Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

The Uprising of Ashura and Responses to Doubts

Author: Ali Asghar Ridwani
Translator: Kelvin Lembani (Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Aziz)
Publisher: ABWA Publishing and Printing Center
Category:

• Foreword
• Imam al-Husayn’s Personality
• Imam al-Husayn (as) in Sunni Books
• Imam al-Husayn’s (as) birth
• Imam al-Husayn’s (as) acts of worship
• Imam al-Husayn’s (as) forbearance
• Imam al-Husayn’s (as) virtues in the words of the Prophet (S)
• Al-Husayn (as) as described by the Prophet’s (S) companions
• Imam al-Husayn (as) in the words of the tabi‘in
• Imam al-Husayn (as) from the viewpoint of Sunni scholars
• 1. Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani
• 2. Zarandi Hanafi
• 3. Yafi‘i
• 4. Ibn Sirin
• 5. ‘Abbas Mahmud ‘Aqqad
• 6. Doctor Muhammad ‘Abduh Yamani
• 7. ‘Umar Rida Kahalah
• References
• The martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn
• Imam al-Husayn (as), the Leader of the Youths of Paradise
• Hadith
• A) The Prophet’s companions
• B) The Sunni ‘Ulama’
• Stipulation of the correctness and authenticity of this hadith
• Alterations and Distortions
• The First Alteration: The exception of Jesus Christ (as) and John the Baptist (as)
• Response
• The Second alteration: distortion of the hadiths in favor of the Shaykhayn (Abu Bakr and ‘Umar)
• 1. The hadiths recounted by al-Tirmidhi
• The first chain of transmission
• The second chain of transmission
• The third chain of transmission
• 2. The hadith recounted by Ibn Majah
• The first chain of transmission
• The second chain of transmission
• 3. The hadith narrated by Haythami
• 4. The hadith recounted by Dulabi
• 5. The hadith recounted by ‘Abd Allah ibn Ahmad ibn Hanbal
• 6. The hadiths recounted by Khatib Baghdadi
• The first chain of transmission
• The second chain of transmission
• The third chain of transmission
• The fourth chain of transmission
• The hadith recounted by Ibn Hajar
• The hadith recounted by Ibn al-Najjar
• The hadith recounted by Ibn ‘Asakir
• The hadith recounted by Ibn Abi Shaybah
• The hadith recounted by Tahawi
• The first chain of transmission
• The second chain of transmission
• The third chain of transmission
• The fourth chain of transmission
• The hadith recounted by Ibn Abi Hatam
• The hadith narrated by Tabarani
• The first chain of transmission
• The second chain of transmission
• The hadith narrated by Ibn Qutaybah
• Conclusion
• The problem with the text of this hadith
• References
• Yazid and His Household
• Abu Sufiyan, Yazid’s Grandfather
• Abu Sufiyan’s beliefs
• Abu Sufiyan’s enmity towards the Holy Prophet (S)
• Abu Sufiyan’s conversion to Islam
• Abu Sufiyan’s conspiracies against Islam
• Denial of the existence of resurrection and hereafter
• The curse of the Holy Prophet (S) upon Abu Sufiyan
• Hadrat ‘Ali’s (as) viewpoint of Abu Sufiyan
• References
• Mu‘awiyah, Yazid’s Father
• Mu‘awiyah before accepting Islam
• Mu‘awiyah’s antagonism against Islam
• Mu‘awiyah and his great [kabirah] sins
• Mu‘awiyah dranked alcoholic beverages
• Mu‘awiyah engaged in usury
• Mu‘awiyah altered the practice of obligatory rituals
• Failure to recite the traveler’s prayer on journeys
• Friday Congregational Prayers done on Wednesday
• Mu‘awiyah provides verdict opposed to the Qur’an
• Innovations due to enmity with Imam ‘Ali (as)
• Mu‘awiyah and abandonment of divine limits
• Mu‘awiyah wore clothing that was prohibited
• Ziyad attributed to Abu Sufiyan
• Coercion used to get allegiance for Yazid
• Mu‘awiyah’s rebellion against the righteous leader
• Mu‘awiyah’s heinous crimes against the Shi‘ahs
• Mu‘awiyah’s crimes after the peace settlement
• Mu‘awiyah himself cursed Imam ‘Ali (as)
• Mu‘awiyah’s purpose for annihilating Bani Hashim
• a. Obstruction of knowledge of the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (as)
• b. Initiating enmity and cursing of Imam ‘Ali (as)
• The Holy Prophet (S) forbade the cursing ‘Ali (as)
• The judgment for anyone who curses Imam ‘Ali (as)
• References
• The Illegitimacy of Yazid’s Caliphate
• Evidence regarding the illegitimacy of Yazid’s caliphate
• 1. The Imamate of Husayn ibn ‘Ali (as)
• 2. Imam al-Husayn’s (as) infallibility
• 3. Allah’s Prophet (S) is pleased with al-Husayn (as)
