Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

Muhammad and His God Before the Revelation (Be’that)

This text, written by Dr. Hatem Abu Shahba and translated into English by Jerrmein Abu Shahba, sheds the spotlight on the immaculate character of the Holy Messenger (SA) and his inclination towards divine proximity before the Revelation (Be'that). The reader further realizes and appreciates the special secret relationship which Muhammad (SA) enjoyed with His beloved God long before his official inauguration as Seal of Prophets to deliver the universal message of Islam to all of mankind .

Author(s): Dr. Hatem Abu Shahba

Translator(s): Jerrmein Abu Shahba

Table of Contents

Translator’s Introduction. 3

Light versus Darkness 5

Secret of Muhammad (SA) 12

Reciprocal Divine Love Manifested. 16

Divine Selection to Muhammad (SA) 19

Muhammad Personifies Islam. 22

Condition of the People 23

The Fateful Moment 26

Translator’s Introduction

In the Name of Allah, the Merciful the Compassionate

It is unanimously agreed by all Muslim scholars, researchers, and historians that the noble character of Prophet Muhammad who is the Seal of Messengers, has no like or similarity as he possesses many positive exceptional human attributes compared to all of mankind. His lofty position as the chosen one by God (Al-Mustafa) and the most beloved to Him (Habeebullah) did not arise from nothing. His status as the best of creation in Allah’s eyes speaks volumes and no words can ever do justice to explain the superior position which he enjoys.

Many authors have written books and articles in praise of the Holy Prophet due to his multitude of good attributes such as noble manners, demeanor, wisdom, clemency, and wisdom that manifested itself more clearly after the Revelation. However, not many scholars or historians shed the spotlight on the time period BEFORE the official Revelation came to Prophet Muhammad (SA) on the night of the 27th of Rajab when he was 40 years old.

In light of the nature of the Arab community which existed during his time, we ask ourselves: How did a person like Muhammad with his light of guidance, exceptional wisdom, and dignified manners, rise from such a backward and petrified society? How did a person like Muhammad with his burning desire to seek His God, exist within a society that was born and built on idol-worshipping?

How did a person like Muhammad abandon the pleasures of this world to regularly climb the mountain to Cave Hiraa’ in the darkness of night where the scorpions and beasts inhabit, only to isolate himself in pursuit of a secret relationship with his beloved Lord, at a time when the Arabs were busy playing games, trading, fighting with each other and engaging in nonsense activities?

In consideration of all the challenges that existed in the community during his time, we can better recognize the true value of the Holy Prophet who was selected by Allah (SWT) from among all humans, just like a golden needle is picked from a large haystack! This article highlights the fact that Prophet Muhammad (SA) was divinely selected for a well-deserved reason and not randomly!

In fact, it is very important for us as Muslims to understand that the Holy Prophet was chosen by God to become the Seal of Prophets due to his exceptional performance and longing to God longbefore the Revelation took place! In his 40 years of life before the revelation, Muhammad proved that he was a complete embodiment of a perfect human model which Allah (SWT) approved as the template for Islam.

History records that his people used to call him as theSadeq Al Ameen (the honest and trustworthy one) in honor of his amazing noble manners. And when the tribes of Quraish wanted to resolve the conflict of who would have the honor of placing the Black Stone on the Holy Ka’ba, they chose none other than Muhammad (SA) to judge between them with his wisdom and knowledge. Sure enough, at a time when he still did not assume his role

of Prophethood, the solution which the Messenger (SA) suggested appeased everyone and prevented bloodshed from taking place.

Muhammad’s way of life before Islam was in reality nothing but absolute submission and surrender to his God! His mind was always thinking and reflecting about his Lord and he found solace and tranquility in none other than his beloved Allah (SWT)! His infallibility was well-established before his prophethood and was further confirmed when he assumed his role as Seal of Messengers. May Allah (SWT) send His eternal peace and blessings on Prophet Muhammad and His purified Household!

Light versus Darkness

Muhammad was a simple and kindhearted man who was so gentle, well-mannered, truthful, and trustworthy. His self and heart were like a white page that is free of evil, sins, animosities, arrogance, selfishness, hatred, and the rest of the self and heart sicknesses which contaminate the hearts of most people and give it different shades of black colors that hurt those affected and all others in the society and humanity.

Such a kind and soft heart and such a gentle and humble purified self is always attracted to its creator and tries to get to know Him. It tries to come closer to Him and be devoted to Him. This phenomenon is usually observed in our human life all throughout the years. A more kind and pure heart and a more "white" and truthful self will typically be more attracted and inclined towards his creator. So the proportion here is direct.

Man is created from two parts that are mixed and intermingled with each other, but they aretotally different from each other and never dissolve with each other. They are like a mixture of oil and water or a mixture of sand and cement. The first part which man is created from is a "light, spiritual and divine" part that is represented by God's blow of life (nafkhatullah ) as He (SWT) said in the holy verse,

“ So when I have made him complete and breathed into him of My spirit, fall down making obeisance to him [15:29].”

So the blow of life (nafkha ) here is that light, spiritual, and divine part in man, without which he is not a human being. Rather, he is only a body made of clay and dust that is just like the other lifeless bodies. This part of man is what elevates him to higher horizons and raises him over the rest of the earthly lifeless creatures. It is the reason why man has compassion, love, affection, sincerity, truthfulness, purity, kindness, humbleness, wisdom, contemplation, feelings, morals, and good manners.

Since that part of man is the blow of life (nafkha ), spirit, and light from Allah (SWT), it is the reason behind every good thing in man, and it is behind every virtue and nobility in him. It is the energy, strength and capability that motivate him, without which man is without energy, capability, might or strength and so, he would be dead.

That part of man supplies him life, viability, or let us say, this partis the life itself since it is derived from Allah (SWT) who is the Permanent and Alive one, the origin of life and its Creator and Provider and He (SWT) is the Eternal Living one. The more this component grows and flourishes in man, the more purified his self becomes and his heart softens, and his conscious becomes clear, and there is increase in his affection, kindness, emotions, and wisdom, and the more well-behaved he his.

In summary, we can say that his humanity is raised above all other creatures. Being that this component of man is divine and luminary, it is a tie that connects him with his God and creator. So, if this spiritual component in man grew, it is logical that this person will naturally be attracted to his creator under the effect of this tie. So, man's tendency to exhibit a kind heart, good manners, clear conscious whose luminary and divine part has grown and developed towards his Lord and creator and the source of his light, is then natural, logical, expected, and understood!

