency of the will of Allah the Sublime, expelling the domination of His sovereignty over the universal system. This applies to the universal inevitability respectively.

The definite result that the inevitability in man’sbehaviour and history brings about is the belief in suspending man’s will.

Both these dangerous resultsare necessarily produced by these two inevitabilities.

The Political Misuse of the Historical Inevitability:

The rulers and regimeshave widely politically exploited both inevitabilities.

Adhering tobehavioural and historical inevitability suspends man’s active role and will to change his circumstances of living and his political history, turning him from an active impressive element who can influence the movement of history and change his social circumstances of living into a character floating in the current of history and life, running wherever this current runs.

Such a kind of thinking usually serves the ends of oppressive political regimes. For, in a social media that thus adheres to fatalism, inevitability and determinism, any apparent opposition for the political regime may hardly show.

Therefore the theory of historical inevitability often meets approval and support from the politically oppressive regimes. The rulers encourage such thought tendencies towards destiny and fate to keep on the safe side from people’s rage,rebellion and objections. For there is no way for rage, rebellion and objections as long as all oppression andblood shed are predestined and designed by Allah, and no man has any power or right to change and adjust them!

(Benou Aumyah ), Behavioral and Historical Inevitability

It became well known that (Benou Aumyah ) used to adopt the doctrine of determinism to interpret history and man’sbehaviour , instructing people that their injustice, oppression, suppression, Muslim’s treasury looting… etc, are predestined by Allah the Sublime’s inevitable destiny which nobody may protest against and none may resist.

(Al Hassan AlBassry ) had a tendency to contradict them in the matter of (destiny) believing that people are free to decide their destiny and Allah the Sublime does note inevitably impose their destiny on them; (Al Hassan AlBassry ) sometimes used to propagate this opinion of his, so some people frightened him of the authority (Al Sultan).

Ibn Sa’ad in (AlTabaquat ) quotes (Ayoob ):

(Severaltimes I discussed destiny with (Al Hassan), then I threatened him by the authorities, so he said: I shall never say anything about that again.)

At the age of (Al Hassan AlBassry ) the authority that reigned was (Benou Aumyah ). A fact that inspires us to conclude, they used to consolidate the theory of behavioral and historical inevitability extending it to the extremes of terrorism and suppression.

Strange enough, the advocates of polytheism used to justify their polytheism and idolatry by this inevitability!

The Sublime -mouthpiecing them - says:

[And these pagans have said: if it had not been the will ofArRahman we would not worship these idols they say these out of ignorance; they say nothing but lies.]Az Zukhruf v. 20.

Political Misuse of the Second Inevitability

The way politics had a role in misusing the first inevitability, it also had a role in widely misusing the second inevitability, for universal inevitability necessarily leads to segregate the Divine will from the universe, that does not contradict believing that Allah the Sublime is the Creator of the universe,

for the Jews used to believe in Allah the Sublime and that he is the Creator of this universe, but also they used to believe that this universe runs and moves - after being created by Allah the Sublime - within an obligatory system established on causes and reasons with no role for Allah the Sublime in managing and administrating it, in other words they used to believe that Allah the Sublime is the Creator of this universe,

but He does not have a role in managing or dominating it, while the Holy Quran certifies that Allah the Sublime maintains all qualities of creation, domination, management, simultaneously. Proportionate to the amount of weakness that befalls Allah’s sovereignty,domination and practical influence on the universe from man’s point of view - man’s relation and connection to Allah in turn, turns weaker.

And the way man’s faith in Allah’s sovereignty, authority and direct practical influence on the universe weakens, his relation with Allah also weakens, and the more his adherence and connection to Allah weakens, he himself gets weaker, furthermore his potency, power and resistance will weaken. Opposite to this however, the more man’s faith in Allah the Sublime,

His domination,authority and practical influence on the universe increases, his adherence to Allah and his relation with the Sublime on the other hand will increase. Themore strong his relation with Allah becomes, the more strong and potent he will be, for he will get strength and potency from Allah, thus his resistance and hope will increase.

This matter naturally concerns the rulers and the oppressive terrorist regime; this is in the first place.

Second: such a concept of universal inevitability deepens man’s sense of the role of matter and materialism in his mind and soul giving them more value than they deserve meanwhile weakening and flattening the metaphysical sense in man’s soul and consciousness decreasing their real value, quite opposite to what the Quran does to man.

In theQuran we notice that a great attention has been paid to the faith in the unseen, in an attempt to deepen, fix and establish this faith in man’s soul, meanwhileAlQuran through a great number of verses emphasizes the effect and importance of matter in the universe.

Faith in the unseen has a great impact on man’s way of thinking, on the course of his movement, on his aspirations and ambitions, then on his flexibility and potency to face and withhold difficulties,troubles and challenges.

Weakening and flattening faith in the unseen, and strengthening and deepening faith in matter (more than it really deserves) weakens man’s role,activity and dynamism, influencing directly his style of thinking.

The Holy Quran tells about the Jews ultimate faith in the universal inevitability, which cancels Allah the Sublime’s authority and potency to alter the order of the historical and universal events within the frame that the initial episodes of these events impose.

[The Jewssaid: Allah’s hand is fettered.Be their hands fettered and they be cursed for what they uttered! Nay, Allah’s hands are widely outstretched; He spends (of His bounty) as He wills] AlMaidah v. 64

RelationBetween Both Inevitabilities

Although these two inevitabilities are different in shape and significance, yet they meetso as to cripple man’s transitional and pioneering role in the political and social system.

For change depends on two things:

1. Man’s faith in Allah the Sublime and His sovereignty, potency and power; and man’s reliance and dependence on Allah the Sublime and his trust in Him; and if man delivers himself to Allah the Sublime, he will gain from Allah the Sublime some super strength and potency, further he will gain unlimited hope and confidence.