• 4. al-Husayn (as), the master of the youths of Paradise
• 5. The continuity and stability of the Prophet’s (S) mission depended heavily on al-Husayn’s (as) uprising
• 6. Peace treaty with Imam al-Hasan and the caliphate
• 7. Mu‘awiyah himself was not the legitimate caliph
• 8. The absence of allegiance for Yazid
• The supporters of Imam al-Husayn’s (as) uprising
• Yazid, Instigator of Imam al-Husayn’s (as) Death
• References
• Ibn Taymiyyah’s defence of Yazid
• 1. Yazid appointed Ibn Ziyad governor of Kufah
• 2. Yazid and Ibn Ziyad were in constant contact
• 3. Yazid’s order: allegiance or death
• Question
• Response
• 4. Yazid’s second letter to Walid ibn ‘Aqabah
• 5. Exposing Imam al-Husayn (as) to death
• 6. While in Mecca, Imam al-Husayn (as) foretold that the enemies of Allah were planning to kill him
• 7. Yazid issued the order to put Imam al-Husayn (as) to death
• 8. Ibn Ziyad’s letter to Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 9. Ibn ‘Abbas’s letter to Yazid
• 10. Yazid publicly boasted about killing Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 11. Ibn Ziyad, highly regarded after killing al-Husayn (as)
• 12. Declaration of one present in Yazid’s court
• 13. Yazid was informed about everything
• 14. Yazid’s son admitted his father’s guilt
• 15. Ibn Ziyad was not censured for killing Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 16. Ibn Ziyad retained his high governmental post
• 17. Yazid sent rewards for ‘Ubayd Allah in Ziyad
• 18. Yazid protected ‘Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad from criticism
• 19. ‘Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad was Yazid’s courtier and advisor
• 20. Choosing one of two options
• 21. Imam al-Sajjad (as) made the truth clear
• 22. Yazid expressed pleasure at killing Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 23. Yazid’s actions correspond with his personality
• 24. Yazid in the viewpoint of Sunni scholars [‘ulama’]
• Responses to doubts
• 1. Mu‘awiyah’s last will and testament to Yazid
• Response
• 2. Yazid exonerated himself of the killing of al-Husayn (as)
• Response
• 3. The long distance between Sham and Kufah
• Response
• References
• Yazid ibn Mu‘awiyah and the Massacre of the People of Medina
• The event of Harrah
• Origins of the uprising of the people of Medina
• Religious sentiments
• Karbala and the martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn (as)
• Political chaos and disorganization
• Direct confrontation
• Dispatching the army to Medina
• Confrontation between Sham army and forces of Medina
• Massacre and looting of property in Medina
• Some well-known people who were executed
• Jabir and the event of Harrah
• References
• Mourning and Lamentation
• Mourning and Paying Homage to Allah’s Awliya’
• Different types of religious rites and ceremonies
• Reasons for the preference for holding ceremonies
• A. Verses of the Holy Qur’an that permit ceremonies
• B. Analogous verses permit celebrating signs of Allah
• The meaning of sha‘a’ir
• Implementation according to common sense and wisdom
• Responses to doubts
• 1. Only the Divine Legislator can originate laws
• Response
• 2. The necessity of delegation of auhtority by Allah
• Response
• 3. The halal (lawful) will be mistaken to be haram (unlawful) and vice versa
• Response
• 4. This amounts to playing with basic doctrines of shari‘ah
• Response
• 5. Extension of the concept to all instances
• Response
• 6. Desecration of fundamentals of Islam and pillars of the shari‘ah
• Response
• 7. Some rites and rituals are harmful
• Response
• 8. Ridiculing the shari‘ah
• Response
• 1. Derision which is not right and so null and void
• 2. Customary derision
• 3. Derision in a true sense
• References
• Mourning from the Viewpoint of Reason
• 1. Mourning and the revival of the culture of ‘Ashura
• Some of Imam al-Husayn’s (as) messages
• 2. The affectionate relationship between the Islamic community and Allah’s awliya’ (as)
• 3. Spiritual benefits derived from the atmosphere at gatherings where mourning for Allah’s awliya’ takes place
• 4. Reform and guidance of the community
• References
• Mourning as a Manifestation of Love and Hatred
• The love of some is incumbent upon man
• 1. Allah
• 2. Allah’s Prophet (S)
• 3. The Prophet’s Household [Ahl al-Bayt]
• Who are the Ahl al-Bayt (as)?