As for the second component from which man has been created, it is made from the earthly, materialistic, and dusty clay. It is the part which Allah (SWT) refers to in the Qur’an,

"So when I have made him complete [15:29] .”

And also the verse saying,

“Surely I am going to create a man from clay [38:71] .”

This part was created first before the blow of life as the holy verse depicts,

"There surely came over man a period of time when he was a thing not worth mentioning [76:1] .”

One of the interpretations of this verse is that it refers to that period of time which came after the creation of man from dust and clay, and before the blow of life from Allah (SWT). During that period of time, man, represented in Prophet Adam (AS) was just a dead and lifeless body and was nothing compared to the world of the living. This earthly and dusty materialistic component in man is the tie which connects man all the time with earth and everything on it.

So, it always pulls him down to earth and the life of this world and its elements and everything created from it. This component of man is the one responsible and the reason behind his lower desires, (eating, drinking, shelter, clothing, mating, entertainment, etc) and the love of money since money is the tool by which you fulfill all these lower desires. Hence, this earthly part in man is also indirectly responsible for the conflict, struggles, and fights resulting from the love of man to wealth and his lower desires.

This conflict and struggle is the basis and source of all evil, sins, defects, and bad deeds which taint humanity. Mankind needs these evil sins and misbehavior to improve its ability to fight. These evils and negative aspects of man are like the canines, claws, and muscles of beasts. Without them, man cannot struggle, fight, or win this earthly competition.

This earthly component in man is also the cause of his connection with earth and his love for gaining more of its bounties and fruits. It is the reason behind his interest in discovering, inventing, flourishing, and escalating in it. This part is also the reason behind man paying attention to himself and his love and admiration to himself.

This state of mind naturally leads to the acquisition of attributes like arrogance, selfishness, self interest, vanity, pride, and that in itself is a reason behind the struggles and conflicts. This part is also behind the concern of man with his appearance, beauty, health, longevity, and entertainment in every way and all means.

This materialistic component in man is the one which remains after his death. It returns back to Earth to dissolve in it, for it is the source of that component. So this part of man is the tie between himself and Earth and its elements. Therefore, the more this component grows in a human being and flourishes, the more his love for lowers desires increases in all its forms! Likewise, the more his love for wealth increases as well as his struggle for money and power.

Consequently, his claws and canines represented by evil and sins will increase. And his selfishness, arrogance, and pride will also increase. His

concern about his health and longevity will increase. This of course will cause him to be pulled more and more towards the earth.

In summary, this earthly and dusty component in man is the dark side within him and it is the entrance for the devil. The more the darkened part of man becomes strong and well-developed, the more his divine, spiritual and lightened part will diminish and decrease, and the more he will be distant from his Lord, God, and creator.

Thus, he comes out from light of guidance and goes to the darkness of ignorance. The tendency of such person to fulfill his lower desires, selfishness, and consequently, his evils and illnesses of his heart, and corruption of his self, and consequently, his distance from knowing his Creator, is logical, expected, and understood.

And the opposite is also true. The creation of man from these two contradicting parts is the reason behind the conflict inside him and is the reason behind his worry and misery as depicted in the Qur’anic verse,

“ Certainly We have created man to be in distress [90:4].”

Every person is created by Allah (SWT) with both parts in equal amounts out of His Justice and Grace. Hence, no person has a blow of life more than another and no person is created with more clay than another. Everyone is equal and that phenomenon is clearly observed in the innocent child who has the same amount of the two parts; the earthly dark componentand the divine, enlightened component, regardless of the appearance, color, gender, or type of parents of this child. All of the children in this world are similar in this aspect and that is clearly observed in front of our eyes without a doubt.

Here, the following important question is posed: Why and how can the earthly and dark component of man grow and dominate him? And why and how can the enlightened, spiritual divine component in man can grow and dominate him? What are the factors which control that?

Animals too are created from two components. One part is earthly, materialistic, and made from clay, and the other part is spiritual, without which the animal would be dead. So what is the difference between humans and animals?

The difference is in one thing only but it is substantial. The difference is that Allah (SWT) the Creator, Glory be to Him, gifted man with a mind and made that mind serve as a judge which can rule and give a verdict between the two components. Allah (SWT) then gave this intellect the executive power represented in the free human will.

So the mind thinks, judges, rules, chooses, and carries out. This mind is in essence a complete government with its three branches; the legislative, judicial, and executive. This ability to use the mind has not been given to animals; rather, Allah (SWT) created animals a simple brain which can perform simple life functions to enable them to survive. But this brain can not judge, rule, or choose between the two components. Since man was gifted with the intellect, he became responsible in front of Allah (SWT), and has the freedom of choice, and will therefore be held accountable.

The mind is the one who chooses for the human being and it determines which side he will take. Will he lean towards the luminary, spiritual and

divine side of the self, or to the earthly, dusty, and dark side within him? Man also owns the will to carry out and execute that decision afterwards.

So if a human being chooses with his mind and thinking to follow the earthly dark side in him, that part of him will grow, increase, and will dominate him. It will misguide that person to darkness away from his Creator and Lord. The opposite will take place if the mind chose to follow the luminary divine side of him. This side will also grow and dominate him such that his heart becomes purified, his behavior improves, and his spirit elevates. By that, man will come out of the earthly darkness and live in peace with himself and his surroundings. He will immediately, naturally, and logically become closer towards his Lord, as the butterfly is attracted towards the source of light. So, the human being is the one who makes the choice because he has a mind, and therefore, he is responsible of his choices.

However, there are two other factors which control the life of man and it cannot be ignored. The first factor is that Allah (SWT) by His compassion helps man and his mind to make the right choice and make the matter very clear to him. Allah (SWT) sent to him the prophets, messengers and divine guides to explain, instruct, enlighten his way, teach him, and educate him.

The second factor is invisible and it is guaranteed by Allah (SWT). It is a very important factor and that is the guidance and misguidance inspired by Allah (SWT). So whoever chooses with his mind and free will to follow his dusty earthly dark side once, twice, and thrice, then Allah (SWT) will misguide him more and more, and will facilitate that path for him and beautify it for him, since he chose it by his own free will in the first place.

This will keep on happening except if this man wakes up and recognizes his mistake and poor choice he made, and if decided by his own will to refrain from treading that path and instead, repent and return to the source of light within himself.

As for he who chooses by his own mind and free will the luminary part of himself and chooses to develop and grow the divine, spiritual part within himself, then Allah (SWT) will bless that in him and guide him more and more, and facilitate this path for him and make him pleased with his choices.