Man, however powerful, influential and efficient might be, but fordelivering himself to Allah cannot attain that hope and confidence.And if ever he loses hope and trust in Allah, disconnecting himself from Him, he will become too weak to confront life, and he will have to face the challenges of work and life movement on his own, depending on his own strength and potency which are weak and limited.

Belief in the universal inevitability and denial of Allah the Sublime’s authority to influence and penetrate the serially related events of the universe the way the Jews believe - make man lose his psychological contact with Allah the Sublime, robbing him his trust in Allah and hope in the metaphysical aid expected from Him all the way through his actions and movement.

2. Man’s faith in his free will and potency to change the course of history and decide his destiny and the destiny of history.

Such a faith enables man to act, move and change opposite to which he loses his psychological potency to move and change things, and if ever he loses this faith, he will turn to believe that his history and fate has inevitably been predetermined and there is no way to alter or change it, and that he is only a wheel that is part of a big instrument which makes him act and move with no control over his acts, moves, history and fate. Thus faith in both inevitabilities blocksman from Allah the Sublime concealing him from his ego and abilities, robbing him of hope and freedom to move and make a decision.

Man thus will turn into a piece of wood floating into the current of event and history.

Both this and that are things that rulers and oppressive terrorist regimes seek.

Al Quran position towards these two inevitabilities

Al Quran has a clear position towards these two inevitabilities. In dealing with the historical andbehavioural inevitability the Holy Quran frankly approves man’s free will and responsibility for his deeds, the Sublime said:

[Then we showed him the straight path; it is up to him to choose to be grateful or ungrateful and disbeliever.]

Revised by translator AlInsan v.3 .

[Verily, Allah does not do any injustice tomankind, but men do wrong to themselves.]yunus v. 44.

[Say, (O messenger!) O, men! The truth has come to you from your Creator and Nurturer. Whoever is guided it is only to his own loss.]Revised by translator. Yunus v. 198.

[And whoever wishes can find through it a way towards his Creator and Nurturer.]Revised by translator AlInsan v. 29.

Meanwhile Al Quran clearly confirms the doctrine of Allah the Sublime’s will that dominates man’s life and history without canceling man’s free will. The Sublime says:

[And you mankind does not decide something unless Allah decides so; verily, Allah is the knowingDecreer .]AlInsan v. 30.

[And you shall not wish the truth and shall not be in search of the straight path unless it be the will of Allah the Creator of the worlds]AtTakwir v. 29.

[Say (O, messenger!) Allah leaves in his errorwhom he regards unworthy, and guides to his path those who turn to Himinvokingly .]Ar Ra'd v. 27.

[Allah does guide to His light whomever He wills.]Revised by translator An.Nur v. 35.

[And if your Creator and Nurturer had willed, verily, all those who are on the earth would have believed; can you (O, Messenger!) compel people against their wish to become believers?And it is not possible for any (disbelieving) person to believe except by Allah’s will and Allah will put the wrath on those who do not use their reason.]Yunus . V 99 - 100.

This direct influence of Allah the Sublime’s will of domination on man’s life and history in addition to man’s free will and choice is the well known doctrine of (A case in between two concerns) which has been attributed to the progeny of Muhammad (A.S.).

It is a midway dogmainbetween (determinism) that has been adopted by (AlAsha’irah ) and (free choice) that has been adopted by (AlMufawidha ).

We shall elaborate more about this in the following chapters of this research.

In relation to the second inevitability, the Holy Quran clearly approves the doctrine of Allah the Sublime’s sovereignty of will over the universe, and His permanent and continuous control over it.

The Sublime says:

[The Jews said: Allah’s hand is fettered, be their hands fettered and theybe cursed for what they uttered! Nay, Allah’s hands are widely outstretched, He spends (of his bounty) as He wills] AlMaidah .V. 64.

The Sublime also says:

[Allah abrogates whatever He wills and keeps confirmed whatever He wills, and with Him is the preserved Book].Ar-Ra'd v. 39.

This doctrine, which the Holy Quran approves, does not connote suspending inevitability and casualty dogma, in addition to all the regulations and reasonable laws resulting from casualty dogma.

We find in the Holy Quran many verses other than those mentioned above, that confirm clearly and accurately the casualty doctrine.

The Progeny’s Position towards Both Inevitabilities

Through the sequence of Islamic history, the progeny (A.S.) confronted an ideological dogmatic digression by some Islamic sects in their misunderstanding of the movement of history and the universe. This digressionis represented by their adoption of determinism and inevitability as influential doctrines in man’s history and behavior, applying at the same time the doctrine of inevitability on the movement of the universe.

The ruler’s of the (Aumawey ) and (Abbasy ) dynasties’ trends of thinking had a great influence on the sects believing in bothdoctrines, accidentally the progeny of Muhammad (A.S.) lived contemporaneously with both those dynasties.

The Progeny of Muhammad (A.S.) adopted a strong position against both trends expressing their opinion about man’s free will and choice without suspending the role of Allah the Sublime’s will in affecting man’s life; a fact that the Progeny (A.S.) described as being (A caseinbetween two concerns).

Ithas been narrated that (AlFadhl binSahl ) asked Imam (AlRedha ) (A.S.) at the presence of (AlMa'amoon ) theAbbasi Caliph saying:

- O,Abal Hassan! Are the people compelled in theirbehaviour ?

Al-Redha (A.S.)said: (Allah is too just to compel his creatures in their deeds, then to torment them for what they did?

(AlFadhl ) then said: Then they are completely free, are notthey?