• a) The term Ahl al-Bayt in etymology and common parlance
• b) The term Ahl al-Bayt in the Qur’an and the Sunnah
• The Holy Qur’an and love of the Ahl al-Bayt (as)
• Love of Ahl al-Bayt (as) in hadiths
• 1. Obligation for loving the Ahl al-Bayt (as)
• 2. Love of Allah’s Ahl al-Bayt and His Prophet (S) are one
• 3. Love of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) is a foundation of faith
• 4. Love of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) is worship
• 5. Love of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) is a sign of faith
• 6. Love of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) is a sign of purity of birth
• 7. Love of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) inquired on the Day of Judgement
• Special or particular proofs
• 1. Love of Imam Ali (as)
• 2. Love of Fatimah al-Zahra (as)
• 3. Love of Imam al-Hussan(as) and Imam al-Husayn (as)
• The manifestations of love in man’s life
• Referencs
• The Psychology of Mourning
• The stages of mourning
• 1. Crying as a result of relationship and affection
• 2. Crying as a result of belief
• 3. Crying to seek perfection and excellence
• 4. Crying for the persecuted and oppressed
• Mourning ceremonies and depression
• The Religious Verdict Concerning Attending Mourning Ceremonies for the Awliya’ of Allah
• Holding Mourning Ceremonies in the Interest of Unity
• Response
• Beating the Chest to Mourn Imam al-Husayn (as)
• A. The Shi‘ah traditions
• B. Sunni traditions
• Examination of the reasoning of opponents
• Hadith recounted by Sunni Muslims
• Response
• B. The traditions of the Ahl al-Bayt (as)
• Response
• Wearing Black Clothes
• Shi‘ah traditions
• Sunni traditions
• References
• Reciting Elegies
• Reciting Elegies in the Form of Prose
• A. Reciting mournful songs for the awliya’ of Allah
• 1. The Holy Prophet (S) recited elegies in the form of prose
• 2. Fatimah al-Zahra (as) recited elegies in the form of prose
• 3. A’ishah recited elegies in the form of prose
• 4. Imam al-Hasan (as) recited elegies in the form of prose
• 5. Women recited elegies mourning for Imam al-Hasan (as)
• B. Reciting elegies when mourning for Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 1. The Holy Prophet (S) recited elegies in the form of prose for Imam al-Husayn (as) even before the birth of Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 2. The Holy Prophet (S) recited elegies in the form of prose for Imam al-Husayn (as) in the Mosque after the birth of Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 3. The Holy Prophet (S) recited elegies in the form of prose for Imam al-Husayn (as) in the house of Umm Salamah
• 4. The Holy Prophet (S) recited elegies in the form of prose in the house of ‘A’ishah
• 5. The Holy Prophet (S) recited elegies in the form of prose after the death of Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 6. Imam ‘Ali (as) recited elegies for Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 7. Imam al-Sadiq (as) recited elegies in the form of prose
• 8. Umm al-Banin recited elegies in the form of prose
• 9. Zaynab (as) recited elegies in the form of prose
• 10. Ibn ‘Abbas recited elegies in the form of prose
• 11. Zayd ibn Arqam recited elegies in the form of prose
• 12. Hasan Basri recited elegies in the form of prose
• References
• Reciting elegies in the form of poetry
• Reasoning regarding the recitation of poetic elegies
• 1. The precept of permissibility [ibahah]
• 2. Exalting and venerating the mottos [sha‘a’ir] of religion
• 3. The poetic elegies of Prophet Adam (as)
• 4. Poetic elegies recited for the Holy Prophet (S)
• A. Poetic elegies of Fatimah al-Zahra (as)