Allah (SWT) will double his steps for him unless the human chooses by his own will to turn back on his heels and return to his earthly and darkened side. In such case, Allah (SWT) will abandon him and if he goes deeper in that way, Allah (SWT) will misguide him more and more, and so on and so forth. This idea is stated very clearly in Surat Maryam,

“ Say: As for him who remains in error, the Beneficent Allah will surely prolong his length of days [19:75].”

Furthermore, the events of man's life is also controlled by Allah (SWT). So if man chooses his earthliness, darkness, and materialism, Allah (SWT) will make the events of his life and the personalities he meets pull him more towards his choice and allow him to dive deeper in misguidance and darkness. But if he chooses his enlightened, spiritualism, divine side by his own free will, Allah (SWT) will make the procession of his life, its events

and personalities take him more towards the way of his God and lead him out of darkness towards the light of guidance

Except if Allah (SWT) wants to test and examine his faith through certain events and characters or bounties to test his persistence in choosing the path of his Lord and assess his determination to go through that way. If he passes the test, Allah (SWT) will reward him by elevating him to higher levels and will bless his steps in that way even more.

As a result, the luminary and divine part in him will grow and manifest itself. So, darkness leads to more darkness, and light leads to more enlightenment. As the verse in Surat Hud indicates,

“ And whoever seeks the life of this world and its glitter, Allah (SWT) will increase in his wealth and sustenance and he will not have a share in the Hereafter, and Allah (SWT) will increase him in his deeds such that he sees it as good [11:15].”

Allah (SWT) has said in Surat Al Kahf,

“ Then whosoever will, let him believe, and whosoever will, let him disbelieve [18:29].”

He (SWT) also says in Surat Al A’raaf,

“ Whomsoever Allah guides, he is the one who follows the right way; whomsoever He causes to err, these are indeed the losers [7:178].”

So the choice comes first from man and his intellect. Guidance or misguidance from Allah (SWT) then follows that choice and is based on it. Hence, it will affect the procession of man's life after that. Here, some people may ask: Why did Allah (SWT) create man from these two components: the spiritual, divine, luminary partand the earthly dusty, darkened side, and make the mind act as the judge between them so long as He (SWT) desires man to become spiritual, pure, and enlightened? Why didn't He (SWT) create him from one part only?

After all, the wisdom and will of Allah (SWT) is above everything and before everything. As Allah (SWT) says in Surat Al Anbiya’,

" He cannot be questioned concerning what He does but they will be questioned [21:23].”

It is impossible to encompass the wisdom of Allah (SWT). However, there is no harm in using our minds and sound judgment. When Allah (SWT) created man, He (SWT) did want to create an angel. The angel is a creature created from soley the divine, spiritual, and enlightened part.

If Allah (SWT) created man in that fashion, then man would be an angel. But by His absolute ability, He (SWT) willed to combine both parts together in one integrated mixture…the live spirit and the dead body together. Light and darkness together, good and evil together in the same pot! The elevated lordship and the low earthliness together…in one place and in one creature with the mind present along with them acting as the judge. Just like joining two wrestlers or boxers together inside one ring and along with them a referee to rule and make decisions and determine the winner. But what is the wisdom behind that?

We say and Allah (SWT) is most knowledgeable, that gathering opposites together in the same place definitely shows the contrast and the distinction between them. So if you want something to be known and

identified, then bring its opposite along with it so that the distinction takes place.

For example, light can not be identified and distinguished except if darkness exists. The living can not be known and identified except if the dead exists. A positive charge can not be known and identified except if negative energy is present. North cannot be identified except if we know where the south is. The salty can not be recognized without knowing what the sweet tastes like. Good can not be shown and identified except if evil has been known and identified.

This is what we call "contrast" or "resolution". Through the process contrast and resolution, it is possible to identify things and draw a picture. Without that, the picture is vague and unclear and cannot be recognized at all. That's why we see that in the life around us, everything Allah (SWT) provided its opposite so that one is distinguished over the other. That is from the necessities of life and the requirement of learning…white and black, tall and short, big and small, fat and thin, beautiful and ugly, good and bad, and so on and so forth.

So if Allah (SWT) desires the light to be known and identified and if He (SWT) wants the right and the good to be established, and if He (SWT) wishes that life and spirit to be recognized, then He (SWT) must then gather them with their opposites in the same place and in the same creature! Thus, the creation of man was for the purpose of achieving this goal and wisdom.

So, who will be the one to recognize, identify, and judge? It is the intellectual mind! Thus, Allah (SWT) bestowed it to man so that he may recognize with it, identify, rule, and achieve the great goal and wisdom of the creation. That is, the recognition and identification of the light, the good, the correct, life, spirit and the absolute might of Allah (SWT) through all that, since He (SWT) has created and originated everything from nothing.

This will then lead to the recognition (ma’refat) of Allah (SWT) and expression of His praise with complete surrender while confessing His power, perfection, beauty, kingship, and hence, submitting to Him through worshipping and prostration. All that leads man to love and obey his Creator. Through knowledge, admittance, surrender, submission, love and obedience, the utmost goal and wisdom behind man's creation can then be accomplished!

Gathering opposites together in the same creature and in the same place is a very difficult task and may almost seem impossible in our world as it requires great power. Combining opposites in man with the presence of a judge between them is in itself a proof and indication to the capability of Allah (SWT) and a manifestation to His Greatness and Power!

Allah (SWT) desires for the light to overcome darkness and change it to light. He (SWT) wishes for the good and virtue to defeat the evil and bad and change them to good and virtue too. He (SWT) wants the soul to transform the dusty and dead clay into life, viability, and livelihood. He (SWT) desires for elevation and highness to pull up the dust and lowliness and raise it along with it.

He (SWT) desires for spiritualism and lordship to overcome and defeat materialism, animalism, and lower desires and change them to a more clean

and purified form. Allah (SWT) wants man with his two parts, butafter his darkness changed into light, and his inferiority changed into highness and superiority, and after transforming his lifeless dusty clay into a purified and elevated life. He (SWT) wants man with his two parts, butafter purifying his lower desires, and turning his evil into good.

Secret of Muhammad (SA)

We now return to Muhammad (SA), the man with the noble manners, kind heart, simple, humble, soft, and gentle man who lives in peace with himself and with others. With these noble manners and attributes, Muhammad (SA) have grown and developed his luminary and divine component within himself. He chose the side of his luminary self by his own free will, and so this divine part dominated him.

