Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

Lessons In Islamic Jurisprudence

This book is corrected and edited by Al-Hassanain (p) Institue for Islamic Heritage and Thought

• Preface
• Introduction
• The Nature of Islamic Law
• The Historical Development of Islamic Law
• The Nature of Islamic Jurisprudence
• Reason and Convention
• Medieval Western Law and Islamic Law
• The Life of Sadr
• Notes
• 1- Characterization of Jurisprudence
• A Preliminary Word
• Characterization of Jurisprudence
• The Subject-Matter of Jurisprudence
• The Discipline of Jurisprudence is the Logic of Legal Understanding
• The Importance of the Discipline of Jurisprudence in the Practice of Derivation
• Jurisprudence is to Legal Understanding as Theory is to Application
• The Interaction Between Legal-Understanding Thought and Jurisprudential Thought
• The Permissibility of the Process of Deriving Divine-Legal Rulings
• 2- Substantiating Arguments
• The Divine-Law Ruling and its Subdivision
• The Division of Rulings into Injunctive and Declaratory
• Categories of the Injunctive Ruling
• Areas of Discussion in the Discipline of Jurisprudence
• Division of the discussion according to types
• [Probativity of assurance is] the element common to both types
• Type 1: substantiating arguments
• Subdivisions of the discussion
• 1. The divine-law argument
• A. The Verbal Divine-Law Argument (“Signification”)
• Introduction
• What “Designation” and “Lexical Connection” Are
• What is “Use”?
• Literal Speech and Figurative Speech
• The Figurative is Sometimes Turned into the Literal
• The Classification of Language into Substantive and Relational Meanings
• The Form of the Sentence
• The Complete Sentence and the Incomplete Sentence
• The Lexical Signified and the Assentable Signified
• Declarative and Performative Sentences
• Significations Which Jurisprudence Discusses
• i- The Form of the Imperative
• ii. The Prohibitive Form of the Verb
• iii. Absolute Expression
• iv. Particles of Generality
• v. The Particle of the Conditional
• The Probativity of the Prima-Facie Meaning
• Applications of the Principle of the Probativity of the Prima-facie Sense to Verbal Arguments
• The Connected and Independent Context
• Establishing the Source
• B. The Non-Verbal Divine-Law Argument
• Rational Arguments: the Study of Rational Connections
• Subdivision of the Discussion
• i. The Connection between Mandatory and Prohibited
• ii. Does Prohibitedness Require Invalidation?
• Connections Arising Between a Ruling and Its Subject
• Promulgation and Actuality
• The Subject of a Ruling
• Connections Between a Ruling and its Dependent Object
• Connections Arising Between a Ruling and its Necessary Preliminaries
• Connections Within A Single Ruling
• 3- Procedural Principles
• Introduction
• 1. The Fundamental Procedural Principle [Precaution]
• 2. The Secondary Procedural Principle
• 3. The Principle of the Inculpatoriness of Non-specific Knowledge
• The inculpatoriness of non-specific knowledge
• The analytical resolution of non-specific knowledge
• Occasions of hesitation
• 4. The Presumption of Continuity
• The previous condition of certainty
• Doubt concerning persistence
• Unity of the subject and the presumption of continuity
• 4- The Conflict of Arguments
• 1. Conflict Between Substantiating Arguments
• The case of conflict between two verbal arguments
• Other situations of conflict
• 2. Conflict Between [Procedural] Principles
• 3. Conflict Between the Two Types of Argument
• Analytical Summary by the Translator
• 1. Characterization of Jurisprudence
• 1. AN INTRODUCTORY WORD
• 2. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DISCIPLINE OF JURISPRUDENCE
• 3 THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF JURISPRUDENCE
• 4. JURISPRUDENCE IS “THE LOGIC OF LEGAL UNDERSTANDING”
• 5. THE IMPORTANCE OF JURISPRUDENCE IN THE PROCEDURE OF DERIVATION
