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Philosophical Instructions

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Philosophical Instructions

Philosophical Instructions

This book is corrected and edited by Al-Hassanain (p) Institue for Islamic Heritage and Thought

Author: Ayatullah Muhammad Taqi Misbah Yazdi
Publisher: www.mesbahyazdi.org/english
Category:

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Philosophy and Mysticism (Irfan) ›

Islamic Philosophy

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Translator’s Introduction
The Author
The Translation
References
Part I: Introductory Discussions
Lesson One: A Glance at the Course of Philosophical Thought: (From Its Origins to the Islamic Epoch)
The Beginning of Philosophical Thought
The Appearance of Sophism and Skepticism
The Period of the Flourishing of Philosophy
The End of Greek Philosophy
The Dawn of the Sun of Islam
The Development of Philosophy in the Islamic Epoch
References
Lesson Two: A Glance at the Course of Philosophical Thought (from the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century)
Scholastic Philosophy
The Renaissance and the Comprehensive Change in Thinking
The Second Phase of Skepticism
The Peril of Skepticism
Modern Philosophy
The Fundamentality of Experience and Modern Skepticism
Kant’s Critical Philosophy
Lesson Three: A Glance at the Course of Philosophical Thought (in the last two centuries)
Objective Idealism
Positivism
Rationalism and Empiricism
Dialectical Materialism
Pragmatism
A Brief Comparison
Reference
Lesson Four: The Technical Meanings of “Science” and “Philosophy”
Introduction
Homonymity
The Technical Meaning of “Science”
The Technical Meaning of “Philosophy”
Scientific Philosophy
Reference
Lesson Five: Philosophy and The Sciences
The Philosophy of the Sciences
Metaphysics
Science, Philosophy, Metaphysics and The Relations among Them
The Division and Classification of the Sciences
The Standard for Distinguishing among the Sciences
Whole and Universal
The Branches of the Sciences
Lesson Six: What is Philosophy?
The Relation between Subjects and Problems
The Principles of the Sciences and their Relationships with Subjects and Problems
The Subjects and Problems of Philosophy
The Definition of Philosophy
Lesson Seven: The Position of Philosophy
The Essence of the Problems of Philosophy
The Principles of Philosophy
The Aim of Philosophy
Lesson Eight: The Method of Philosophical Inquiry
The Evaluation of the Rational Method
Analogy, Induction and Deduction
Rational Method and Empirical Method
Conclusions
The Scope of the Rational and Empirical Methods
Lesson Nine: The Relation between Philosophy and the Sciences
The Relations among the Sciences
The Assistance given by Philosophy to the Sciences
The Assistance given by the Sciences to Philosophy
The Relation between Philosophy and Gnosis (‘Irfān)
The Assistance given by Philosophy to Gnosis (‘Irfān)
The Assistance given by Gnosis (‘Irfān) to Philosophy
Lesson Ten: The Necessity of Philosophy
The Man of the Age
Social Schools
The Mystery of Humanity
The Solution to Some Problems
Part II: Epistemology
Lesson Eleven: Introduction to Epistemology
The Importance of Epistemology
A Brief Overview of the History of Epistemology
Knowledge in Islamic Philosophy
The Definition of Epistemology
References
Lesson Twelve: The Self-Evidence of the Principles of Epistemology
The Nature of the Dependence of Philosophy on Epistemology
The Possibility of Knowledge
A Survey of the Claims of the Skeptics
The Rejection of the Doubts of the Skeptics
Lesson Thirteen: The Divisions of Knowledge
In Search of the Cornerstone of Knowledge
The First Division of Science
Knowledge by Presence
The Reason Behind the Infallibility of Presentational Knowledge
The Concomitance of Acquired Knowledge with Presentational Knowledge
Gradation in Knowledge by Presence
References
Lesson Fourteen: Acquired Knowledge
The Necessity for the Survey of Acquired Knowledge
Idea and Affirmation
Elements of the Proposition
Divisions of Ideas
Universal Ideas
A Study of Universal Concepts
A Response to a Doubt
A Survey of Other Views
References
Lesson Fifteen: Types of Universal Concepts
Types of Intelligibles
Characteristics of Each of the Types of Intelligibles
Respectival (I‘tibārī) Concepts
Ethical and Legal Concepts
Ought and Ought Not
Legal and Ethical Subjects
References
Lesson Sixteen: Empiricism
Positivism
A Critique of Positivism
The Priority of Sensation or Intellect
Lesson Seventeen: The Role of the Intellect and Sensation in Ideas
The Fundamentality of the Intellect or Sensation for Ideas
The Table of the Categories
Critique
Inquiry into a Problem
Lesson Eighteen: The Role of the Intellect and Sensation in Affirmations
Points about Affirmations
Inquiry about a Problem
Reference
Lesson Nineteen: The Value of Knowledge
Return to the Original Problem
What is Truth?
