Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

An Introduction to Methodology of Islamic Jurisprudence (Uşūl al-Fiqh): A Shiite Approach

This book is corrected and edited by Al-Hassanain (p) Institue for Islamic Heritage and Thought

• PREFACE
• TRANSLITERATION KEY
• Introductory Discussions
• Definition of the Science of Uşūl al-Fiqh
• Subject-Matter of the Science of Uşūl al-Fiqh
• Benefit of the Science of Uşūl al-Fiqh
• Parts of the Science of Uşūl al-Fiqh
• Convention (al-Wađ‘)
• Varieties of Convention
• Signs of Literal and Figurative Meanings
• Literal Principles
• Usage of One Term in More than One Meaning
• The Juristic-Literal Meaning (al-Ĥaqīqa al-Shar‘iyya)
• The Sound (al-Şaĥīĥ) and What Incorporates Both (al- A‘amm)
• Part I: Discussions of Terms
• CHAPTER 1: THE DERIVED (AL-MUSHTAQQ)
• CHAPTER 2:THE COMMANDS (AL-AWĀMIR)
• Appearance of the Command
• Varieties of Mandatory Acts
• Absolute (al-Muţlaq) and Conditional (al-Mashrūţ)
• Suspended (al-Mu‘allaq) and Definite (al-Munadjdjaz)
• Determinate (al-Ta‘yīnī) and Optional (al-Takhyīrī)
• Individual (al-‘Aynī) and Collective (al-Kifā’ī)
• Extended (al-Muwassa‘) and Constricted (al-Muđayyaq)
• Religiously (al-Ta‘abbudī) and Instrumental (al-Tawaşşulī)
• Varieties of Mandatory Acts and the Absoluteness of the Mode (al-Şīgha)
• Promptitude (al-Fawr) or Belatedness (al-Tarākhī)
• Once (al-Marra) or Repetition (al-Takrār)
• To Command Something Twice
• Denotation of “Command to Command”
• CHAPTER 3: THE PROHIBITIONS (AL-NAWĀHĪ)
• The Desired in the Prohibition
• Denotation of the Prohibition as to Permanence (al-Dawām) and Repetition (al-Takrār)
• CHAPTER 4: IMPLICATURES OF SENTENCES (AL-MAFĀHĪM)
• Varieties of Mafhūm
• 1. Mafhūm of the Condition (al-Sharţ)
• The Criterion for Mafhūm of the Condition
• Conditions Being Multiple While Consequents Being One
• 2. Mafhūm of the Qualifier (al-Waşf)
• The Justifiable Opinion on Mafhūm of the Qualifier
• 3. Mafhūm of the Termination (al-Ghāya)
• 4. Mafhūm of the Exclusivity (al-Ĥaşr)
• 5. Mafhūm of the Number (al-‘Adad)
• 6. Mafhūm of the Designation (al-Laqab)
• Three Important Denotations Not of Kind of Mafhūm or Manţūq: Necessitation (al-Iqtiđā’), Hint (al-Tanbīh), and Implicit Conveyance (al-Ishāra)
• CHAPTER 5: GENERAL (AL-‘ĀMM) AND PARTICULAR (AL-KHĀŞŞ)
• Varieties of Generality
• Terms of Generality
• The Joint Restrictor (al-Mukhaşşiş al-Muttaşil) and the Separate Restrictor (al-Mukhaşşiş al-Munfaşil)
• Usage of the General in the Restricted (al-Mukhaşşaş)
• Authority or Otherwise of the Restricted General in the Remaining (al-Bāqī)
• Penetration or Otherwise of Ambiguity of the Restrictor to the General
• 1. The Dubiety concerning the Concept
• 2. The Dubiety concerning the Instance
• Unlawfulness of Implication of the General before the Quest for the Restrictor
• A General Preceding a Pronoun Which Refers to Some Instances of the General
• An Exception Preceded by Multiple Sentences
• Restriction of the General by Mafhūm
• Restriction of the Book by Single Tradition
• CHAPTER 6: ABSOLUTE (AL-MUŢLAQ) AND QUALIFIED (ALMUQAYYAD)
• Is Absoluteness by Convention?