• B. Poetic elegies of the daughter of ‘Abd al-Muttalib
• C. Poetic elegies of Hassan ibn Thabit
• D. Poetic elegies of Abu Sufiyan ibn Harith
• E. Poetic elegies of Abi Dhu’ayb ibn Hadhali
• F. Poetic elegies of Abi al-Haytham ibn Tayyahan
• G. Poetic elegies of Umm Ra‘lah Qushayriyyah
• H. Poetic elegies of ‘Amir ibn Tufayl
• I. Poetic elegies of Suad ibn Qarib
• 5. Recitation of poetic elegies before the Holy Prophet (S)
• A. Poetic elegies for Hamzah ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib
• B. Poetic elegies for ‘Ubaydah ibn Harith ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, one of the martyrs of the Battle of Badr
• C. Elegies for Ja‘far ibn Abi Talib and those Martyred with him
• E. Poetic elegies of Na‘am when grieving over her husband who was one of the martyrs of the Battle of Uhud
• F. Elegies for Sa‘d ibn Ma‘adh, wounded at Khandaq
• G. Elegies for the martyrs of the Well of Ma‘unah
• H. Poetic elegies for ‘Uthman ibn Maz‘un
• I. Poetic elegies for Walid ibn Walid ibn Mughayrah
• J. Elegies for Zayd ibn ‘Umar ibn Khattab
• K. Poetic elegies of Imam ‘Ali (as) grieving Fatimah (as)
• Poetic elegies recited for Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 1. Sulayman ibn Quttah
• 2. Abu al-Rajah Khaza‘i
• 3. Zaynab, the daughter of Imam ‘Ali (as)
• 4. Ja‘far ibn ‘Affan
• 5. Muhammad ibn Idris Shafi‘i
• 6. Amir Adid al-Din
• 7. The grandfather of Sibt ibn Jawzi
• 8. Rubab, the wife of Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 9. ‘Ubayd Allah ibn Hurr Ju‘fi
• Reference
• Crying
• Crying from the Viewpoint of the Holy Qur’an and Traditions
• A. Qur’anic verses
• 1. Crying as a sign of perceiving realities
• 2. Crying for repentance
• 3. Shedding tears of belief is a sign of wisdom
• 4. Prophets shed tears for Allah
• 5. Tears of regret are a remedy for those who have gone astray
• B. Islamic traditions [hadiths] regarding crying
• 1. Tears are a sign of Allah’s mercy
• 2. Tears: Allah’s gift to mankind
• 3. Tears illuminate the heart
• 4. Tears soften the heart and bring prosperity
• 5. Tears bring deliverance from Allah’s punishment
• 6. Tears bring about a great reward from Allah
• 7. Tears have the value of the blood of martyrs
• References
• The Effects of Crying
• 1. Inner purification and refinement
• 2. Tears are a means of self-building
• 3. Tears are a means of attaining love
• 4. The effects of crying on man’s health
• References
• The Reasoning behind Crying about the Sufferings of the awliya’ of Allah
• A Historical View of Crying for the Sufferings of Allah’s Awliya’
• 1. Prophet Adam (as) cried for Abel
• 2. Jacob (as) cried due to separation from Joseph
• 3. The Holy Prophet (S) cried for Hamzah
• 4. The Noble Prophet (S) cried for his progeny
• 5. The Prophet (S) cried for his grandfather, ‘Abd al-Muttalib
• 6. The Prophet (S) cried for martyrs of the War of Mu’tah
• 7. The Holy Prophet (S) cried for Ja‘far
• 8. The Noble Prophet (S) cried for his mother
• 9. The Holy Prophet (S) cried for Fatimah bint Asad
• 10. The Noble Prophet (S) cried for ‘Uthman ibn Maz‘un
• 11. The Holy Prophet (S) cried for his child Ibrahim (as)
• 12. The Noble Prophet (S) gave permission to cry
• 13. Amir al-Mu’minin ‘Ali (as) cried mourning Fatimah
• 14. Amir al-Mu’minin (as) cried mourning over ‘Ammar
• 15. Imam ‘Ali (as) cried mourning for Hashim ibn ‘Utbah
• 16. Imam ‘Ali (as) cried for Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
• 17. Fatimah al-Zahra (as) cried for her father (as)
• 18. Fatimah al-Zahra (as) cried for her mother
• 19. Fatimah al-Zahra (as) cried for Ruqayyah
• 20. Fatimah al-Zahra (as) cried for Ja‘far