Hence, it purified and cleansed more of his attributes and Allah (SWT) have blessed him as we demonstrated earlier. So it was natural and logical that Muhammad would be attracted to his Creator and the source of his light and enlightenment. It is natural that he tries to know more about His Creator and get closer to Him, and to occupy his thoughts and mind in this matter and for it to be the focus and axis of his life and his main concern!

So, we find Muhammad immediately abandoning the worship of idols and does not do what his people and ancestors used to do. He never prostrated to an idol or sacrificed for it. Rather, his enlightened heart and self that is attached to its true Lord and Creator yearned for the religion of his great-grandfather, Abraham (SA), which is the upright and true faith.

This religion was distorted and disfigured by idol and statue worshiping to the point that the sacred House of Allah (SWT) which Abraham and Ishmael (AS) built by the command of Allah (SWT) so that people can perform pilgrimage and worship in it became surrounded by idols! This house in Mecca is the origin and source of the upbringing of this nation. It is a manifestation of its gathering and the focus of its veneration and sanctity. This house has been filled with idols and became a place to worship these idols instead of Allah (SWT).

The enlightened and purified heart of Muhammad (SA) guided him to the fact that his true Lord is really the Lord of his grandfathers Abraham and Ishmael (AS) and that He (SWT) is the true Lord of this House, the Lord of Moses and Jesus (AS), the Lord of the Jews and Christians, and the Lord of all the prophets and messengers who called for oneness and worship of God, by His command.

However, Muhammad (AS) sees the religion of Abraham (AS) abandoned and forgotten, while the religion of Moses and Jesus (AS) has been distorted and changed, and the worship of idols have prevailed once again! He (SWT) observes that ignorance, misguidance, fabricated stories, fantasies, and darkness have become widespread.

There is no guider to guide the people, no instructor to seek the true knowledge from, and no source of light in the midst of this darkness and misguidance. The true believers were waiting and anticipating the appearance of a prophet whom Allah (SWT) will send to lead the people from darkness of ignorance to the light of guidance, and to lead them to the true path of God.

Muhammad (SWT) was one of those devout believers who loves his Lord and seeks His worship and pleasure. But Muhammad is different from most or all of them as he follows the way of his grandfather Abraham (AS) who stated before,

" I will go to my Lord! He will surely guide me [37:99]!”

And Abraham (AS) also said:

“ Unless my Lord guides me, I shall surely be among those who go astray [6:77]."

Muhammad (SA) resorts to Allah (SWT) directly just like Abraham (AS) who was the first to accept Islam and the first to surrender to Allah (SWT) directly seeking His guidance. So, Allah (SWT) made Abraham a prophet and friend and honored and elevated him, and gave prophecy to his progeny and gave him the best and most noble attributes.

Similarly, Muhammad did the same. He resorted to his Lord directly asking for guidance and light and he headed towards it by his own free will, submitting his affairs to Him and seeking His help to take him out darkness and bring Him closer to Him and get to know Him better. He did all that with a surrendering, intact, and humble heart and an anxious soul to meet his Lord!

That is why Muhammad (SA) used to go out to the mountain alone from time to time to be away from the people and stay inside a cave to worship his God alone sincerely and seek his guidance and light. He used to leave his beloved wife and household, his friends and his loved ones, and leave his home and place of comfort…to go out in the darkness of night in the midst of the desert and rocks and mountains…exposing himself to great dangers, beasts, scorpions, snakes, and thieves…to climb the mountain and enter a small dark cave!

All that was for the sake of his Lord and out of love for Him. This amazing scene repeats itself time and time again while Muhammad has all the perseverance to do so for years without being bored or desperate, and with all certainty that Allah (SWT) will guide and respond to him, just like he responded to his father Abraham (AS). Allah (SWT) witnesses all that from him day after day and He (SWT) knows the clarity and sincerity of his heart and his intentions.

You can imagine the amount of love, sincerity, and attraction to the one creator which drove Muhammad, who lived in the midst of idol worshippers, and in the midst of a materialistic, petrified, and luxurious society. After all, there is no place for God or His worship.

Everyone is busy and occupied by his trade, business trips, journeys, livestock, pleasure, entertainment, social gatherings, battles, poems, and idols, and that is all the lifestyle of the community, and nothing else. So why in the midst of all that atmosphere do we find Muhammad attracted to the worship of his Lord and Creator in such a way such that he leaves his family, friends, business, and daily comfort to go out in the desert and dangerous mountains alone, seeking the worship of his true Lord, and desiring to learn more about Him and get closer to Him, and seeking His help and guidance?

No one on the face of earth during that time or even before or after did such an act in such a community and in such circumstances. Why didn’t the historians, writers, and Orientals, whether Muslim or non-Muslims, pay close attention to this unique phenomena?

Why didn't they give it the required attention and focus the spotlights on it and research and study this matter carefully? Everyone passes by this truth

quickly without paying much attention, whether intentionally or unintentionally, or out of ignorance.

As a result, this unique phenomenon stayed hidden and ignored in the darkness of history. You can barely see or know its value although it is an important and logical introduction to faith and belief in the prophecy of Muhammad and the divine selection for him to become the Seal of Prophets and Messengers.

After all, if this phenomenon had been studied and presented well, it would've had a great effect in convincing the non-Muslims everywhere that Muhammad was indeed a prophet sent by God, because the prophecy of Muhammad and the divine selection to him did not rise from nothing!

The heart of Muhammad had been totally occupied with the love and worship of Allah (SWT) almost all his life even before his prophecy. He used to sit down to glorify Him with His Praise, contemplate, remember, pray and worship while his heart is very attached to that Great Creator whom the people became misguided from His worship.

The heart and mind of Muhammad was totally occupied and attached to his Lord to the point that we don't find him entertaining and enjoying like the other youth used to do. We don’t find him having any personal ambitions in life. He did not seek to become wealthy or have fame or power or leadership or authority, despite the fact that he had all the capabilities and talent which would enable him to achieve and acquire all that.

Unlike his people and generation at that time, we do not find him having concerns with wealth or women or poetry or travel, or social gatherings, or meetings, or hunting, or any of these things which occupied the minds of his people during that time. Why?

Muhammad was not a merchant but he did trade. Nor was Muhammad a Shepard, but he herd the sheep. Muhammad did not take on a profession or occupation to give it all his time and concern even though he had lots of talent. Why?

The answers to these questions lay in one thing only. It is the heart and mind of Muhammad which was totally occupied by his relationship in getting to know his God and Creator!! This matter dominated his whole being and left no place for any other occupation or concern. It was asecret between him and his Lord, and that is what pushed him to go out secretly at night to a dark cave inside a mountain, in the midst of a tough and endless desert and between imminent dangers! He was alone without any announcement or propaganda.