• 6. JURISPRUDENCE IS TO LEGAL UNDERSTANDING AS THEORY IS TO APPLICATION
• 7. THE INTERACTION OF JURISPRUDENTIAL THOUGHT AND LEGAL-UNDERSTANDING THOUGHT
• 8. THE PERMISSIBILITY OF THE PRACTICE OF DERIVATION
• 2. Substantiating Arguments
• 9. THE LEGAL RULING: DEFINITION AND SUBDIVISIONS
• 9a. The Division of Legal Rulings into “Injunctive” and “Declaratory”
• 9b. Categories of Injunctive Rulings Injunctive rulings are classified as
• Part Two - Topics Investigated by Jurisprudence
• 10. DIVISION OF THE DISCUSSION ACCORDING TO TYPES
• 11. THE COMMON ELEMENT IN BOTH TYPES OF DERIVATION IS ASSURANCE
• 12. TYPE I: SUBSTANTIATING ARGUMENTS
• 12 a. Subdivision of the Discussion
• 1 3. DIVINE-LAW EVIDENCE
• 13 a. Part One: Verbal Divine-Law Evidence 13al. Signification
• 13ala. Introduction
• 13alb. About “Designation” and “Linguistic Connection”
• 13alc. About “Use”
• 13ald. “Literal” and “figurative”
• 13ale. Figurative May Become Literal
• 13aIf. Language Distinguishes “Substantive” and “Relational”Meanings
• 13alg. The Shape of the Sentence
• 13alh. Complete and Incomplete Sentences
• 13ali. The Lexical Signified and the Assentable Signified
• 13alj. Declarative and Performative Sentences
• 13alk. The Significations That Jurisprudence Considers
• 13a2. Probativity of the Prima Facie
• 13a2b. “Conjunct” and “Disjunct” Contexts
• 13a3. Establishing the Source
• 14. NON-VERBAL ARGUMENT IN DIVINE LAW
• 15. RATIONAL ARGUMENTS
• 15a. The Study of Rational Connections
• 15b. Subdivision of the Discussion
• 15c. Rational Connections Between Different Rulings
• 15cl. The Polarity of Mandatory and Prohibited
• 15c2. Does Prohibitedness Require Invalidation of a Contract?
• 15d. Relations Between a Ruling and its “Subject”
• 15dl. Promulgation and Actuality
• 15d2. The Subject of a Ruling
• 15e. Connections Between a Ruling and its “Dependent Object”
• 15f. Connections Between a Ruling and its “Necessary Preliminaries”
• 15g. Connections Within a Single Ruling
• 3. Procedural Principles
• 16. INTRODUCTION
• 17. THE BASIC PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLE
• 18. THE SECONDARY PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLE
• 19. THE INCULPATORINESS OF NON-SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE
• 19a. Introduction
• 19b. Inculpatoriness of Non-Specific Knowledge
• 19c. Resolution of Non-Specific Knowledge
• 19d. Occasions of Hesitation
• 20. THE PRESUMPTION OF CONTINUITY
• 20a. The Previous Condition of Certainty
• 20b. Doubt Concerning Persistence
• 20c. Unity of the Subject and the Continuity Presumption
• 4. Conflict of Arguments
• 21. THE CONFLICT OF ARGUMENTS
• 21a. Conflict Between Substantiating Arguments
• 21al. Conflict of Verbal Substantiating Arguments
• 21a2. Other Situations of Conflict
• 21b. Conflict Between Procedural Principles
• 21c. Conflict Between the Two Types of Argument
• Glossary
• Absolute expression ('itldq)
• Account (khabar pi. 'akhbdr)
• Actuality (fi'liyya)
• Analogy (qiyds)
• Argument (dalil pi. 'adilla)
• Articulation, divine (khitab)
• Assent, assentable (tasdiq, tasdiqt)
• Assurance (qat’)
• Assured (qat'i)
• Chain (of transmission of hadith) ('isndd)
• Clear Statement (baydn)
• Common usage ('urf[n.] 'urfi [adj.])
• Conditional [particle] (['adat ash-] sharp)
• Conduct of reasonable people (sira 'uqald'iyya)
• Conjecture (zanri)
• Conjunctive context (qarina muttasila)
• Consensus ('ijmd')
• Context (qarina)
• Continuity, presumption of (istishab)
• Declarative sentence (jumla khabariyya)
• Declaratory ruling (hukm wad'i)
• Deficient argument (daltl naqis)
• Dependent object [of a ruling] (muta'allaq [al-hukm])
• Derivation, to derive (istinbdt)
• Designation (wad')
• Detailed Knowledge {'Urn tafsili)
• Discretionary Opinion (istihsdri)
• Dispensation (rukhsa)
• Divine law (shari'a [n.] sharH [adj.] shar'an [adv.])