• 21. Al-Hasan (as) and people of Kufah cried for Imam ‘Ali (as)
• 22. Imam al-Husayn (as) cried for his brother ‘Abbas (as)
• 23. Imam al-Husayn (as) cried for Muslim ibn ‘Aqil
• 24. Imam al-Husayn (as) cried for his breastfeeding newborn
• 25. Imam al-Husayn (as) cried for Qays ibn Musahhar
• 26. Imam al-Husayn (as) cried for Hurr ibn Yazid Riyahi
• 27. The people of Medina cried mourning the Prophet (S)
• 28. The people of Medina cried for Imam al-Hasan (as)
• 29. Abu Hurayrah cried for Imam al-Hasan (as)
• 30. Sa‘id ibn ‘As cried while mourning Imam al-Hasan (as)
• 31. Muhammad ibn Hanafiyyah cried for Imam al-Hasan (as)
• 32. People of Medina cried remembering the Prophet (S)
• References
• Crying while Mourning for Imam al-Husayn
• 1. The Prophet (S) cried mourning for Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 2. Imam ‘Ali (as) cried for Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 3. Imam al-Sajjad (as) cried in mourning for Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 4. Imam al-Sadiq (as) cried for Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 5. Ibn ‘Abbas cried for Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 6. Anas ibn Malik cried for Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 7. Zayd ibn Arqam cried for Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 8. Umm Salamah cried for Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 9. Hasan ibn Abi al-Hasan Basri cried for al-Husayn (as)
• 10. Rabi‘ ibn Khuthaym cried for Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 11. The people of Kufah cried for Imam al-Husayn (as)
• 12. The generation that came after the Prophet’s companions cried for Imam al-Husayn (as)
• References
• Examining Opposing Claims
• 1. Hadiths which prohibit crying for the dead
• Response
• 2. ‘Umar made a prohibition against crying for the dead
• Response
• The Torah forbade crying for the dead
• References
• Pretending to Cry while Mourning for the Awliya’ of Allah
• The verdict regarding making pretence of crying [tabaki]
• References
• The Effects of Ashura
• ‘Ashura from the Viewpoint of Great Thinkers of the World
• The English author and explorer, Freya Stark
• Proffessor Edward Granville Browne (1862-1926)
• Charles Dickens
• Thomas Masaryk
• Justice A. Russell
• Captain H. Niblet
• Gibbon, the English historian (1737-1794)
• Morris Duxbury
• Borris Salama
• Gabriel Dankiri
• George Jordaq
• Doctor Joseph
• Claudine Rulu
• Mahatma Gandhi
• Sawir Jiny Naid
• Irunick
• Al-Jamili
• The German researcher Martin
• Jurji Zaydan
• Nicholson
• ‘Ashura and Religious Transformation
• 1. The Egyptian instructor, Abu Sharif, known as ‘Abd al-Majid
• 2. Professor Sa’ib ‘Abd al-Hamid
• 3. Professor Idris Husayni Maghribi
• 4. Dr. Muhammad Tijani of Tunisia
• 5. Ahmad Husayn Ya‘qub of Jordan
• 6. ‘Allamah Dr. Muhammad Hasan Shahhatah
• References
• Prostration on the Soil of Karbala (The Land of Imam al-Husayn’s Martyrdom)
• The Philosophy behind Prostrating on the Soil of Karbala
• The Shi‘ahs prostrate on any kind of soil
• The superiority of some lands over other lands in the Qur’an
• The superiority of some lands over others in hadiths
• The excellence and superiority of the clay of Karbala
• The grave of al-Husayn (as) is likened to the Holy Prophet’s (S)
• The virtues of clay from Karbala
• References
• Responses to Doubts
• Who Killed Imam al-Husayn (as)?
• The different aspects of the Shi‘ah Islam
• 1. Political Shi‘ism
• 2. Ideological Shi‘ism based on religious conviction
• 3. The Shi‘ism of love and affection for the Ahl al-Bayt (as)
• 4. Religious Shi‘ism
• Who is a real Shi‘ah?