Imam (AlRedha ) (A.S.) said: (Allah is too wise to neglect man leaving him to his own devices.) [1]

AlSadouqu relates of (Mufdhel binOmmar ) fromAbi Abdullah( A.S.) saying:

(Neither determinism nor authorization rather a caseinbetween two concerns.) [2]

The Progeny (A.S.) expressed their opinion about the second inevitability; Muhammad bin Muslim relates from (Abu Abdullah AlSadique ) (A.S.) saying:

(Allah never has chosen a prophet unless He made sure that the prophet possesses three characteristics: admitting his submission to Allah; never accepting any counterpart to Allah, and approving that Allah brings forward or delays whatever He chooses).[3]

The progeny (A.S.) simultaneously rejected and negated both inevitabilities by adopting the doctrine of (A caseinbetween two concerns.), further, their refutation of the universal inevitability that was expressed in the dogma of (AlBeda'a ) was well known.

Whatever the case might be, we - by the permission of Allah - shallget indulged elaborately through this research in the light of the Holy Quran if Allah the Sublime wishes.

Introduction by ‘Ali Akbar Mazaheri

Look at the youth standing upon the origin of a new way with their hopes, abundant aspirations and hearts full of love and commotion, with the idea to move towards and independent and responsible life. They confront two important decisions, two vital obstacles, two lofty peaks and two big selections.

So they must necessarily cross through these two obstacles and reach for these peaks and take decisions regarding these two essentially important problems and make the selection.

It cannot be that they leave these two, or either one of them aside. And neither are they energetic enough to cross through them all alone, without any kind of guide or assistance, to reach their aim safely.

The good luck and prosperity or misfortune and misery of their lives is, to a great extent, connected and linked to these two decisions and selections.

If they are able to safely cross these two obstacles and peaks, then they have, to a great extent, neared themselves to prosperity and fortune. And if, God forbid, they do not succeed in making these decisions and selections (properly), then many difficulties and agonies will come into existence for them.

One of the two is choosing a job and the other is selecting a spouse.

Each of these two decisions and selections is big and sensitive; but one of them is even bigger and more sensitive than the other, and that is the selection of spouse.

One of the great Gnostics said: “If a man spends half of his life in the search of a suitable teacher, it is worthwhile, since he will become prosperous in the other half of it.”

I too say, “If a man spends half of his life searching for a proper and suitable spouse, it is worthwhile, because he will be prosperous, for the rest of his life.”1

Have you ever seen a successful man who does not have a capable woman beside him? And have you ever seen a prosperous woman who does not have a talented man beside her?

Usually every successful man has a capable woman beside him and every prosperous woman has a capable man beside her. If we observe, we will discover that it is so in every society. Even if we probe into history, we see the same. For example, Ibrahim (a.s) has Hajar beside him, whilst Musa (a.s) has Safoora at his back. Isa (Jesus) (a.s) has his mother Maryam at his side and Mohammad (S) has Khadija (s.a) beside him. We find Zahra (s.a) beside Ali (a.s), whilst Imam Hassan (a.s),

Imam Hussain (a.s), and Imam Sajjad (a.s) have Zainab (s.a) beside them. And similarly, beside all the scholars, thinkers, inventors, and reformers we usually observe capable gifted women as their wives, mothers or sisters.

Of course, because of the fact that women usually remained inside the house, they made less public appearance and so remained to a lesser degree, the focus of attention of historians, speakers, and writers. As a result, they glittered less. But since capable and talented men and women had their roles to play in each other's success and prosperity, there is no difference between them and they are equal and alike.

We can even go to the extent to say that the role of women in the success of men has been more than the role of men in the prosperity of women. Because woman is the axis and basis of life and the family and if this axis becomes anguished, disturbed and unbalanced, the foundation of life will become turbulent and weak. It is very difficult for men to succeed in a shaky and turbulent life, but if the woman is talented and capable, the man will ascend to heaven from her lap.2

And likewise, the capability and talent of each sex has and effect on the prosperity of the other, whereas the incapability, inefficiency and inferiority of each one have their effect upon the fate of the other.

An inferior, abject, ill-mannered and faithless woman destroys the life of a man and makes him sit upon the dust of abjectness and shame. And a base, mean, characterless, and faithless man will push the woman towards misfortune, a bleak life an psychological and spiritual diseases.

The Prophet (S) prays to Allah about a bad spouse, saying:

أعوذ بك من زوجة تشيبني قبل أوان مشيبي .

“Oh Allah! I take refuge in you from a wife who makes me old before my old age reaches me.”3

Only God knows what an abundance of huge amounts of energies are destroyed in this marsh. And what number of fresh souls become withered and emaciated in this field. And how many tragedies occur in this area. Woe to the man who has an evil and bad woman! And woe to then woman who becomes entangled with a vile and impure man!

What plentiful numbers of nice capable, religious and talented boys have been seen dragged and pushed into marshes and slimes as a result of marrying an incapable and base girl! And how many good, nice, capable, modest, beautiful and spirited girls with good tastes and talents have been pushed into a cesspool, as an effect of marrying an incapable, faithless, illogical and selfish boy and been totally destroyed.

Or, if both of them are good and capable, but are not and equal match and counterpart, proportional to each other, then even this situation creates difficulty And this is a very important and minute problem.

At a later stage, we will discuss spouses being equal counterparts, proportional to each other.

But right now, it is necessary to explain that goodness and fairness of both spouses alone is insufficient, but than them being a good match, proportionate to each other conventionally speaking, is also essential so they can move forwards together in harmony.

We have seen a great number of couples, which individually, are both good, but together they have a disorganised life, because they are not proportionate to each other. Each one lives a separate life to the other.

These couples too end up with conflict, disagreement, and some with divorce, whereas if each of them had married a proportionate spouse, they would have succeeded. I will explain this further, describing a few live examples.

A boy and a girl need assistance and guidance in this risky and sensitive field. I sit possible to leave the youth all alone in this much sensitive phase? They must have access to the people means, books and centers to assist and help them out. It is not really advisable to leave them alone.