• Dogmatic belief ('aqida)
• Doubt, doubtful (shakk, mashkuk)
• Engagement (ishtighal)
• Enjoin, injunction (faklif)
• Evidence (hujjd)
• Exculpatoriness (mu'adhdhiriyya)
• Exemption (bard'a)
• Explicit (mantuq)
• Fifth, tax of one-fifth (khums)
• Figurative [use of language] (majdz [n.], majdzi[ad).])
• Friday prayer (saldt al-jum'a)
• Generalization, generality ('umum)
• Hadith (hadith)
• Hierarchical subordination (ta'akhkhur rutbt)
• Ijtihad (ijtihdd)
• Imam {'imam pi. 'a'imma)
• Imperative [verb form] ('amr)
• Implicit (mafhum)
• Inculpatoriness (munajjiziyya)
• Indeterminate (mujmat)
• Indication ('amdra)
• Infallible person (ma'mm)
• Inference (istidldt)
• Injunctive ruling (hukm taklifi)
• Integrating [phrase/clause/sentence] ([jumla] indimdjiyyd)
• Intention (niyya)
• Intention in use ('irdda isti'mdliyyd)
• Intention to be serious ('irdda jiddiyya)
• 'Iqamah ('iqdmd)
• Jurisconsult (mujtahid)
• Jurisprudence ('usul al-fiqh)
• Jurist (faqih)
• The Lawgiver (ash-Shari*)
• Legal agent (mukallaj)
• Legal understanding (fiqh)
• Lexical (lughawt)
• Limit (ghdya)
• Linguistic connection ('aldqa lughawiyyd)
• Literal (haqiqt)
• Necessary preliminary (muqaddama)
• Non-specific knowledge {Him Hjmdll)
• Opinion (ra'y )
• Optional choice (takhyir)
• Overruling (hakim)
• Passage (siyaq)
• Performative sentence (jumla 'inshd'iyya)
• Practical position (maivqif 'amalt)
• Precaution {ihtiyat)
• Presumption of continuity (istishdb)
• Presumptive (zannt)
• Prevalence (shuhra)
• Prima facie (zdhir [adj.] zuhur [n.])
• Primary doubt (shakk badawt)
• Priority ('mala)
• Probative, probativity (hujji, hujjiyyd)
• Procedural principle ('asl 'amali/qd'ida 'amaliyya pi. 'usul/qawd'id 'amaliyya)
• Prohibitive [verb form] (nahy)
• Promulgation (ja'l)
• Prooftext (nass pi. nusus)
• Pure, purity (fdhir, tahara )
• Reason, rational ('aql [n.], 'aqli [adj.], 'aqlan [adv.])
• Relational meaning (ma'nd harfi)
• Reliable-source account (khabar ath-thiqa)
• Response (fatwd)
• Restrict(ion) (taqyid, qayd)
• Ruling (hukm pi. 'ahkdm)
• Self-evident (badiht)
• Self-specifying designation (wad' ta'ayyuni)
• Sequence of speech, passage (siydq)
• Signification, to signify (dalala)
• Single-source account (khabar al-wdhid pi. 'akhbdr al-'dhdd)
• Source of law (Wpl. 'usul)
• Specifying designation (wad' ta'yint)
• Subject [of a ruling] (mawdu' [al-hukm])
• Substantiating argument (dalil muhriz pi. 'adilla muhrizd)
• Substantive meaning (ma'ndismi)
• Succession in existence (fasalsulft l-wujud)
• Sunna (sunna)
• Tacit consent (taqrir)
• Tradition (hadith or khabar pi. 'akhbdr)
• Use [in communication] (isti'mdl)
• Utterance (lafz pi. 'alfdz)
• Wide-scale transmission (tawdtur)
• Zihar form of “divorce” (zihdr)
• Arabic Terms Mentioned in the Glossary