Criteria for the Recognition of the Truth
Inquiry into a Problem
The Criteria of Truth and Falsity of Propositions
The Case Itself (Nafs al-Amr)
Lesson Twenty: The Evaluation of Ethical and Legal Propositions
Features of Ethical and Legal Knowledge
The Criterion for the Truth and Falsity of Evaluative Propositions
A Review of the Most Famous Opinions
Inquiry about a Problem
Answer to an Objection
Relativism in Ethics and Law
The Difference between Legal and Ethical Propositions
Part III: Ontology
Lesson Twenty-One: Introduction to Ontology
Introduction to the Lesson
Warnings about Concepts
Warnings about Language
The Self-evidence (Badāhat) of the Concept of Existence
The Relation between Existence and Perception
Reference
Lesson Twenty-Two: The Concept of Existence
The Unity of the Concept of Existence
The Substantival Concept and the Copulative Concept of Existence
Existence and Existents
Lesson Twenty-Three: Entified Reality
The Self-evidence (Badāhat) of Entified Reality
Ways to Deny Reality
The Secret of the Self-Evidence of Entified Reality
The Source of Belief in Material Reality
Reference
Lesson Twenty-Four: Existence and Whatness
The Relation between the Topics of Existence and Whatness
How the Mind Becomes Acquainted with the Concept of Existence
How the Mind Becomes Acquainted with Whatness
Lesson Twenty-Five: Precepts of Whatness
Respects of Whatness
Natural Universals
The Cause of the Individuation of Whatness
Lesson Twenty-Six: Introduction to the Fundamentality of Existence
A Brief Look at the History of the Problem
Explanation of Terms
Explanation of the Point of Contention
The Benefits of the Discussion
References
Lesson Twenty-Seven: The Fundamentality of Existence
Arguments for the Fundamentality of Existence
Philosophical Metaphor
The Resolution of Two Doubts
References
Lesson Twenty-Eight: Unity and Multiplicity
Remarks on Some Issues Pertaining to Whatnesses
Types of Unity and Multiplicity
The Unity of the Concept of Existence
The Graduated and the Uniform
Reference
Lesson Twenty-Nine: Unity and Multiplicity in Entified Existence
Individual Unity
The Unity of the World
Lesson Thirty: The Levels of Existence
Positions on the Unity and Plurality of Being
The First Argument for Graduated Levels of Existence
The Second Argument for Graduated Levels of Existence
Part IV: Causality
Lesson Thirty-One: Cause and Effect
Introduction
The Concepts of Cause and Effect
The Ways in which the Mind becomes Acquainted with these Concepts
Types of Cause
References
Lesson Thirty-Two: The Principle of Causation
The Importance of the Principle of Causation
The Purport of the Principle of Causation
The Criterion of the Need for a Cause
Reference
Lesson Thirty-Three: The Causal Relation
The Reality of the Causal Relation
Knowledge of the Causal Relation
Distinguishing Features of Cause and Effect
Lesson Thirty-Four: The Causal Relation among Material Things
The Cause of Belief in the Causal Relation among Material Things
An Evaluation of the Above-mentioned Belief
The Way to the Knowledge of Material Causes
Lesson Thirty-Five: The Dependence of the Effect on the Cause
The Mutual Implication of Cause and Effect
The Simultaneity of Cause and Effect
The Persistence of the Effect is also in Need of a Cause
Lesson Thirty-Six: The Relations of Cause and Effect
The Homogeneity (Sinkhiyyah) of Cause and Effect
The Removal of a Doubt
Unity of an Effect for Unity of a Cause
Unity of Cause for Unity of Effect
Lesson Thirty-Seven: The Principles of Cause and Effect
Some Points regarding Cause and Effect
The Impossibility of a Causal Circle
The Impossibility of an Infinite Regress
Lesson Thirty-Eight: The Efficient Cause
Introduction
The Efficient Cause and its Types
Points Regarding the Types of Agent
Will and Freedom
Will
Freedom
Reference
Lesson Thirty-Nine: The Final Cause
An Analysis regarding Free Actions
Perfection and Goodness
The End and the Final Cause
Reference
Lesson Forty: The Purposefulness of the Cosmos
Introduction
Aristotle’s View regarding the Final Cause
Criticism
The Solution to Several Problems
The Purposefulness of the Cosmos
Reference
Part V: The Material and the Immaterial
Lesson Forty-One: The Material and the Immaterial
Introduction
The Meaning of ‘Immaterial’ and ‘Material’
Characteristics of Corporeal and Immaterial Beings
References
Lesson Forty-Two: What is Location?
Introduction
The Problem of Space and Time
The Difference between ‘Space’ and ‘Spatial Location’ and between ‘Time’ and ‘Temporal Location’
The Reality of Space
Reference
Lesson Forty-Three: What is Time?
Discussion about the Reality of Time
Lesson Forty-Four: Kinds of Substances
Theories about the Kinds of Substances
Corporeal Substances
Psychic Substances
Two Proofs for the Immateriality of the Soul
Lesson Forty-Five: Continuation of the Discussion of the Kinds of Substance
Intellectual Substance
The Doctrine of the Nobler Contingent
