Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY

Author: ANIL MITRA
Publisher: www.horizons-2000.org
Category:

• INTRODUCTION
• Sources
• The temperamentalist thesis
• The restriction to Western philosophy
• The second edition
• CHAPTER 1: THE PERIODS AND MAIN INFLUENCES
• CHAPTER 2: GREEK PHILOSOPHY
• RELIGIOUS ORIGINS OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY
• GREEK PHILOSOPHY: ORIGINS
• Early Greek philosophy
• Problem of Substance (Metaphysics) - and The Philosophy of Nature
• Problem of change
• Problem of Change
• Age of sophists
• Socrates and the Socratic schools
• GREEK PHILOSOPHY: THE AGE OF GREAT SYSTEMS
• Plato (427 - 347 BCE)
• Rational (insight) Forms or ideas Dialectic
• Doctrine of ideas: (Plato’s most original philosophical achievement.)
• Philosophy of nature
• Cosmology
• Psychology
• Doctrine of immortality
• Ethics
• Politics
• Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE)
• Extant writings
• Philosophy and the sciences
• Logic
• Metaphysics
• Theology
• Physics
• Biology
• Psychology
• Ethics
• Politics
• ETHICAL PERIOD (ABOUT 350 - 200 BCE)
• Epicureanism and stoicism
• Skepticism and eclecticism
• Stoicism - continued
• Logic and the theory of knowledge
• Metaphysics
• Cosmology
• Psychology
• Ethics
• GREEK PHILOSOPHY: THE RELIGIOUS PERIOD (150 BCE - 500 AD)
• Jewish Greek philosophy
• Neo-Pythagoreanism
• Neoplatonism
• THE DECLINE OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY
• The closing of the school at Athens
• The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius
• CHAPTER 3: MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
• Doctrine and dogma
• The periods of medieval philosophy
• Scholastic period
• Formative Period - the Schoolmen
• School of Chartres. Cathedral at Chartres
• Culmination
• Decline
• CHAPTER 4: THE MODERN PERIOD
• BACKGROUND
• The Renaissance
• THE BEGINNING OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY 1550 - 1670
• Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626)
• Inductive methods
• Programs of philosophy
• Philosophy of man
• Bacon as an empiricist
• Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679)
• Theory of knowledge
• Metaphysics
• Psychology
• Politics
• Blaise Pascal (1632 - 1662)
• Mathematician, Jansenist, anti-Jesuit
• MODERN PHILOSOPHY: CONTINENTAL RATIONALISM
• René Descartes (1598 - 1650)
• Descartes problem
• Classification of the sciences
• Method and criterion of knowledge
• Proofs of the existence of God
• Truth and error
• Existence of the external world
• Relation of mind and body
• Baruch (Benedict) de Spinoza (1632 - 1677)
• Rationalism
• Method
• The universal substance
• Attributes of god
• Theory of knowledge
• Ethics and politics
• MODERN PHILOSOPHY: BRITISH EMPIRICISM
• John Locke (1632 - 1704)
• Locke’s problem
• Origin of knowledge
• Nature and validity of knowledge
• Limits of knowledge
• Metaphysics
• Ethics
• Free will
• Political philosophy
• Theory of education
• Economic theory
• Locke’s influence
• George Berkeley (1685 - 1753)
• David Hume (1711 - 1776)
• Hume’s problem
• Science and human nature
• Origins of knowledge
• Relation of cause and effect
• Validity of knowledge
• MODERN PHILOSOPHY: RATIONALISM IN GERMANY
• Leibniz (1646 - 1716)
• Christian Wolff (1679 - 1754)
• MODERN PHILOSOPHY: THE ENLIGHTENMENT
• Voltaire (1694 - 1778)
• Materialism and evolutionism
• Progress of the sciences
• Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu (1685 - 1754)
• Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778)
• Human nature
• Political philosophy
• Educational philosophy
• MODERN PHILOSOPHY: IMMANUEL KANT (1724 - 1804)
• Kant’s heritage
• Kant’s problem
• The problem of knowledge
• Knowledge presupposes a mind
• The first transcendental method
• Preliminary analysis of experience
• The theory of sense perception
• The theory of the understanding
• Kant’s forms of understanding
• Validity of judgment
• Knowledge of things-in-themselves
• Impossibility of metaphysics
• Rational cosmology
• Use of metaphysics in experience
• Use of teleology in nature
• Ethics
• Some comments on the successors of Kant
• MODERN PHILOSOPHY: PHILOSOPHY AFTER KANT
• The legacy of Kant
• Idealism
• Realism
• Empiricism
• MODERN PHILOSOPHY: GERMAN IDEALISM
• Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762 - 1814)
• Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling (1775 - 1854)
• Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768 - 1834)
• Dialectic method
• MODERN PHILOSOPHY: GERMAN PHILOSOPHY AFTER HEGEL
• Johann Friedrich Hebart (1776 - 1841)
• A return to idealism: Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 - 1860)
• Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801 - 1887)
• Rudolf Hermann Lotze (1817 - 1881)
• Friedrich Albert Lange (1828 - 1875)
• Wilhelm Wundt (1832 - 1920)
• Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)
• Rudolf Christoph Eucken (1846 - 1926)
• Wilhelm Windelbland (1848 - 1915)
• Ernst Cassirer (1874 - 1945)
• Noted for his analysis of cultural values
• MODERN PHILOSOPHY: FRENCH AND BRITISH NINETEENTH CENTURY PHILOSOPHY
• Beginnings of Positivism, And its Interaction with Empiricism
• August Comte (1798 - 1857)
• Stages of knowledge
• Comte’s scheme of sciences
• A theory of history
• Progress to the ideal
• Ethics
• Subjective method
• MODERN PHILOSOPHY: BRITISH UTILITARIANISM
• John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)
• Ethics
• Liberalism
• Herbert Spencer (1820 - 1903)
• CHAPTER 5: THE RECENT PERIOD: LATE 19TH TO 21ST CENTURY
• INTRODUCTION
• Influences on recent philosophy
• Paradigms
• Critical commentary
• Other cultures
• The effect on philosophy
• THE RECENT PERIOD: SCHOOLS AND TRENDS OF PHILOSOPHY
• 20th Century Schools and Trends of Philosophy
• Introduction
• Absolute Idealism
• Analytic Philosophy
• Notes
• Scientific conventionalism and fictionalism
• Pragmatism
• Positivism and Logical Empiricism
• Positivism and ethics
• Analytic and linguistic philosophy
• Empiricism
• Utilitarianism
• Rationalism
• Comtean Positivism
• From phenomenology to Hermeneutics
• From Marxism to Critical Theory
• From Structuralism to Deconstruction
• Critical Realism
• Empiricism
• Existentialism
• Hegelianism
• Hermeneutics
• Idealism
• Immanuel Kant
• Intuitionism
• Legal Positivism
• Linguistic Philosophy
• Logical Positivism
• Lenin, Stalin
• Materialism
• Naturalism
• Neo-Kantians
• Neo-Scholasticism
• New Realism
• Personalism
• Phenomenology
• Realist Phenomenology
• An idealism
• Hermeneutic Phenomenology
• Existential Phenomenology
• Postmodernism
• Began 1970s in philosophy, culture, arts
• Post-Structuralism
• Pragmatism
• Process Philosophy
• Realism
• Derived from the structuralism inspired by Ferdinand de Saussure
• Twentieth Century Realism
• Uppsala School
• Utilitarianism
• Members and Associates
• Brief History
• Vitalism
• Ratio-vitalism
• Political Philosophy
• Education and the Philosophy of Education
• Natural Philosophy
• Philosophy of Science
• Philosophies of the disciplines
• 20TH Century Philosophers
• American Philosophers
• European Philosophers
• THE RECENT PERIOD: INFLUENTIAL PHILOSOPHERS
• Gottlob Frege
• Alfred North Whitehead
• Karl Raimund Popper
• Wittgenstein’s sources of inspiration
• Wittgenstein: Reflections
• On Critical-Imaginative Sources
• The specific importance of Wittgenstein
• Wittgenstein and privacy
• Wittgenstein on philosophy
• The Basic Realism and the Picture Theory of the Tractacus
• Transition to Wittgenstein’s later account of language
• Wittgenstein: Philosophical Investigations
• False Prisons
• Wittgenstein and his followers
• On Meaning
• Uses of language
• Sense and reference
• Analysis of meaning
• Frege and Wittgenstein
• An alternative
• Notes
• Martin Heidegger
• Heidegger’s program
• From Heidegger
• Ontology must clarify the meaning of Being
• CHAPTER 6: THE FUTURE
• Philosophical nihilism
• The obligations and needs of philosophy
• The possibilities of philosophyin the Western and other academic traditions
• Ways of Philosophical Understanding
• Analysis of language, concepts
• Ways that are unique to philosophy
• The third transcendental method or transcendental logic
• Further considerations
• A concept of philosophy
• See History of thought and action
• The education of the philosopher
• Journey in Being
• And continues to synthesize with an appeal to the whole being
• True Philosophy
• CHAPTER 7: TRANSCENDENTAL AND REAL LOGIC
• The foundation of this method is in the propositions
• Real Logic