He was there to freely practice his only hobby which is the love and worship of his creator and seeking help and guidance from Him alone, on the path of his father Abraham (AS). When Muhammad went out to the cave, he was like a lover who would go out to a special date with a dear and beloved one who owned his heart, mind and conscience and preoccupied his self and spirit.

It was as if there was a very special secret between him and his Lord, so he goes out to softly talk to Him without the people knowing that. That is because Muhammad didn’t want anyone to know the secret of his life which took over his heart. Exactly like any loved one does with his lover. He kept

his love and relationship with his lover a secret between himself and his loved one in order to protect his love and very special relationship with his loved one.

Muhammad didn't have any hobby, interests, or ambitions in this life except to pray, worship, supplicate, and love His Lord. All that was before his prophecy! For that reason, the luminary and divine part in Muhammad grew and completely dominated him, so it escalated him to a very high rank. Thus, his feelings softened, his manners became perfected, and his self purified. Among his people, he was the truthful and trustworthy one who did commit lies, foolishness, envy, or arrogance.

He was clement, wise, smart, and intelligent. He used to keep contact with his kin and was very hospitable to his guests. He came to the rescue of any one facing tough time. He was very kind and compassionate with the poor, the weak, the children, orphans, servants and slaves. He was loyal to his companions, steadfast in righteousness, and he had dignity and respect.

Everything good in him was reflected first in his household. So he was the best of husbands, the best of fathers, the best of kin, the best of sons, the best of friends, the best of merchants, and the best of companions. He was fair and gave everything its due right. He was easygoing as his parable is that of water flowing freely from a purified spring! This was the state of Muhammad (SA) was before his prophecy.

Such was also the case with the prophets and messengers before Muhammad (Peace be upon him). They were men whose hearts were attached to their creator, so it preoccupied them and kept them busy from giving attention to anything or anyone else. Hence, their hearts were cleansed and purified, so Allah (SWT) chose them to deliver His Message. He (SWT) honored them by permitting them to speak on His Behalf and in His Name.

Reciprocal Divine Love Manifested

Muhammad (SWT) was not a secular man and he was not created for the life of this world.

Rather, he was a divine man who was concerned with the Hereafter and worked for it. He enslaved all his life for the service of the Hereafter. Muhammad (SA) lived in this life with his body only. But his heart, mind, souls, interests, and concerns were all with his lord, creator, and his beloved one. If these were the feelings of Muhammad and what he presented towards his Lord before his inauguration as prophet, was that love and giving from one side only? Or was it reciprocal between Muhammad and his Lord?

Without a doubt, it was reciprocal! And how couldn't it be when Allah (SWT) says in His sacred tradition,{Whoever comes closer to Me one hand length, I will come closer to him one arm length .And whoever comes closer to Me one arm length, I will come closer to him a mile. And whoever comes to Me walking, I will come to him rushing!}

So, what were the bounties of the Lord of Muhammadto Muhammad? Muhammad was an orphan, so Allah (SWT) took care of him and sent his grandfather Abdul Mutaleb, then his uncle Abu Taleb who were the chiefs of their tribe to be his guardians and take care of him and raise him in the best and most perfect way. Allah (SWT) sent to Muhammad (SA) the kind-hearted Haleema to become his nursing mother and caretaker.

Allah (SWT) guided him to know him more and made him feel more comfortable in the way of his Lord. He (SWT) protected him during his dangerous trips to that dark cave in that lonely mountain, so no scorpion, snake, beast, or thief dared to attack him. Allah (SWT) alleviated his feeling of loneliness to the extent that he didn't feel it. Allah (SWT) kept him away from entertainment, nonsense, the pleasures of life, and He (SWT) did not preoccupy Muhammad from His worship.

Allah (SWT) sent to him Khadeeja with her wealth, love, compassion, affection, honor, nobility in family, and her prosperous trade. Muhammad (SA) married her and worked in her commercial caravans. Allah (SWT) showered them with his blessings and sustenance. So Muhammad (SA) came out from poverty and tough life to a better and easier life. Allah (SWT) then gifted him with Al-Kawthar that is manifested in his beloved daughter Fatima to please him and introduce happiness to him. He (SWT) gave him Ali as a brother, cousin, adopted son, beloved companion, and the source of happiness and pleasure to his own self and soul.

He (SWT) gave him Zaid as a sincere servant and obedient son to assist him in the matters of life. Allah (SWT) instilled Muhammad's love in the hearts of the people, so he had sincere and close companions and relatives who loved him very dearly. Muhammad belonged to a respected and noble tribe and held an honorable position among the people. These were some of the bounties of Allah (SWT) to Muhammad (SA). As Allah (SWT) said to Muhammad in the Qur’an,

“ Did He not find you an orphan and give you shelter [93:6]?”

The love was reciprocal, the relationship was continuous, and the bounties were ongoing until the great bounty, virtue, and honor which had

no similarity or resemblance from the Lord of the Worlds! It took place in that fateful night in Cave Hiraa’!

That is why the selection of Allah (SWT) to Muhammad did not come from nothing. Muhammad submitted to God before he received the divine revelation, and he rushed towards Allah (SWT) before he was inaugurated as prophet. Muhammad was attracted to light at a time when only darkness was known.

He willingly headed to his true Lord at a time when people did not accept anything but idols, lies, personal interests, nonsense, and fantasies. He filled himself with divine light at a time when man only knew materialism.

Hence, Muhammad was qualified for the divine selection and bounty, as Allah (SWT) is the absolute Justice and there is no way that He (SWT) would choose for His prophecy except the best of the qualified persons. This was the personality, heart, conscience and spirit of Muhammad by which he deserved the selection of Allah (SWT). This character with all what it possesses is the one we will see later manifesting itself clearly after the inauguration of prophecy while conveying the final divine message!

By that divine selection, it indicated the reality of his attachment to his lord even before the inauguration of prophecy. This is the personality which will suffer a lot when facing the rejection of the nonbelievers to his call for Islam and the worship of Allah (SWT) alone.

“… And if their turning away is hard on you [6:35].”

The same personality which will agonize itself because of the disbelief of the people and their lack of faith!!

“ Perhaps you will kill yourself with grief because they do not believe [26:3].”

It is the same personality that will give sighs of pain on those who go astray and do not obey their God, as depicted in the Holy Qur’an,

“ So let not your soul waste away in grief for them [35:8].”

