References
1. Ahmad ibn Abi Ya‘qub ibn Wadhih, Tarikh al-Ya‘qubi, 1st edition (Qum: Manshurat ash-Sharif ar-Radi, 1414 AH), vol. 1, p. 262.
2. Zubayr ibn Bakkar, Al-Akhbar al-Muwaffaqiyyat (Qum: Manshurat ash-Sharif ar-Radi, 1416 AH), p. 581.
3. ‘Ali ibn Husayn ibn ‘Ali Mas‘udi, Murawwij adh-Dhahab, 1st edition (Beirut: Manshurat Mu’assasah al-A‘lami Li’l-Matbu‘at, 1411 AH), vol. 3, p. 254.
4. ‘Abdi was among the companions of Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) and has been mentioned in Rijal Kashi as Sufyan ibn Mus‘ab with the epithet of Abu Muhammad. Shaykh at-Tusi, Ikhtiyar Ma‘rifah ar-Rijal (Rijal Kashi) (Qum: Mu’assasah Al al-Bayt Li Ihya’ at-Turath, 1404 AH), vol. 2, p. 704. Ibn Shahr Ashub has mentioned Sufyan ibn Mus‘ab in the category of “”muqtasad” poets while erroneously mentioned as ‘Ali ibn Hammad ‘Abdi in the category of “mujahir” poets. Ibn Shahr Ashub Mazandarani, Ma‘alim al-‘Ulama’ (Najaf: Manshurat al-Matba‘ah al-Haydariyyah, 1380 AH/1961), pp. 147, 151.
5. Ma‘alim al-‘Ulama’, p. 147.
6. Dr. Shawqi Ḍayf, Tarikh al-Adab al-‘Arabi al-‘Asr al-‘Abbas al-Awwal (Egypt: Dar al-Ma‘arif, n.d.), p. 321.
7. ‘Ali ibn al-Husayn Abu’l-Faraj al-Isfahani, Al-Aghani (Beirut: Dar Ihya’ at-Turath al-‘Arabi, n.d.), vol. 17, pp. 1-8.
8. Muhammad Nafs az-Zakiyyah was one of the grandchildren of Imam al-Hasan (‘a) and his father was ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Hasan Muthanna. During the concluding part of the Umayyad rule, the Banu Hashim pledged allegiance to him though Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) had then believed that his work would lead to nowhere. After the ‘Abbasids’ ascension to the office of caliphate, Nafs az-Zakiyyah staged an uprising during the reign of the second ‘Abbasid caliph Mansur, but he was defeated by the ‘Abbasid forces and was killed.
9. Sadif ibn Maymun was one of the attendants of Imam as-Sajjad (‘a) and Ibn Shahr Ashub has mentioned him in the category of “mudqasid” poets of the Ahl al-Bayt (‘a). Through his poems, it was also he who urged Saffah, the first ‘Abbasid caliph, to kill the surviving Umayyads. Sayyid Muhsin Amin, A‘yan ash-Shi‘ah (Beirut: Dar at-Ta‘aruf Li’l-Matbu‘at, n.d.), vol. 1, p. 169.
10. Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Rabbih al-Andalusi, Al-‘Aqd al-Farid (Beirut: Dar Ihya’ at-Turath al-‘Arabi, 1409 AH), vol. 5, pp. 72-73.
11. Asad Haydar, Al-Imam as-Sadiq wa’l-Madhahib al-Arba‘ah, 3rd edition (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Arabiyyah, 1403 AH), vol. 1, p. 452.
12. Dr. Mustafa Ash-Shak‘ah, Al-Adab fi Mawkib al-Hadharah al-Islamiyyah, Kitab ash-Shu‘ara 1 (Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Lubnaniyyah, n.d.), pp. 162-163.
13. ‘Ali ibn al-Husayn Abu’l-Faraj al-Isfahani, Maqatil at-Talibiyyin (Qum: Manshurat ash-Sharif ar-Radi, 1416 AH), p. 121.
14. Al-Aghani, vol. 17, pp. 1-8.
15. Qutb ad-Din Rawandi, Al-Khara’ij wa’l-Jara’ih, 1st edition (Qum: Mu’assasah al-Imam al-Mahdi, 1409 AH), vol. 1, p.267.
16. Shawki Ḍayf, Tarikh al-Adab al-‘Arabi al-‘Asr al-‘Abbas ath-Thani (Egypt: Dar al-Ma‘arif, n.d.), p. 386.
17. The Shi‘ah poets according to the computation of the late Sayyid Muhsin Amin are as follows:
The Commander of the Faithful ‘Ali (‘a); Fatimah az-Zahra bint Rasulullah (‘a); Fadhl ibn al-‘Abbas (died 12 or 15 AH); Rabi‘ah ibn Harith ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib (died 23 AH); ‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib (died 32 AH); Hasan ibn ‘Ali (‘a); Husayn ibn ‘Ali (‘a); ‘Abd Allah ibn Abi Sufyan ibn Harith ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib (martyrdom 61 AH); ‘Abd Allah ibn al-‘Abbas (died 68 AH); Umm Hakim bint ‘Abd al-Muttalib (died 1st century AH); Arwa bin ‘Abd al-Muttalib.