• Premises of Wisdom (Muqaddimāt al-Ĥikma)
• Contradictory Absolute and Qualified
• CHAPTER 7: AMBIGUOUS (AL-MUDJMAL) AND CLEAR(AL-MUBAYYAN)
• Part II: Intellectual Implications
• CHAPTER 8: REPLACEMENT (AL-IDJZĀ’)
• 1. The Compelling Command
• 2. The Apparent Command
• 2.1. The Replacement with respect to the Authorized Conjectural Proof When the Error Is Revealed with Certainty
• 2.1.1. In the Precepts
• 2.1.2. In the Objects
• 2.2. The Replacement with respect to the Practical Principles When the Error Is Revealed with Certainty
• 2.3. The Replacement with respect to Both Authorized Conjectural Proof and Practical Principle When the Error Is Revealed by an Authoritative Proof
• Change in the Certitude
• CHAPTER 9: THE PRELIMINARY OF THE MANDATORY ACT (MUQADDIMA AL-WĀDJIB)
• CHAPTER 10: THE PROBLEM OF THE OPPOSITE (MAS’ALA AL-ĐIDD)
• 1. The General Opposite (al-Đidd al-‘Āmm)
• 2. The Particular Opposite (al-Đidd al-Khāşş)
• 2.1. The Way of Implication
• 2.2. The Way of Being Preliminary
• The Outcome of This Discussion
• CHAPTER 11: CONJUNCTION OF THE COMMAND AND THE PROHIBITION (IDJTIMĀ‘ AL-AMR WA’L NAHY)
• Conjunction of the Command and the Prohibition with a Way Out
• The Argument for Impossibility
• The Argument for Possibility
• The Outcome of This Discussion
• Conjunction of the Command and the Prohibition without a Way Out
• Not Preceded by Free Will
• Preceded by Misuse of Free Will
• CHAPTER 12: DENOTATION OF PROHIBITION AS TO ANNULMENT(DALĀLA AL-NAHY ALA’L FASĀD)
• Prohibition of Act of Worship (al-‘Ibāda)
• Prohibition of Transaction (al-Mu‘āmala)
• Part III: Discussions of Authority
• INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSIONS OF THE THIRD PART
• The Meaning of al-Ĥudjdja
• Amāra and al-Żann al-Mu‘tabar
• Amāra and the Practical Principle
• The Criterion for Proving Authority of Amāra
• Essentiality of Authority of Certitude (Knowledge, ‘Ilm)
• The Position of Authority of Amāra
• The Particular Conjecture and the Absolute Conjecture
• Preliminaries of the Closure Proof (Dalīl al-Insidād)
• Commonness of Precepts between the Knowledgeable and the Ignorant
• Why Is Amāra an Absolutely Authoritative Proof?
• Amāra Being a Path (Ţarīq) or a Cause (Sabab)
• CHAPTER 13: THE BOOK (AL-KITĀB)
• Abolishment of the Book
• Possibility of Abolishment of the Qur’ān
• Principality of Non-Abolishment
• CHAPTER 14: SUNNA
• Denotation of Act of the Infallible-Innocent Personality
• Denotation of Acknowledgment (Taqrīr) of the Infallible-Innocent Personality
• The Massive Report (al-Khabar al-Mutawātir)
• The Single Report (Khabar al-Wāĥid)
• Proofs of Authority of Single Report from the Book
• Proofs of Authority of Single Report from Sunna
• Proofs of Authority of Single Report from Consensus
• Proofs of Authority of Single Report from the Conduct of the Wise
• CHAPTER 15: CONSENSUS (IDJMĀ‘)
• Sunnī Approach to the Consensus
• Shiite Approach to the Consensus
• CHAPTER 16: THE INTELLECTUAL PROOF (AL-DALĪL AL-‘AQLĪ)
• Justification of Authority of the Intellect
• CHAPTER 17: AUTHORITY OF APPEARANCES (ĤUDJDJIYYA AL-ŻAWĀHIR)
• Justification of the Authority of Appearance
• Authority of the Appearance with regard to Those Whose Communication Is Not Meant