• The Shi‘ism of the people of Kufah
• The exile of religious and pious Shi‘ahs from Kufah
• The Shi‘ahs from Kufah joined Imam al-Husayn (as)
• Martyrs who carried messages
• 1. ‘Abd Allah ibn Yaqtar Humayri, Imam al-Husayn’s foster brother
• 2. Qays ibn Mashar al-Saydawi
• The forerunners of martyrdom
• 1. ‘Ammarah ibn Salkhab Azdi
• 2. ‘Abd al-A‘la ibn Yazid al-Kalbi
• The presence of Khawarij in Kufah
• The presence of followers of Abu Sufiyan in Sa‘d’s army
• References
• Did Imam al-Husayn (as) have Prior Information about his Martyrdom?
• Evidence that the Imams knew of their martyrdoms
• Examination of the Qur’anic verse regarding self-destruction
• Response
• The judgement of reason
• Measures taken by the Imams regarding the means of their martyrdoms
• Response
• References
• Did Allah Leave Imam al-Husayn (as) Unaided?
• The concept of help in Islamic thought
• A. The means of Allah’s help
• 1. Eradicating the unjust
• 2. Invisible soldiers
• 3. Intimidation and fear
• B. The conditions for help
• 1. Patience and steadfastness
• 2. Preserving and safeguarding help
• C. Testing a believer by withholding help
• Responses to two questions
• The triangle of prosperity, trial and free will
• The event of Karbala was a trial for the Muslim ummah
• References
• Why Did Imam al-Husayn (as) Bring his Family to Karbala?
• First response
• Objection
• Second response
• Objection
• Third response
• Fourth response
• Fifth response
• References
• Why did Imam al-Husayn (as) give his Companions Permission to Leave?
• Two types of permission from Imam al-Husayn (as)
• A. General permission
• B. Special or personal permission
• The reality of permission and consent
• Opposing positions
• Response
• References
• Why did Muslim ibn ‘Aqil not kill ‘Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad in Hani’s House?
• Response
• Reference
• Why Didn’t Abu al-Fadl Drink Water?
• Response
• Reference
• Is Obeying a Tyranical Ruler Incumbent upon Muslims?
• Religious edicts [fatwas] issued by the Sunnis about obeying a corrupt and oppressive ruler
• Edicts regarding illegality of rising up against a tyrant
• Reasons put forward by the Sunnis
• A. Traditions [hadiths]
• B. Political and social structures of Muslim affairs
• Incongruities in this argument
• A. Response regarding traditions
• 1. Opposition with the explicit wording of the Holy Qur’an
• 2. These hadiths are opposed to Qur’anic verses which prove that it is forbidden to follow and obey sinners
• 3. These hadiths are opposed to the Qur’anic verses which prove that enjoining the good and forbidding the evil is incumbent upon Muslims
• 4. These hadiths are opposed to other hadiths narrated by the Sunnis themselves
• 5. These hadiths are opposed to hadiths of the Ahl al-Bayt (as)
• Who is Imam al-Husayn (as)?
• The reality behind hadiths that permit obeying a corrupt ruler
• B. Response to the false claim that it is binding upon all Muslims to preserve the system
• References
• Why did Imam al-Hasan (as) Make Peace while Imam al-Husayn (as) Rose up in Arms?
• Imam ‘Ali’s (as) reproach of the people of Kufah
• Imam al-Hasan’s (as) army
• 1. The Khawarij
• 2. Those inclined to the government of Bani Umayyah
• 3. The bigoted and prejudiced
• 4. Those that lacked any objective or purpose
• 5. The sincere and faithful
• Awareness about the circumstances which prevailed
• Conditions of the peace treaty
• Two opposing circumstances
• References
• What is the Ruling Regarding the Fast of ‘Ashura?
• Enacting and enforcing the fast of ‘Ashura before the fast of the holy month of Ramadan
• Opinions put forth by Shi‘ah scholars
• The opinions of Sunni jurisprudents
• A critique of ‘Asqalani’s statements
• Problem
• Jews and fasting on the day of ‘Ashura
• The verdict of fasting on the day of ‘Ashura
• Hadiths which prevent fasting on the day of ‘Ashura
• Preference for traditions which prevent fasting on ‘Ashura
• The aversion of fasting on the day of ‘Ashura
• ‘Ashura, a festival for Bani Umayyah
• Accounting for hadiths which oppose each other
• References