Among the non-Banu Hashim and companions of the Prophet (S): Nabi‘ah Ju‘di Qays ibn ‘Abd Allah (died 1st century AH); Abu’l-Haytham ibn Tayyahan al-Ansari (martyrdom 37 AH); Khuzaymah ibn Thabit Dhu’sh-Shahadatayn (martyrdom 37 AH); ‘Ammar ibn Yasir (martyrdom 37 AH); ‘Abd Allah ibn Badil ibn Waraqa’ al-Khaza‘i (martyrdom 37 AH); Kharim ibn Fatik al-Asadi (died 1st century AH); Sa‘sa‘ah ibn Sawhan al-‘Abdi (died 1st century AH); Labid ibn Rabi‘ah al-‘Amiri (died 41 AH); Ka‘b ibn Zuhayr al-Aslami (died 45 AH); Hujr ibn ‘Udayy al-Kindi (martyrdom 51 AH); Ka‘b ibn Malik al-Ansari (1st
century AH); Qays ibn Sa‘d al-Ansari (died 60 AH); Mundhir ibn Jarud ‘Abdi (died 61 or 62 AH); Sulayman ibn Sard al-Khaza‘i (martyrdom 65 AH); Ahnaf ibn Qays at-Tamimi (died 67 or 68 AH); ‘Uday ibn Hatam at-Ta’i (died 68 AH); Abu’t-Tufayl ‘Amir ibn Wathilah Kanani (died 100 AH).
Among the Followers {tabi‘un} (the generation after the sahabah), Followers of the Followers {tabi‘un at-tabi‘un} and the succeeding generations:
Hashim Mirqal (martyrdom 37 AH); Malik al-Ashtar (martyrdom 38 or 39 AH); Thabit ibn ‘Ajlan al-Ansari (1st century or 50 AH); Najashi Qays ibn ‘Amru Harithi (one of the Iraqi poets in the Battle of Siffin); Qays ibn Fahdan al-Kindi (died 51 AH); Sharik ibn Harith A‘war (died 60 AH); Sa‘yah ibn ‘Aridh (died 1st century AH); Jarir ibn ‘Abd Allah Bajli (died 1st century AH); Rabbab bint Imra’i al-Qays, wife of Imam al-Husayn (‘a) (died 62 AH); Umm al-Banin Fatimah Kalabiyyah, wife of the Commander of the Faithful (‘a) (died 1st century AH); ‘Ubayd Allah ibn Hurr Ju‘fi (died 1st century AH); Muthanna ibn Mukharramah ‘Abdi (died 1st century AH); Abu Dahbal Jamhi (died 1st century AH); Abu’l-Aswad ad-Da’uli (died 69 AH); ‘Uqbah ibn ‘Amru as-Sahami; ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Awf ibn Ahmar; Musayyab ibn Najbah al-Fazari (martyrdom 65 AH); ‘Abd Allah ibn Sa‘d ibn Nufayl (martyrdom 65 AH); ‘Abd Allah ibn Khadhal at-Ta’i (died 1st century AH); ‘Abd Allah ibn Wal at-Tamimi (martyrdom 65 AH);
Rafa‘ah ibn Shadad Bajli (martyrdom 66 AH); A‘sha Hamdan (died 1st century AH); Ibrahim al-Ashtar (martyrdom 66 AH); Ayman ibn Kharim al-Asadi (died 90 AH); Fadhl ibn al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Uqbah ibn Abi Lahab (died 90 AH); Abu’r-Ramih al-Khaza‘i (died 100 AH); Khalid ibn Ma‘dan at-Ta’i (died 103 AH); Kuthayyir ‘Azzah (105 AH); Farazdaq Hammam ibn Ghalib at-Tamimi (died 110 AH); Sufyan ibn Mus‘ab ‘Abdi (120 AH); Zayd ibn ‘Ali ibn al-Husayn (‘a) (martyrdom 122 AH); Sulayman ibn Qutaybah ‘Adawi (died 126 AH);
Kumayt ibn Zayd al-Asadi (died 126 AH); Mustahil ibn Kumayt (died 2nd century AH); Yahya ibn Ya‘mar (died 127 AH); Fadhl ibn ‘Abd ar-Rahman ibn al-‘Abbas ibn Rabi‘ah ibn Harith ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib (died 129 AH); Malik ibn A‘yan Jahni (died mid-2nd century AH); Ward ibn Zayd, brother of Kumayt (died 140 AH); Qadhi ‘Abd Allah ibn Shabramah al-Kufi (died 144 AH); Ibrahim ibn Hasan (killed in Bakhmara 145 AH); Musa ibn ‘Abd Allah (died 2nd century AH); Sadif ibn Maymun (died 147 AH); Muhammad ibn Ghalib ibn Hudhayl al-Kufi (died 2nd century AH); Zurarah ibn A‘yan (died 150 AH);