How is it that a teacher and guide is needed for driving a car, constructing a building, travelling along an avenue and performing simple and ordinary things, but a teacher, a guide, and a guardian is not essential for choosing a mate, organising and establishing a long life, and laying the foundation of a human assembly?

The marriage of a girl and a boy is the starting point of a big human race. The marriage of the chief of believers, Ali (a.s), with Fatima Zahra (s.a) laid the foundation of a great race, which continues yet and will remain continuous and persistent up to the end of human history. And hereby, we are benefiting from the benevolence and beneficence of this scared relation and this blessed tree.

Imam Khomeini (r.a) and Ayatollah Khamene'i, the grand leaders, are the fruits of this blessed marriage. The marriage of Abu Sufian and Hind (the liver eater)4 also bought into being the foundation of an immoral race and so the Umayyad caliphs came into existence from this dirty relation Humanity has suffered great losses and continues facing difficulties at the hand of this corrupt tree.

Islam has set so many laws and topics, and stresses so much upon the subject of marriage and selection of spouses that makes one surprised and astonished.

(Professor) Mohammad Taqi Ja’fari used to say: “Bertrand Russell (the renowned European philosopher) wrote to me and asked, “Why has Islam given such value to, and formed laws for marriage?” In response to him, I wrote, “The problem is man. Marriage brings 'man' into existence.”5

The actual aim of the discussion in this book is making boys and girls familiar with the method and manner of choosing a spouse, so that they can succeed in this critical, serious and fate-making matter. But the other decision and selection, i.e., selecting a job, will Insha’Allah; be brought into consideration in another book.

Reminding of A Few Points

1- The stories and examples quoted this book are real and authentic, but the names of the people have been changed to protect their identity. Only in a few cases have the real names been used.

2- We hereby thank our dear honourable brothers, Mr. Jawad Chenari and Mr. Masood Azarbaijani who helped and co-operated realizing this book, Mr.Hussain fidaee of the Imam As-Sadiq (a.s) institute, Qom, who was responsible for composing and paging and to the publication centre of the Office of Islamic Propagation, at the seminary of Qom, which shouldered the responsibility of its publication. We pray to Allah to grant them abundant rewards.

3- This book is a preliminary in connection with the problems of the youth and Insha’Allah, we will take the relevant steps after it. Therefore, we would like thinkers, clear sighted and lucid personalities, the youth and respectable reader to send their views, suggestions, criticisms and observations to the writer, at the publisher's address, including real examples of their own experiences and anything which may relate to the topic of this book, as well as those things which may concern the younger generation and could be effective and a way-opener, so that they could be used in the following editions and books. Quite evidently, if such steps are taken with sincerity, they shall bring valuable and worthy rewards from Allah.

We also expect from young couples and all those who are inclined to take steps on the way to help and guide the younger generation to describe their sweet or bitter experiences, whether experienced directly or indirectly:

Experiences such as success or failure in the selection of a spouse, the ways of spending the periods of engagement and ‘Aqad (the period after Nikah and before real marriage life), the do's and don'ts of these periods, the successes and failures of the phases of spouse-selection, engagement period, marriage, after marriage and the initiating of a new joint life, its continuation, along with the causes and factors of success and failure and their biographies, so that these milestones can be living guides for young people at the starting point of their lives toward the achievement of prosperous lives.

Meanwhile, if you are inclined, we will use your real names, but if you refer us not to do so, you can write to us and we will use fictitious names, just as we have done in most of the examples quoted in this book.

We pray to Almighty Allah for His pleasure and guidance.

Ali Akbar Mazaheri

Seminary of Qum, Spring, 1373 (S.H.)

Notes

1. Of course, it doesn’t mean delaying the marriage; rather it means subtlety and carefulness in choosing the spouse. We shall explain it in the future discussions.

2. Here Imam Khomeini’s famous saying has been hinted at: “Man ascends to heaven from the lap of woman”.

3. Wasail al-Shia, vol.14,p22.

4. Hind, the wife of Abu Sufian, chewed the liver of Hazrat Hamza (a.s) after his being martyred in the Uhud battle.

5. His lessons about Nahjul Balagha in television.

Chapter One: Excellence of Marriage

Man and Woman: Enhancements of Each Other

Allah created man in a manner in which he is incomplete and imperfect without a spouse. Man may upgrade his knowledge, faith and qualities, but he shall never reach the desired perfection while he does not have a spouse. (Be it man or woman).

Nothing can substitute marriage and the raising of a family. Both the male and female sexes need each other from a spiritual, as well as physical point of view. And each one of them is incomplete and imperfect when alone and in solitude. When they are placed beside each other, they complete each other. This is the law of creation and it commands the whole universe.

The Qur’an calls man and woman the dress of each other.

هُنَّ لِبَاسٌ لَكُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ لِبَاسٌ لَهُنَّ

“They (wives) are as a dress for you (husbands) and you are as a dress for them.” (2: 187)

That is to say, they are the enhancement, counterpart, and guard of each other’s honour and secrets, and each one needs the other. Man cannot live honourably and eminently in society without dress. He feels himself in a state of imperfection. The lonely person too feels himself imperfect.

Dress saves and protects a person from the effects of winter and summer. The spouse too saves one from worries, futility, homelessness, aimlessness, and solitude. As a dress decorates man, spouses too are the decoration of each other.

Spouse: A Big Blessing From Allah

One of the greatest blessings of Allah to man is a nice life- partner. The Prophet (S) said in this regard:

ما اسْتَفَادَ امْرُؤٌ مُسْلِمٌ فَائِدَةً بَعْدَ الإسْلامِ أفْضَلَ مِنْ زَوْجَةٍ مُسْلِمَةٍ (أو صَالِحَةٍ ).

