3.1. EXISTENCE-IN-ITSELF AND EXISTENCE-IN-SOMETHING-ELSE
Existence is either existence-in-something-else or its opposite [i.e. existence-in-itself]. To explain, when we consider a true proposition, for instance, ‘Man is a biped,’ we find that there is something in it [i.e. the verb “to be” used as a copula] besides the subject and the predicate that relates them to each other. This relation is absent when we consider solely the subject or the predicate, or when each of them is conceived along with some other thing. Hence that something has existence. Moreover, its existence is not something additional to the existence of the two sides, or something situated between them and existing independently of them, for otherwise it would require two other copulas to relate it to each of the two sides. Then the three would become five and the five would similarly become nine and so on ad infinitum.
Hence its existence inheres in the two sides and depends on them, not being extraneous to or independent of them. It has no independent meaning of its own as a concept. We call it “copulative existence” (al-wujûd al-râbith). That which is not such - such as the existence of the subject and that of the predicate - and has an independent meaning as a concept, is called “substantive existence” (al-wujûd al-mahmûlî, lit. predicative existence) or “independent existence” (al-wujud al-mustaqil). Hence existence is divisible into independent and copulative as stated.
From what has been said, it becomes clear that:
(i) copulative existents have no quiddity; for the quiddity of a thing is what is mentioned in answer to the question, ‘What is it?’ Quiddity has a substantive existence and independent meaning as a concept. Copulative existence is not such.
(ii) Second, the occurrence of a copulative existent between two things necessitates a unity between them, for it is united with them and is not external to their existence.
(iii) Third, the copulative existent occurs in facts corresponding to “composite propositions” (al-halliyyât al-murakkabah, i.e. propositions of the type ‘A is B’) wherein a thing is affirmed of another thing. Às to “simple propositions” (al-halliyyât al-basîthah, i.e. propositions of the type ‘A is’ or ‘A exists’), in which merely the subsistence of the subject is affirmed, there occurs no copulative existence in the corresponding fact, for there is no sense in a thing’s relation with itself.