It is the same personality which will exhaust itself in conveying the message and urging the people to accept faith and Islam, to the extent that the Creator Himself who is the sender of the message and the one who ordered to convey it, intervenes to limit the overwhelming and extreme efforts of Muhammad in conveying the message. So we find Allah (SWT) revealing verses such as:

•“ Remind them, for you are only a reminder. You are not a watcher over them [88:21-22] ! ”

•“ As for him who considers himself independent, To him do you address yourself [80:5-6].”

•“ Surely you cannot guide whom you love, but Allah guides whom He pleases [28:56].”

•“ Do not move your tongue with it to make haste with it [75:16].”

•" And do not make haste with the Qur’an before its revelation is made complete to you [20:114].”

And He (SWT) says,

“ Will you then force men till they become believers [10:99].”

And countless other verses which all show and indicate that Muhammad was not just a messenger who was assigned to convey a message and so he

carried out a mission which he was assigned to do.No , and a thousand times NO! Muhammad was assigned to convey a message which he himself loves, adores, and is fond of it! He lives it with all his soul, being, and conscience even before he knew about it and was assigned to convey it.

That is because faith was mixed with his flesh, blood, and bones. It was as if it became a non-detachable part of him even before the divine inspiration to him. After all, we may be assigned with a task or mission in our lives and we may perform it well. But there is a big difference if we are assigned a task which we ourselves love and enjoy and have total faith in the mission and its importance. Surely, that will reflect on our performance of that task. Consequently, our performance of that mission or task will stand as a proof and witness to the extent of our love, conviction, and sincerity of that mission.

Meditations On Husayn’s Speech On The Day Of Ashura

Husayn (as) addressed the people on the Day of Ashura, saying:

“You have drawn the sword with which we armed you, against us, and ignited the fire we kindled against our enemy and yours, against us. So you have joined hands with the forces of your enemies against your allies, in spite of being aware that they (your enemies) have not established any justice among you, nor do you expect any good from them.”1

This is Husayn’s address to the people on the day of Ashura. It is a strange speech which he gave at that critical hour before they drew their swords on him. This address carries boundless grief on account of those people who drew their swords against the son of the daughter of the Messenger of God, (S). I will talk on a number of points regarding this speech.

1- “You Have Drawn The Sword With Which We Armed You, Against Us.”

With respect to any struggle people fall into three groups: The first and the second are the opposing parties, while the third are mere observers who stay behind without supporting the truth. This group makes up a wide cross section of society.

The first and second groups bear the price of the struggle, that is, hands and heads will have to fall. This equally involves both the contesting parties and is not specific to the party of truth or falsehood. This is the norm of God Most High with regard to contests. God Almighty says:

“If you are suffering they are also suffering like you, but you expect from God what they do not expect.” 2

He also said:"If a wound afflicts you, a like wound has already afflicted those people; and We make such vicissitudes rotate among mankind…” 3

The party of truth is distinguished in the contest by God’s help and support and the victory He grants them. Indeed God has promised them that. God Most High says:"If you help God, He will help you and make your feet steady” 4 and"God has ordained: ‘I shall surely prevail, I and my apostles.” 5

This is what the believers expect from God when they are engaged in a contest. This expectation assures the hearts of the believers of divine support on the battlefield, a support which will ensure the outcome of the conflict in their favour. The foregoing analysis pertains to the two warring parties. The third group is a very complex one that can easily slip towards the side of falsehood as it is susceptible to enemy influence.

These are the people whom Husayn (as) addressed on the day of Ashura. They had sheathed their swords during the times of Ali (as) and al-Hasan (as). They had abandoned Ali (as) in Siffin and after that al-Hasan (as) till he had to compromise with Mu’awiya in order to save what remained of his father’s partisans. When these people put down their arms and forsook Ali (as) and al-Hasan (as), Mu’awiya drew them and after him, on the day of Ashura, Yazid did the same.

They did not lay down arms for long because the field of struggle abhors those sitting on the fence. He who does not side with truth on the field of contest and prefers safety over trouble of battle will undoubtedly side with falsehood very soon. The stand of the defenders of truth is firm and secure, and beyond the reach of the enemy, but those who stand on the fence easily drift towards the enemy side. They are defenseless and within easy reach of the enemy who can allure them to join the bandwagon, or terrorize and force them to side with falsehood.

Because of this, the positions people take on the field of conflict boil down to two: either they stand with truth in terms of loyalty and denouncement or they stand with falsehood in a like manner. These were the people Husayn (as) was addressing at Karbala. They had sheathed their swords and betrayed his father and brother before and were drawing them on him in Karbala. So he said to them: ‘You have drawn the sword with which we armed you against us.’

The sword denotes power. Before the advent of Islam, the Arabs were an isolated, weak nation living in the desert with neither power nor wealth. Islam bestowed on them power and wealth, made them bearers of the message of monotheism and conquered the world for them, thus making them lords and rulers over the world. Syria was then the seat of this power, which Islam had brought to the Arabs, and it used it to exercise political and military influence over large parts of Asia and Africa.

To these people, Husayn (as) spoke on the day of Ashura at Karbala, saying:

“God has guided you through my grandfather the Messenger of God (S) and, through him, provided you with this vast control that stretches over the earth. He has made you leaders and lords in the world. Therefore, this power and sword is ours although it is now in your hands. However, you have forsaken my father and brother before; you sheathed your swords and abandoned them then. And here you are today drawing the sword, which the Messenger of God (S) placed in your hands, to fight the son of his daughter.

It would have been more becoming of you to have fought Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan with this sword before, in support of my father and brother, and today, Yazid ibn Mu’awiya in my support … for they have left the tradition (sunnah ) of God’s Messenger and we tried to bring them back to the straight path but they did not return to it.”

2- ‘And You Ignited The Fire Which We Kindled Against Our Enemy And Your Enemy, Against Us.’

What was this fire that Husayn spoke about on the day of Ashura?

Who ignited it?

Where did he ignite it?

This fire was the great explosion of light that took place in the Arabian Peninsula. It sent to mankind a radiance that enlightened the hearts and minds of men from the east to the west. With this light, which entered every house, God removed the darkness of ignorance from mankind. This light turned into faith, sincerity, service, certainty, values, sacrifice, prayer and supplication, schools for the dissemination of knowledge and mosques for

worship that soon spread all over the world. It also emerged as uprisings and movements of the oppressed against the oppressors. On the other hand, this fire eliminated the thrones of the tyrants in Persia, Byzantine and Egypt. It also broke away the fetters and shackles from the hands and feet of men, and set them free from the grip of the oppressors.