“The Muslim man has not achieved any benefit (from Allah’s blessings) better than a suitable Muslim wife, after Islam.”1

Marriage Philosophy

It is possible that some people who have not appreciated the depth of the philosophy of marriage and setting up of a joint life may say: ‘We satisfy our sexual lust through many other means apart from marriage and fulfil this desire through other ways, so what is the need of accepting the responsibility of marriage?”

It should be said in response to this creed and question that fulfilment of sexual desire and lust is not the only achievement and advantage of marriage. It is only one of its benefits. Instead, apart from soothing and comforting the sexual instinct, it has many other aspects and dimensions of excellence, worth and importance, like raising a family.

It gifts man with other factors such as commitment, completion, progress, maturity, development of personality, comfort and many more valuable benefits. Commitment to a wife and family brings magnanimity, splendour and a sense of social responsibility, and makes many of his capabilities and sleeping talents bloom and bear fruit.

After marriage, the personality of a man changes into a social personality and he considers himself absolutely responsible for the security of his wife and children’s future. On this account, he uses the sum total of his senses, initiatives and abilities.”2

There is an enjoyment and progress in raising a family to which nothing can be the substitute. Martyr Mutahhari (ra) says in this regard:

“There are ethical characteristics, which can not be achieved, except in the school of family raising. The foundation of a family means developing a kind of interest in the fate of others. The moralists and ascetics who have not crossed through this phase have a sort of immaturity and childhood in their personalities to the end of their lives. And it is one of the reasons why marriage has been stressed upon as a sacred matter and a service in Islam. Marriage is the first and preliminary phase of exit from the (shell of) natural personal self, and the expansion of human’s personality.”3

Similarly, he says about the training mode of marriage:

“There is a maturity, a maturity, which does not take shape except in the shade of marriage and raising of family. It is not shaped in school, formed in a crusade against ego, nor is it inculcated and raised through night vigil and prayers. It does not even come into existence through love and attachment with pious ones.”4

What a large number of people have been observed who did not follow any principles of ethics, religion, and society, and a form of frivolity, heedlessness, and debauchery overwhelmed their character. But after getting married, their character, morale, and attitude changed and they became sober and dignified. And their habits and manners began to show a kind of graciousness and sagaciousness.

“Spouse”: The Sign of Allah’s Wisdom and Source of Man’s Comfort

Allah, who is the Creator of human beings and knows their peculiarities, characteristics, nature and instincts, described the creation of man and woman and placing them side by side, as one of His wisdoms and signs, and introduced marriage as the cause of love, affection, beneficence and comfort of man, saying:

وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا لِتَسْكُنُوا إِلَيْهَا وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ مَوَدَّةً وَرَحْمَةً إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ

“And one of His signs is that he created mates for you from yourselves that you may find rest in them, and He put between you love and compassion; most surely there are signs in this for a people who reflect.”(30:21)

This peace and comfort is not the common and ordinary conventional comfort, which psychologists and psychiatrists describe; instead, in addition to that, it includes dignity, grace, balance of thought, vision and spirit, the feeling of being worthy and having a serious personality and the achievement of additional honour, status and so on.

Marriage: The Improver of the Value of Man’s Practices

Marriage and family raising imprints such an effect upon the existence of man by upgrading the worth of his personality on the way to its maturity, that even his practices and services become more valued and worthier before Allah and the angels, so that its value goes up to many times the previous one. For example, consider this Hadith of Imam Ja’far (a.s):

رَكْعَتانِ يُصَلِّيهِما المُتَزَوِّجُ أفْضَلُ مِن سَبْعِينَ رَكعَة يُصَلِّيهَا العَزِبُ .

“Two cycles of service offered by a married person is more excellent and worthier than seventy cycles of service offered by a bachelor and unmarried person.”5

The Loveliest Centre to Allah

The unit which is formed through marriage is the object of Allah’s love and kindness, and He views it with tenderness and benevolence. The great ambassador of Allah (S) has put it in this way:

“No construction has been constructed lovelier than marriage to Allah- May He be honoured and glorified.”6

What prosperity and beneficence can be loftier than Allah’s love for one’s family and dwelling (that too in the super way) and viewing it with love, affection, and kindness?

The Medal of Honour

Ali (a.s), the chief of believers, has described a very worthy fact about the value of marriage:

لَمْ يَكُن أحَدٌ مِن أصْحَابِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلّى اللهُ عَليهِ وَآلهِ يَتَزَوَّجُ إلاّ قَالَ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلّى اللهُ عَلَيه وَآلهِ: “كمل دينه .”

“There were none of the friends of the Prophet (S) who would marry but the Prophet (S) would say his faith (religion) had been completed.”7

What a surprise! Marriage has this much worth and value that the Prophet of Allah (S) decorated the chests of those who married with medals of honor.

It is evident from these words of the Prophet (S) that while a person does not marry, his faith lies in danger. This is because sexual instinct, spiritual pressures, sense of solitude and futility, being devoid of shelter and the lack of a sense of social responsibility, as well as many other harms of remaining unmarried can damage the roots of man’s faith and destabilize it.

Marriage and establishing a family and resting beside an excellent, virtuous, lovely, sympathetic and faithful spouse not only controls sexual lust, but also a spiritual relaxation and comfort is achieved.

At the same time, man’s dependence and trust upon Allah is increased and grows. He moves out of the apprehensive condition and homelessness. He senses and feels security and personality. His eyes and mind are distracted and detached from other places, and concentrate and focus on his spouse.

Consequently, he achieves more proximity and nearness to Allah, and Allah’s beneficences cover him up more than ever, and his faith is strengthened and reaches completion.

Reminder

Of course, we must be attentive to the fact that these glowing and shining results come to hand when the correct and true standards of “spouse selection”, family raising and the preparations of marriage are carefully and correctly observed.

In the next chapters, we will Insha’Allah discuss the topics of correct criterions and standards and the know how of crossing the preliminaries of marriage.