Ibrahim ibn Hurmah (died 150 AH); ‘Abd Allah ibn Mu‘awiyah, a descendant of Ja‘far at-Tayyar (died 2nd century AH); Abu Hurayrah ‘Ajli (died 2nd century AH); Abu Hurayrah al-Abar (died 2nd century AH); Qudamah Sa‘di; Ja‘far ibn ‘Affan at-Ta’i (died 150 AH); Abu Ja‘far Mu’min Taq (died 2nd century AH); Sharik ibn ‘Abd Allah Nakha‘i (died 2nd century AH); ‘Ali ibn Hamzah Nahawi Kasa’i (died 189 AH); Mansur Numri (died 2nd century AH); Mu‘adh ibn Muslim Hara’ (died 188 AH); ‘Abd Allah ibn Ghalib al-Asadi (died late 2nd century AH); Muslim ibn Walid al-Ansari (died at the end of 2nd century AH);
Abu Nu’as Mutawallid (died 198 AH); Sayyid Humayri (died 199 AH); ‘Ali ibn ‘Abd Allah Khawafi (died 3rd century AH); ‘Abd Allah ‘Ali Marani (died 3rd century AH); ‘Abd Allah ibn Ayyub Huraybi (died 3rd century AH); Mashi‘ Ma’i (died 3rd century AH); Qasim ibn Yusuf Katib (died 3rd century AH); Ashja‘ ibn ‘Amru Salmi (died 210 AH); Muhammad ibn Wahib Humayri (died 3rd century AH); Abu Dalf ‘Ajli (died 255 AH); Abu Talib al-Qummi (died 3rd century AH); Abu Tammam Habib ibn Aws at-Ta’i (died 3rd century AH);
Dik al-Jinn (died 236 AH); Ibrahim ibn al-‘Abbas as-Sawli (died 234 AH); Ibn Sakit Ya‘qub ibn Ishaq (died 244 AH); Abu Muhammad ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Ammar Barqi (died 245 AH); Da‘bal ibn ‘Ali al-Khaza‘i (died 246 AH); Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Khaza‘i, cousin of Da‘bal (died 3rd century AH); ‘Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Khaza‘i (died 3rd century AH); Husayn ibn Da‘bal al-Khaza‘i (died 3rd century AH); Musa ibn ‘Abd al-Malik (died 246 AH); Ahmad ibn Khalad Ashrawi (died 3rd century AH); Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (died 3rd century AH);
Bakr ibn Muhammad an-Nahawi (died 248 AH); Ahmad ibn ‘Umran Akhfash an-Nahawi (died 250 AH); Abu ‘Ali Husayn ibn Ḍahak (died 250 AH); Muhammad ibn Isma‘il Sumayri (died 255 AH); Fadhl ibn Muhammad (mid-3rd century AH); Hummani
‘Ali ibn Muhammad (died 260 AH); Dawud ibn Qasim Ja‘fari (died 261 AH); Ibn Rumi ‘Ali ibn al-‘Abbas (died 283 AH); Bahtari Walid ibn ‘Ubayd at-Ta’i (died 284 AH);
Sharif Muhammad ibn Salih (died 3rd century AH); Nasr ibn Nasir Halwani (died 3rd century AH); ‘Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Mansur ibn Bassam (died 302 AH); Ahmad ibn ‘Ubayd Allah (died 314 AH); Khubz-Arzi Basri Nasr ibn Ahmad (died 317 AH); Khabbaz al-Baldi Muhammad ibn Ahmad (died 4th century AH); Ahmad ibn ‘Alawiyyah al-Isfahani (died 320 AH); Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Hasan Darid (died 321 AH); Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Tabataba’i al-Hasani (died 322 AH); Muhammad ibn Muzid Bushanji (died 325 AH); Mufajja‘ Basri Muhammad ibn Ahmad (died or martyred 327 AH); ‘Ali ibn al-‘Abbas Nawbakhti (died 329 AH).
See A‘yan ash-Shi‘ah, vol. 1, pp. 166-172.
18. Al-‘Aqd al-Farid, vol. 5, p. 290.
19. Al-Aghani, vol. 17, p. 40.
20. ‘Allamah Amini, Al-Ghadir fi’l-Kitab wa’s-Sunnah wa’l-Adab (Tehran: Dar al-Kitab al-Islamiyyah, 1366 AHS), vol. 1, p. 242.
21. Ibid., p. 241.
22. Al-‘Aqd al-Farid, vol. 4, p. 320.
23. Al-Imam as-Sadiq wa’l-Madhahib al-Arba‘ah, vol. 1, p. 254, as quoted in Zahra’l-Adab, vol. 3, p. 70.
24. Al-Adab fi Mawkib al-Hadharah al-Islamiyyah, Kitab ash-Shu‘ara 1, pp. 162-163.
25. The second ‘Abbasid period refers to the beginning of the third century AH starting from the time of Mu‘tasim with the entrance of the Turks in the ‘Abbasid court.
26. Tarikh al-Adab al-‘Arabi al-‘Asr al-‘Abbas ath-Thani, p. 386.