• Authority of Appearances of the Book
• CHAPTER 18: THE CELEBRITY (AL-SHUHRA)
• CHAPTER 19: THE CUSTOM (AL-SĪRA)
• Authority of the Conduct of the Wise
• Authority of the Custom of the People of the Religion
• CHAPTER 20: THE (JURISTIC) ANALOGY (AL- QIYĀS)
• Definition of Qiyās
• Pillars of Qiyās
• Authority of Qiyās
• Provoking Knowledge
• Definite Proofs Proving Authority of Qiyās
• Shiite Position on Qiyās
• CHAPTER 21: EQUILIBRIUM AND PREFRENCES ( AL-TA‘ĀDUL WA’L TARĀDJĪĤ )
• Contradiction (al-Ta‘āruđ)
• Conditions of Contradiction
• Primary Principle as to Contradictory Proofs
• Secondary Principle as to Contradictory Proofs
• Customary Gathering (al-Djam‘ al-‘Urfī)
• Preferrers
• Interference (al-Tazāĥum)
• Sovereignty (al-Ĥukūma) and Entry (al-Wurūd)
• Part IV: The Practical Principles
• Introduction
• CHAPTER 22: THE PRINCIPLE OF CLEARANCE (AŞĀLA AL-BARĀ’A)
• 1. The Dubiety concerning the Precept as to Unlawfulness Because of Lack of the Proof
• 1.1. Uşūlīs’ Proofs of Clearance
• 1.1.1. The Book
• 1.1.2. Sunna
• 1.1.3. Consensus
• 1.1.4. The Intellect
• 1.2. Akhbārīs’ Proofs of Precaution
• 1.2.1. The Book
• 1.2.2. Sunna
• 1.2.3. The Intellect
• 2. The Dubiety concerning the Precept as to Unlawfulness Because of Ambiguity of the Proof
• 3. The Dubiety concerning the Precept as to Unlawfulness Because of Contradiction of Proofs
• 4. The Dubiety concerning the Object as to Unlawfulness
• 5. The Dubiety as to Obligation concerning the Precept Because of Lack of the Proof, Because of Ambiguity of the Proof, Because of Contradiction of Proofs, and concerning the Object
• CHAPTER 23: THE PRINCIPLE OF OPTION (AŞĀLA AL-TAKHYĪR)
• CHAPTER 24: THE PRINCIPLE OF LIABILITY (PRECAUTION) (AŞĀLA AL-IĤTIYĀŢ or ISHTIGHĀL)
• 1. The Dubiety Being over Two Divergent i ngs
• 1.1. The Dubiety concerning Unlawfulness
• 1.1.1. The Dubiety concerning the Object
• 1.1.1.1. The Small-Scale Dubiety (al-Shubha al-Maĥşūra)
• 1.1.1.2. The Large-Scale Dubiety (al-Shubha Ghair al-Maĥşūra)
• 1.1.2. The Dubiety concerning the Precept
• 1.2. The Dubiety concerning Obligation
• 1.2.1. The Dubiety concerning the Precept
• 1.2.1.1. Because of Lack of Proof
• 1.2.1.2. Because of Ambiguity of Proof
• 1.2.1.3. Because of Contradiction of Proofs
• 1.2.2. The Dubiety concerning the Object
• 2. The Dubiety Being over the Least and the Most of One Thing
• 2.1. The Independing Least and Most
• 2.2. The Relational Least and Most
• 2.2.1. The dubiety concerning the precept whether as to unlawfulness or obligation, caused by either lack of proof, ambiguity of proof, or contradiction of proofs
• 2.2.1.1. The dubiety over object of the duty
• 2.2.1.2. The dubiety over causes
• 2.2.2. The dubiety concerning the object whether as to unlawfulness or obligation
• CHAPTER 25: THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUITY OF THE PREVIOUS STATE (AŞĀLA AL-ISTIŞĤĀB)
• Constituents of Istişĥāb
• Proofs of Authority of Istişĥāb
• 1. The conduct of the wise
• 2. Ĥadīths
• 2.1. Zurāra’s first authentic ĥadīth
• 2.2. Zurāra’s second authentic ĥadīth
• Secondary Discussions of Istişĥāb
• The Rule of Certainty (Qā‘ida al-Yaqīn)
• Continuity of the Previous State of the Universal (Istişĥāb al-Kullī)
• Selected Bibliography