Notes

1. Wasail al-Shia vol 14. p 23.

2. Tafseer al-Nemoone, vol. 14, p 465.

3. Education and training in Islam, Sadra Publications, p 251 to 252.

4. Education and training in Islam, Sadra Publications, p 398.

5. Wasail Al-Shia, vol. 14, p 6.

6. Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 103, p. 222.

7. Makaremul Akhlaq, p 99.

Introduction by ‘Ali Akbar Mazaheri

Look at the youth standing upon the origin of a new way with their hopes, abundant aspirations and hearts full of love and commotion, with the idea to move towards and independent and responsible life. They confront two important decisions, two vital obstacles, two lofty peaks and two big selections.

So they must necessarily cross through these two obstacles and reach for these peaks and take decisions regarding these two essentially important problems and make the selection.

It cannot be that they leave these two, or either one of them aside. And neither are they energetic enough to cross through them all alone, without any kind of guide or assistance, to reach their aim safely.

The good luck and prosperity or misfortune and misery of their lives is, to a great extent, connected and linked to these two decisions and selections.

If they are able to safely cross these two obstacles and peaks, then they have, to a great extent, neared themselves to prosperity and fortune. And if, God forbid, they do not succeed in making these decisions and selections (properly), then many difficulties and agonies will come into existence for them.

One of the two is choosing a job and the other is selecting a spouse.

Each of these two decisions and selections is big and sensitive; but one of them is even bigger and more sensitive than the other, and that is the selection of spouse.

One of the great Gnostics said: “If a man spends half of his life in the search of a suitable teacher, it is worthwhile, since he will become prosperous in the other half of it.”

I too say, “If a man spends half of his life searching for a proper and suitable spouse, it is worthwhile, because he will be prosperous, for the rest of his life.”1

Have you ever seen a successful man who does not have a capable woman beside him? And have you ever seen a prosperous woman who does not have a talented man beside her?

Usually every successful man has a capable woman beside him and every prosperous woman has a capable man beside her. If we observe, we will discover that it is so in every society. Even if we probe into history, we see the same. For example, Ibrahim (a.s) has Hajar beside him, whilst Musa (a.s) has Safoora at his back. Isa (Jesus) (a.s) has his mother Maryam at his side and Mohammad (S) has Khadija (s.a) beside him. We find Zahra (s.a) beside Ali (a.s), whilst Imam Hassan (a.s),

Imam Hussain (a.s), and Imam Sajjad (a.s) have Zainab (s.a) beside them. And similarly, beside all the scholars, thinkers, inventors, and reformers we usually observe capable gifted women as their wives, mothers or sisters.

Of course, because of the fact that women usually remained inside the house, they made less public appearance and so remained to a lesser degree, the focus of attention of historians, speakers, and writers. As a result, they glittered less. But since capable and talented men and women had their roles to play in each other's success and prosperity, there is no difference between them and they are equal and alike.

We can even go to the extent to say that the role of women in the success of men has been more than the role of men in the prosperity of women. Because woman is the axis and basis of life and the family and if this axis becomes anguished, disturbed and unbalanced, the foundation of life will become turbulent and weak. It is very difficult for men to succeed in a shaky and turbulent life, but if the woman is talented and capable, the man will ascend to heaven from her lap.2

And likewise, the capability and talent of each sex has and effect on the prosperity of the other, whereas the incapability, inefficiency and inferiority of each one have their effect upon the fate of the other.

An inferior, abject, ill-mannered and faithless woman destroys the life of a man and makes him sit upon the dust of abjectness and shame. And a base, mean, characterless, and faithless man will push the woman towards misfortune, a bleak life an psychological and spiritual diseases.

The Prophet (S) prays to Allah about a bad spouse, saying:

أعوذ بك من زوجة تشيبني قبل أوان مشيبي .

“Oh Allah! I take refuge in you from a wife who makes me old before my old age reaches me.”3

Only God knows what an abundance of huge amounts of energies are destroyed in this marsh. And what number of fresh souls become withered and emaciated in this field. And how many tragedies occur in this area. Woe to the man who has an evil and bad woman! And woe to then woman who becomes entangled with a vile and impure man!

What plentiful numbers of nice capable, religious and talented boys have been seen dragged and pushed into marshes and slimes as a result of marrying an incapable and base girl! And how many good, nice, capable, modest, beautiful and spirited girls with good tastes and talents have been pushed into a cesspool, as an effect of marrying an incapable, faithless, illogical and selfish boy and been totally destroyed.

Or, if both of them are good and capable, but are not and equal match and counterpart, proportional to each other, then even this situation creates difficulty And this is a very important and minute problem.

At a later stage, we will discuss spouses being equal counterparts, proportional to each other.

But right now, it is necessary to explain that goodness and fairness of both spouses alone is insufficient, but than them being a good match, proportionate to each other conventionally speaking, is also essential so they can move forwards together in harmony.

We have seen a great number of couples, which individually, are both good, but together they have a disorganised life, because they are not proportionate to each other. Each one lives a separate life to the other.

These couples too end up with conflict, disagreement, and some with divorce, whereas if each of them had married a proportionate spouse, they would have succeeded. I will explain this further, describing a few live examples.

A boy and a girl need assistance and guidance in this risky and sensitive field. I sit possible to leave the youth all alone in this much sensitive phase? They must have access to the people means, books and centers to assist and help them out. It is not really advisable to leave them alone.

How is it that a teacher and guide is needed for driving a car, constructing a building, travelling along an avenue and performing simple and ordinary things, but a teacher, a guide, and a guardian is not essential for choosing a mate, organising and establishing a long life, and laying the foundation of a human assembly?

The marriage of a girl and a boy is the starting point of a big human race. The marriage of the chief of believers, Ali (a.s), with Fatima Zahra (s.a) laid the foundation of a great race, which continues yet and will remain continuous and persistent up to the end of human history. And hereby, we are benefiting from the benevolence and beneficence of this scared relation and this blessed tree.