The Messenger of God (S) ignited this fire in the Arabian peninsula and it was barely fifty years after its kindling that it illuminated the globe from east to west. The Messenger of God, (S) did not select a specific class for this call. In fact he released the dormant forces of innate nature and reason from the souls of those Arabs who answered his call. He made them a great force that vanquished the armies of Persia and Byzantium, and swept away the thrones of Chosroe and Caesar.

This action of the Messenger of God (S) was exactly like the work of an engineer when he produces light and heat from a cold dark rock; or the way a cold dark piece of wood gives us light and heat when it comes into contact with fire. He produced, out of them, paragons of righteousness and piety, strength and resistance, faith and submission to God, who were able to propagate this mission all over the world. They became lords and leaders of humanity after having lived in isolation from civilization in a plantless desert region.

In no more than fifty years from the death of the Messenger of God (S), the people burnt the house of his daughter. They set fire to Fatima’s (as) door in Medina, and later to the tents of his household in Karbala.

How cruelly they disregarded the rights of the Prophet’s family!

How ungratefully they repaid the Messenger of God (S) for his favours!

How regrettable the conduct of the servants!!

And God Most High clearly expressed His Wish to them:

"Say, ‘I do not ask of you any reward for it except affection and respect for [my] kith and kin.’ 6

3- “You Have Joined Hands With The Forces Of Your Enemies Against Your Allies.”

This is the second act of apostasy, which is worse than the first. The Imam (as) pointed out to the first when he said: ‘you have drawn the sword which we armed you with, against us.’ When the people reneged the first time, the swords shifted from the side of the Household of the Messenger of God (S) to the side of their opponents and enemies. This fact has been precisely described by al-Farazdaq when he met Husayn (as) on the way to Iraq. He said to the Imam (as): “Their hearts are with you but their swords are against you.”7 This is a perfect description of the psychological and political condition of the people at that time. Indeed their hearts were with Husayn (as) until then although their political inclinations were in favour of the Umayyads. This was the beginning, and it constituted the first act of perfidy.

The normal situation is that the hearts and swords should converge on the side of the truth, but if the heart and the swords disagree, this is the first step towards apostasy. The second step is when the two are agreed on being

hostile to, and fighting the Prophet’s Household (as.). This is the situation about which the Imam (as) is informing us in this statement:

“You have joined hands with the forces of your enemies against your allies.”

The term al-ilb, which the Imam used, denotes rallying or joining hands with a common enemy and needs some explanation. A nation (ummah) is a group of people who are united by a common loyalty and a common thing which they repudiate. This is the soundest and most precise definition ofummah (nation).

The Muslim nation is united by loyalty to God, His Messenger (S) and the Imams (as) of the believers."Your guardian is only God, his Apostle and the faithful who maintain prayer and give the zakat while bowing down [in rukuh].” 8

He who accepts this guardianship is part of this nation and he who rejects it or part of it does not belong to this nation. Similarly, this nation has a common position of repudiating the rebellious forces oftaghut which God Almighty has ordered us to disbelieve in, and the idolaters. So he who repudiates these two is a member of this nation and he who does not is not its member."Worship God and keep away from the Rebel” 9

Thus, on the day of Ashura, The Imam (as) said to them: A repudiation of God’s enemies and a common hostility towards them used to unite us. We also shared a common loyalty towards God’s friends. But today “you have joined the forces of your enemies against your allies”, exactly the opposite of what should have been the case. You should have united with your allies against your enemies. This is the second act of apostasy.

In fact, this was the condition of the people whom Husayn (as) addressed on Ashura. This showed the change-over between the two poles of love and hate, loyalty and repudiation, and it is the highest form of volte-face in the human personality.

4- “They Have Not Established Any Justice Among You, Nor Do You Expect Any Good From Them.”

The Imam (as) is saying that their hearts have turned from guidance to misguidance, from God’s friends to His enemies. They have become loyal to those that deserved repudiation, while the Umayyads have not changed their former position: “they have not established any justice among you.” The Umayyads are still committing injustice as they did before, still steeped in oppression and deviation.

No change had taken place in the stand of the Umayyads; the only thing that happened was a volte-face of hearts from the axis of loyalty to that of repudiation and from repudiation to that of (a new) alliance, for the people had shifted their alliance from theAhl al-Bayt (the Prophet’s household) to the Umayyads without there being any change in theAhl al-Bayt (as) from the position of guidance and righteousness, or in the Umayyads from their deviation and oppression.

“Nor do you expect any good from them”

That change of hearts was not prompted by any transformation in the Umayyads from unjust rulers to justice-loving ones, nor was it because the

people expected the Umayyads to treat them with justice. Therefore, the people were not deceived by the Umayyads when they gave them their loyalty and fought their antagonists. What then prompted the people to change over from the family of God’s Messenger (S) to the family of Umayyah? The reason was that the Umayyads had subdued them with terror or enticement. There is a difference between deception and degradation. One who is deceived by his enemy loves his enemy, is loyal to him and fights his enemy’s enemy out of mistake. This is a weakness in terms of awareness and knowledge but not a debasement. But he who allies himself with his enemy and supports him with his arms and wealth, and then gives him his heart knowing that he is his enemy abases himself and becomes contemptible.

Nations have always been subdued and degraded either by force and terror or by money. The Umayyads used both methods: debasement with force and terror and debasement with money and power. Although they used enticements, propaganda and deception, their excessive oppression, luxury and sinful style of life was too prominent to be lost on anyone.

5- “Woe To You! Are You Heading Towards These People And Forsaking Us?

This is the most pathetic volte-face in man’s life: he turns against himself by loving his enemy and hating his friend. A human being loves and hates; loves his friends and hates his enemies. When one forgets oneself, he forgets who he should love and who he should hate and above all, love and hate change places for him so that he now loves his enemy and hates his friends! This is the condition with which God punishes those who forget Him; He makes them forget themselves"…who forgot God so he makes them forget their own souls.” 10

The people Husayn (as) addressed on the day of Ashura were among those who forgot God so He made them forget themselves, forgot who they loved and hated. They loved the Umayyads who they were supposed to be hostile to because they perpetrated tyranny, sin and ungodliness; and they fought their friends and allies whom God had commanded the Muslims to love and obey, as recorded in the definitive (muhkamat) verses of His book.11 I cannot imagine the extent of pain that afflicted the Imam’s heart as depicted by this speech. A pain that stems from his compassion for them with regard to the level of misery they had reached. This pain was not because the Imam had lost their support in his tribulation.