Imaginal Substance
Reference
Lesson Forty-Six: Matter and Form
Views of the Philosophers on Matter and Form
An Argument for the Aristotelian Theory
Critique
References
Lesson Forty-Seven: Accidents
Views of Philosophers about Accidents
Quantity
Relational Categories
Reference
Lesson Forty-Eight: Quality
The Category of Quality
Psychic Qualities
Sensible Qualities
Qualities Specific to Quantities
Dispositional Qualities
Conclusions
References
Lesson Forty-Nine: The Reality of Knowledge
Introduction
A Review of the Types of Knowledge
The Reality of Knowledge by Presence
The Nature of Acquired Knowledge
The Immateriality of Perception
Lesson Fifty: The Union of the Knower and the Known
Introduction
The Controversy
Explanation of the Topic
Types of Union of Existence
A Review of the Theory of Ṣadr al-Muta’allihīn
Inquiry into a Problem
References
Part VI: The Immutable and the Changing
Lesson Fifty-One: The Immutable and the Changing
Introduction
An Explanation Regarding Change and Immutability
Types of Change
The Positions of the Philosophers Regarding the Types of Change
Lesson Fifty-Two: The Potential and the Actual
Introduction
An Explanation of the Concepts of the Potential and the Actual
The Division of Existents into the Actual and the Potential
The Relation between the Potential and the Actual
Reference
Lesson Fifty-Three: A Continuation of the Discussion of the Potential and the Actual
The Correspondence of Potentiality and Actuality in the Case of Change
Infinite Regresses of Material Events
The Principle of the Necessity of the Priority of Matter to Material Events
The Temporal Creation of the Material World
Reference
Lesson Fifty-Four: Generation and Corruption
Introduction
The Concepts of Generation and Corruption
The Presence of Two Forms in a Single Matter
The Relation of Generation and Corruption to Motion
Lesson Fifty-Five: Motion
The Concept of Motion
The Existence of Motion
Problems Raised by those who Deny the Existence of Motion and their Solution
Lesson Fifty-Six: Properties of Motion
The Constituent Factors of Motion
The Features of Motion
The Requirements of Motion
Lesson Fifty-Seven: Divisions of Motion
Introduction
Divisions of Motion on the Basis of Acceleration
The Evolution of the Moved due to Motion
Lesson Fifty-Eight: Motion in Accidents
Introduction
Spatial Motion
Motion in Position
Motion in Quality
Motion in Quantity
Lesson Fifty-Nine: Motion in Substance
Introduction
Objections to Substantial Motion
Answers to the Objections
Arguments for the Existence of Substantial Motion
Lesson Sixty: Further Discussion of Substantial Motion
A Reminder of Some Points
Types of Substantial Motion
The Relation between Substantial Motion and Actuality and Potentiality
The Continuity of Substantial Motion
Vertical Continuity
Horizontal Continuity
Part VII: Theology
Lesson Sixty-One: The Way to Know God
Introduction
The Science of Theology and its Subject
The Innateness of Knowledge of God
The Possibility of Demonstrating the Existence of God
Demonstrations from Cause to Effect and from Effect to Cause
References
Lesson Sixty-Two: Demonstrations of the Necessary Existent
Introduction
First Demonstration (The Argument from Contingency)
The Second Demonstration (Ibn Sīnā’s Demonstration)
The Third Demonstration (Mullā Ṣadrā’s Demonstration)
References
Lesson Sixty-Three: Tawhīd
The Meaning of Tawhīd
Tawhīd in the Necessity of Existence
The Negation of Actual Parts
The Negation of Potential Parts, Time and Space in God
The Refutation of Analytic Parts
Reference
Lesson Sixty-Four: The Unity of Divine Actions
Introduction
Unity in Creation and Lordship
Unity in the Emanation of Existence
The Refutation of Compulsion and Delegation
Lesson Sixty-Five: The Divine Attributes
Introduction
The Limits to Knowing God
The Role of Reason in Knowing God
Positive and Negative Attributes
Attributes of Essence and Attributes of Action
Lesson Sixty-Six: Attributes of Essence
Introduction
Life
Knowledge
Knowledge of Essence
Knowledge of Creatures
Power
References
Lesson Sixty-Seven: Attributes of Action
Introduction
Hearing and Seeing
Speaking
Will
The Concept of Will
The Reality of Will
Wisdom and the Best Order
Reference
Lesson Sixty-Eight: The Purpose of Creation
Introduction
Purpose and Final Cause
Some Points
The Purposefulness of God, the Supreme
References
Lesson Sixty-Nine: Divine Decree and Destiny
Introduction
The Concepts of Destiny and Decree
A Philosophical Explanation of Destiny and Decree
Levels of Action
The Relation of Destiny and Decree to Human Volition
The Benefits of this Discussion
Reference
Lesson Seventy: Good and Evil in the Cosmos
Introduction
The Concepts of Good and Evil
A Philosophical Analysis of Good and Evil
The Secret of the Evils of the Cosmos

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Reference

1 The root of the Arabic word forexistence, wujūd meansto be found . [Tr.]