Imam Khomeini (r.a) and Ayatollah Khamene'i, the grand leaders, are the fruits of this blessed marriage. The marriage of Abu Sufian and Hind (the liver eater)4 also bought into being the foundation of an immoral race and so the Umayyad caliphs came into existence from this dirty relation Humanity has suffered great losses and continues facing difficulties at the hand of this corrupt tree.

Islam has set so many laws and topics, and stresses so much upon the subject of marriage and selection of spouses that makes one surprised and astonished.

(Professor) Mohammad Taqi Ja’fari used to say: “Bertrand Russell (the renowned European philosopher) wrote to me and asked, “Why has Islam given such value to, and formed laws for marriage?” In response to him, I wrote, “The problem is man. Marriage brings 'man' into existence.”5

The actual aim of the discussion in this book is making boys and girls familiar with the method and manner of choosing a spouse, so that they can succeed in this critical, serious and fate-making matter. But the other decision and selection, i.e., selecting a job, will Insha’Allah; be brought into consideration in another book.

Reminding of A Few Points

1- The stories and examples quoted this book are real and authentic, but the names of the people have been changed to protect their identity. Only in a few cases have the real names been used.

2- We hereby thank our dear honourable brothers, Mr. Jawad Chenari and Mr. Masood Azarbaijani who helped and co-operated realizing this book, Mr.Hussain fidaee of the Imam As-Sadiq (a.s) institute, Qom, who was responsible for composing and paging and to the publication centre of the Office of Islamic Propagation, at the seminary of Qom, which shouldered the responsibility of its publication. We pray to Allah to grant them abundant rewards.

3- This book is a preliminary in connection with the problems of the youth and Insha’Allah, we will take the relevant steps after it. Therefore, we would like thinkers, clear sighted and lucid personalities, the youth and respectable reader to send their views, suggestions, criticisms and observations to the writer, at the publisher's address, including real examples of their own experiences and anything which may relate to the topic of this book, as well as those things which may concern the younger generation and could be effective and a way-opener, so that they could be used in the following editions and books. Quite evidently, if such steps are taken with sincerity, they shall bring valuable and worthy rewards from Allah.

We also expect from young couples and all those who are inclined to take steps on the way to help and guide the younger generation to describe their sweet or bitter experiences, whether experienced directly or indirectly:

Experiences such as success or failure in the selection of a spouse, the ways of spending the periods of engagement and ‘Aqad (the period after Nikah and before real marriage life), the do's and don'ts of these periods, the successes and failures of the phases of spouse-selection, engagement period, marriage, after marriage and the initiating of a new joint life, its continuation, along with the causes and factors of success and failure and their biographies, so that these milestones can be living guides for young people at the starting point of their lives toward the achievement of prosperous lives.

Meanwhile, if you are inclined, we will use your real names, but if you refer us not to do so, you can write to us and we will use fictitious names, just as we have done in most of the examples quoted in this book.

We pray to Almighty Allah for His pleasure and guidance.

Ali Akbar Mazaheri

Seminary of Qum, Spring, 1373 (S.H.)

Notes

1. Of course, it doesn’t mean delaying the marriage; rather it means subtlety and carefulness in choosing the spouse. We shall explain it in the future discussions.

2. Here Imam Khomeini’s famous saying has been hinted at: “Man ascends to heaven from the lap of woman”.

3. Wasail al-Shia, vol.14,p22.

4. Hind, the wife of Abu Sufian, chewed the liver of Hazrat Hamza (a.s) after his being martyred in the Uhud battle.

5. His lessons about Nahjul Balagha in television.

Chapter One: Excellence of Marriage

Man and Woman: Enhancements of Each Other

Allah created man in a manner in which he is incomplete and imperfect without a spouse. Man may upgrade his knowledge, faith and qualities, but he shall never reach the desired perfection while he does not have a spouse. (Be it man or woman).

Nothing can substitute marriage and the raising of a family. Both the male and female sexes need each other from a spiritual, as well as physical point of view. And each one of them is incomplete and imperfect when alone and in solitude. When they are placed beside each other, they complete each other. This is the law of creation and it commands the whole universe.

The Qur’an calls man and woman the dress of each other.

هُنَّ لِبَاسٌ لَكُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ لِبَاسٌ لَهُنَّ

“They (wives) are as a dress for you (husbands) and you are as a dress for them.” (2: 187)

That is to say, they are the enhancement, counterpart, and guard of each other’s honour and secrets, and each one needs the other. Man cannot live honourably and eminently in society without dress. He feels himself in a state of imperfection. The lonely person too feels himself imperfect.

Dress saves and protects a person from the effects of winter and summer. The spouse too saves one from worries, futility, homelessness, aimlessness, and solitude. As a dress decorates man, spouses too are the decoration of each other.

Spouse: A Big Blessing From Allah

One of the greatest blessings of Allah to man is a nice life- partner. The Prophet (S) said in this regard:

ما اسْتَفَادَ امْرُؤٌ مُسْلِمٌ فَائِدَةً بَعْدَ الإسْلامِ أفْضَلَ مِنْ زَوْجَةٍ مُسْلِمَةٍ (أو صَالِحَةٍ ).

“The Muslim man has not achieved any benefit (from Allah’s blessings) better than a suitable Muslim wife, after Islam.”1

Marriage Philosophy

It is possible that some people who have not appreciated the depth of the philosophy of marriage and setting up of a joint life may say: ‘We satisfy our sexual lust through many other means apart from marriage and fulfil this desire through other ways, so what is the need of accepting the responsibility of marriage?”

It should be said in response to this creed and question that fulfilment of sexual desire and lust is not the only achievement and advantage of marriage. It is only one of its benefits. Instead, apart from soothing and comforting the sexual instinct, it has many other aspects and dimensions of excellence, worth and importance, like raising a family.