6- “O Slaves Of (This) Nation And Strangers!”

This is the trait of slaves. Slaves must be loyal to whoever buys them. There is no permanent principle for their loyalty. He who buys them from the slave market deserves their loyalty, whether they like or hate him. Therefore their loyalty changes hands instantly from one master to the new master who pays their price to the old one and the latter hands over the whip to the former.

In an instant, the slaves forget their old love and loyalty and become faithful to their new master and new loyalty. People’s loyalty is to their parties, in ease or difficulty and in defeat or victory, unlike those who are

strangers to the parties, for their loyalty is always for the victorious whether they are in the right or not. This is the situation with floating political alliances; they carry dangerous psychological implications that depict a lack of principles and values. Also this attitude shows complete subordination to the one with the upper hand and a complete abandoning of the self and values.

7- “Away With You, O Slaves Of The Nation And Strangers To The Parties!”

Here the Imam (as) is praying for their being distanced from the mercy of God. This is because God’s mercy descends on man at different stations in man’s life. When one distances himself from these points he removes himself from God’s mercy. This is God’s norm of treating His servants so let us ponder on it. There is a reciprocal relationship between the descending mercy of God and the points at which it descends.

This descending mercy activates the places it descends upon. When rain falls on a land it becomes green, blossoms, ripens and bears fruit. This is what the descending mercy does to its place of descent. The place of mercy also seeks its place of descent and does not come down on a place unless it deserves the descent of mercy.

This deserving is to seek God’s mercy in the existential sense by having the potential to receive it, and this is necessary for mercy to descend. On the other hand, rejecting God’s mercy pushes it aside and makes it remote. God’s mercy is continuously descending although there are factors that facilitate its reception, just as there are factors that bring about its rejection.

Ponder over the prayer of the righteous servant of God, Noah (as) against his people:“And Noah said: ‘My Lord! Do not leave on the earth any inhabitant from amongst the faithless. If you leave them, they will lead your servants astray and will beget only vicious ingrates.”(Qur’an-71:27) It is a strange prayer in which Noah (as) speaks of God’s norms of sending mercy and cutting it off. All their potential for receiving goodness had dried up and all readiness to seek mercy: “… and they will not beget any but vicious ingrates”. So, on what would God’s mercy descend?

Husayn (as) prays to God Most High against those people on the day of Ashura because their hearts have lost all the values, which are the points in their souls at which mercy descends. So there remained no place in their souls and lives on which divine mercy would alight. Thus he said: Away with you! O slaves of the nation.

8- “An Old Treachery That Was Part And Parcel Of Your Forefathers”

Just as good can be deep-rooted, evil can also be so. The roots of goodness reach out to innate nature, reason, conscience and the heart while those of evil are linked to selfish desires. When evil and selfish desires take root in the mind one loses all the sources of goodness that are in his soul. The foundations of goodness that are associated with his heart, conscience, reason and innate nature dwindle as well.

Heredity plays a part in establishing goodness or evil. I do not mean to say that the effect of heredity is inevitable but that it plays an important part.

Heredity enhances good and intensifies evil although not with coercion. This means that mankind falls into two groups: the good tree and the bad tree (lit. tree) and each one is a tree. A tree has roots and fruits and there are similarities in some aspects between the roots and fruits of a tree. The roots of a tree form its foundation, the fruits its derivatives while the trunk serves as the means of conveying the features from the roots to the fruits.

In like manner good and bad lines of mankind carry good and bad traits from ancestors to their offspring so that goodness or evil are deep-rooted in each of them. Consequently, these two sets of ancestors constitute two lines in human history: a rising line that moves upwards continuously and a falling line, continuous in descent. Nimrod’s family is on the descent and Abraham’s family on the ascent; the family of Moses is ascending and the family of Pharaoh descending.

The law of heredity enhances this ascent and descent. It does not only convey the features of good and evil from forefathers to offspring but also refines them and sorts out evil from good and vice versa. As time goes on, the divergence between these two families (of good and evil) widens until a time is reached when the members of the evil family become devoid of goodness and its spring dries up from their souls. At that point divine punishment descends on them since they no longer deserve mercy.

This is what happened at the time of Noah (as) and it could happen at any other time. Then the bad family comes to an end and falls, and a new circle of history will begin. Surely, the law of heredity carries good and bad traits from generation to generation and promotes both the good and the bad together. It is this law that Imam Husayn (as) was hinting at when he said:

“Certainly, I swear by God that yours is an old treachery which has become part and parcel of your forefathers and which the offspring among you have strengthened. So you are the worst fruits: an eye sore to the viewer and an easy morsel for the usurper.”

The Imam (as) meant to say that treachery and wickedness was deep-rooted in them. It first reared its head on the day of Siffin, after which sons inherited it from their fathers. It took root first with their forefathers and gained strength and blossomed at the hands of the offspring among those present.

Therefore, they are the worst fruit of the bad tree. We must add that the inheritance we are discussing here is that of values and behaviour and it does not apply to biological inheritance. The law of biological inheritance in plants, animals and humans does not necessarily apply to that of values, thoughts and behaviour. The two laws can be completely different as in the case of Noah's son.

The Qur'an gives a precise description of him saying:"Indeed he is a [personification of] unrighteous conduct" ,12 although he was among the offspring of Noah (as) who was a leader of the righteous. This difference came from the determining factor in biological inheritance that does not apply to the inheritance of actions and values, which follow will and choice.

Notes

1. - Sayyid Ibn Tawus’s Al-Luhuf fi Qatla al-Tufuf pg: 58.

2. - Qur’an Ch: 4, Vs: 104.

3. - Qur’an, Ch: 3, Vs: 140.

4. - Qur’an Ch: 47, Vs: 7

5. - Qur’an Ch: 58, Vs: 21.

6. - Qur’an Ch: 42, Vs: 23.

7. - Sheikh al-Sharifi’s Kalimat Imam al-Al-Husayn (a.s) pg. 370.

8. - Qur’an Ch: 5, Vs: 55.

9. - Qur’an Ch: 16, Vs: 36.

10. - Qur’an Ch: 59, Vs: 19.

11. - “Say, ‘I do not ask you any reward for it except the affection for [my] relatives’ – Qur’an Ch: 42 Vs: 23. “Your guardian is only God, His Apostle, and the faithful who maintain the prayer and give the zakat while bowing down” Qur’an Ch: 5, Vs: 55.

12. - Qur'an Ch: 11 vs: 46.