It gifts man with other factors such as commitment, completion, progress, maturity, development of personality, comfort and many more valuable benefits. Commitment to a wife and family brings magnanimity, splendour and a sense of social responsibility, and makes many of his capabilities and sleeping talents bloom and bear fruit.

After marriage, the personality of a man changes into a social personality and he considers himself absolutely responsible for the security of his wife and children’s future. On this account, he uses the sum total of his senses, initiatives and abilities.”2

There is an enjoyment and progress in raising a family to which nothing can be the substitute. Martyr Mutahhari (ra) says in this regard:

“There are ethical characteristics, which can not be achieved, except in the school of family raising. The foundation of a family means developing a kind of interest in the fate of others. The moralists and ascetics who have not crossed through this phase have a sort of immaturity and childhood in their personalities to the end of their lives. And it is one of the reasons why marriage has been stressed upon as a sacred matter and a service in Islam. Marriage is the first and preliminary phase of exit from the (shell of) natural personal self, and the expansion of human’s personality.”3

Similarly, he says about the training mode of marriage:

“There is a maturity, a maturity, which does not take shape except in the shade of marriage and raising of family. It is not shaped in school, formed in a crusade against ego, nor is it inculcated and raised through night vigil and prayers. It does not even come into existence through love and attachment with pious ones.”4

What a large number of people have been observed who did not follow any principles of ethics, religion, and society, and a form of frivolity, heedlessness, and debauchery overwhelmed their character. But after getting married, their character, morale, and attitude changed and they became sober and dignified. And their habits and manners began to show a kind of graciousness and sagaciousness.

“Spouse”: The Sign of Allah’s Wisdom and Source of Man’s Comfort

Allah, who is the Creator of human beings and knows their peculiarities, characteristics, nature and instincts, described the creation of man and woman and placing them side by side, as one of His wisdoms and signs, and introduced marriage as the cause of love, affection, beneficence and comfort of man, saying:

وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا لِتَسْكُنُوا إِلَيْهَا وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ مَوَدَّةً وَرَحْمَةً إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ

“And one of His signs is that he created mates for you from yourselves that you may find rest in them, and He put between you love and compassion; most surely there are signs in this for a people who reflect.”(30:21)

This peace and comfort is not the common and ordinary conventional comfort, which psychologists and psychiatrists describe; instead, in addition to that, it includes dignity, grace, balance of thought, vision and spirit, the feeling of being worthy and having a serious personality and the achievement of additional honour, status and so on.

Marriage: The Improver of the Value of Man’s Practices

Marriage and family raising imprints such an effect upon the existence of man by upgrading the worth of his personality on the way to its maturity, that even his practices and services become more valued and worthier before Allah and the angels, so that its value goes up to many times the previous one. For example, consider this Hadith of Imam Ja’far (a.s):

رَكْعَتانِ يُصَلِّيهِما المُتَزَوِّجُ أفْضَلُ مِن سَبْعِينَ رَكعَة يُصَلِّيهَا العَزِبُ .

“Two cycles of service offered by a married person is more excellent and worthier than seventy cycles of service offered by a bachelor and unmarried person.”5

The Loveliest Centre to Allah

The unit which is formed through marriage is the object of Allah’s love and kindness, and He views it with tenderness and benevolence. The great ambassador of Allah (S) has put it in this way:

“No construction has been constructed lovelier than marriage to Allah- May He be honoured and glorified.”6

What prosperity and beneficence can be loftier than Allah’s love for one’s family and dwelling (that too in the super way) and viewing it with love, affection, and kindness?

The Medal of Honour

Ali (a.s), the chief of believers, has described a very worthy fact about the value of marriage:

لَمْ يَكُن أحَدٌ مِن أصْحَابِ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلّى اللهُ عَليهِ وَآلهِ يَتَزَوَّجُ إلاّ قَالَ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلّى اللهُ عَلَيه وَآلهِ: “كمل دينه .”

“There were none of the friends of the Prophet (S) who would marry but the Prophet (S) would say his faith (religion) had been completed.”7

What a surprise! Marriage has this much worth and value that the Prophet of Allah (S) decorated the chests of those who married with medals of honor.

It is evident from these words of the Prophet (S) that while a person does not marry, his faith lies in danger. This is because sexual instinct, spiritual pressures, sense of solitude and futility, being devoid of shelter and the lack of a sense of social responsibility, as well as many other harms of remaining unmarried can damage the roots of man’s faith and destabilize it.

Marriage and establishing a family and resting beside an excellent, virtuous, lovely, sympathetic and faithful spouse not only controls sexual lust, but also a spiritual relaxation and comfort is achieved.

At the same time, man’s dependence and trust upon Allah is increased and grows. He moves out of the apprehensive condition and homelessness. He senses and feels security and personality. His eyes and mind are distracted and detached from other places, and concentrate and focus on his spouse.

Consequently, he achieves more proximity and nearness to Allah, and Allah’s beneficences cover him up more than ever, and his faith is strengthened and reaches completion.

Reminder

Of course, we must be attentive to the fact that these glowing and shining results come to hand when the correct and true standards of “spouse selection”, family raising and the preparations of marriage are carefully and correctly observed.

In the next chapters, we will Insha’Allah discuss the topics of correct criterions and standards and the know how of crossing the preliminaries of marriage.

Notes

1. Wasail al-Shia vol 14. p 23.

2. Tafseer al-Nemoone, vol. 14, p 465.

3. Education and training in Islam, Sadra Publications, p 251 to 252.

4. Education and training in Islam, Sadra Publications, p 398.

5. Wasail Al-Shia, vol. 14, p 6.

6. Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 103, p. 222.

7. Makaremul Akhlaq, p 99.


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