HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
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Author: ANIL MITRA
Publisher: www.horizons-2000.org
Category: Western Philosophy
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Author: ANIL MITRA
Publisher: www.horizons-2000.org
Category:
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- INTRODUCTION
- Sources
- The temperamentalist thesis
- The restriction to Western philosophy
- The second edition
- CHAPTER 1: THE PERIODS AND MAIN INFLUENCES
- CHAPTER 2: GREEK PHILOSOPHY
- RELIGIOUS ORIGINS OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY
- GREEK PHILOSOPHY: ORIGINS
- Early Greek philosophy
- Problem of Substance (Metaphysics) - and The Philosophy of Nature
- Problem of change
- Problem of Change
- Age of sophists
- Socrates and the Socratic schools
- GREEK PHILOSOPHY: THE AGE OF GREAT SYSTEMS
- Plato (427 - 347 BCE)
- Rational (insight) Forms or ideas Dialectic
- Doctrine of ideas: (Plato’s most original philosophical achievement.)
- Philosophy of nature
- Cosmology
- Psychology
- Doctrine of immortality
- Ethics
- Politics
- Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE)
- Extant writings
- Philosophy and the sciences
- Logic
- Metaphysics
- Theology
- Physics
- Biology
- Psychology
- Ethics
- Politics
- ETHICAL PERIOD (ABOUT 350 - 200 BCE)
- Epicureanism and stoicism
- Skepticism and eclecticism
- Stoicism - continued
- Logic and the theory of knowledge
- Metaphysics
- Cosmology
- Psychology
- Ethics
- GREEK PHILOSOPHY: THE RELIGIOUS PERIOD (150 BCE - 500 AD)
- Jewish Greek philosophy
- Neo-Pythagoreanism
- Neoplatonism
- THE DECLINE OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY
- The closing of the school at Athens
- The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius
- CHAPTER 3: MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
- Doctrine and dogma
- The periods of medieval philosophy
- Scholastic period
- Formative Period - the Schoolmen
- School of Chartres. Cathedral at Chartres
- Culmination
- Decline
- CHAPTER 4: THE MODERN PERIOD
- BACKGROUND
- The Renaissance
- THE BEGINNING OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY 1550 - 1670
- Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626)
- Inductive methods
- Programs of philosophy
- Philosophy of man
- Bacon as an empiricist
- Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679)
- Theory of knowledge
- Metaphysics
- Psychology
- Politics
- Blaise Pascal (1632 - 1662)
- Mathematician, Jansenist, anti-Jesuit
- MODERN PHILOSOPHY: CONTINENTAL RATIONALISM
- René Descartes (1598 - 1650)
- Descartes problem
- Classification of the sciences
- Method and criterion of knowledge
- Proofs of the existence of God
- Truth and error
- Existence of the external world
- Relation of mind and body
- Baruch (Benedict) de Spinoza (1632 - 1677)
- Rationalism
- Method
- The universal substance
- Attributes of god
- Theory of knowledge
- Ethics and politics
- MODERN PHILOSOPHY: BRITISH EMPIRICISM
- John Locke (1632 - 1704)
- Locke’s problem
- Origin of knowledge
- Nature and validity of knowledge
- Limits of knowledge
- Metaphysics
- Ethics
- Free will
- Political philosophy
- Theory of education
- Economic theory
- Locke’s influence
- George Berkeley (1685 - 1753)
- David Hume (1711 - 1776)
- Hume’s problem
- Science and human nature
- Origins of knowledge
- Relation of cause and effect
- Validity of knowledge
- MODERN PHILOSOPHY: RATIONALISM IN GERMANY
- Leibniz (1646 - 1716)
- Christian Wolff (1679 - 1754)
- MODERN PHILOSOPHY: THE ENLIGHTENMENT
- Voltaire (1694 - 1778)
- Materialism and evolutionism
- Progress of the sciences
- Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu (1685 - 1754)
- Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778)
- Human nature
- Political philosophy
- Educational philosophy
- MODERN PHILOSOPHY: IMMANUEL KANT (1724 - 1804)
- Kant’s heritage
- Kant’s problem
- The problem of knowledge
- Knowledge presupposes a mind
- The first transcendental method
- Preliminary analysis of experience
- The theory of sense perception
- The theory of the understanding
- Kant’s forms of understanding
- Validity of judgment
- Knowledge of things-in-themselves
- Impossibility of metaphysics
- Rational cosmology
- Use of metaphysics in experience
- Use of teleology in nature
- Ethics
- Some comments on the successors of Kant
- MODERN PHILOSOPHY: PHILOSOPHY AFTER KANT
- The legacy of Kant
- Idealism
- Realism
- Empiricism
- MODERN PHILOSOPHY: GERMAN IDEALISM
- Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762 - 1814)
- Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling (1775 - 1854)
- Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768 - 1834)
- Dialectic method
- MODERN PHILOSOPHY: GERMAN PHILOSOPHY AFTER HEGEL
- Johann Friedrich Hebart (1776 - 1841)
- A return to idealism: Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 - 1860)
- Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801 - 1887)
- Rudolf Hermann Lotze (1817 - 1881)
- Friedrich Albert Lange (1828 - 1875)
- Wilhelm Wundt (1832 - 1920)
- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)
- Rudolf Christoph Eucken (1846 - 1926)
- Wilhelm Windelbland (1848 - 1915)
- Ernst Cassirer (1874 - 1945)
- Noted for his analysis of cultural values
- MODERN PHILOSOPHY: FRENCH AND BRITISH NINETEENTH CENTURY PHILOSOPHY
- Beginnings of Positivism, And its Interaction with Empiricism
- August Comte (1798 - 1857)
- Stages of knowledge
- Comte’s scheme of sciences
- A theory of history
- Progress to the ideal
- Ethics
- Subjective method
- MODERN PHILOSOPHY: BRITISH UTILITARIANISM
- John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)
- Ethics
- Liberalism
- Herbert Spencer (1820 - 1903)
- CHAPTER 5: THE RECENT PERIOD: LATE 19TH TO 21ST CENTURY
- INTRODUCTION
- Influences on recent philosophy
- Paradigms
- Critical commentary
- Other cultures
- The effect on philosophy
- THE RECENT PERIOD: SCHOOLS AND TRENDS OF PHILOSOPHY
- 20th Century Schools and Trends of Philosophy
- Introduction
- Absolute Idealism
- Analytic Philosophy
- Notes
- Scientific conventionalism and fictionalism
- Pragmatism
- Positivism and Logical Empiricism
- Positivism and ethics
- Analytic and linguistic philosophy
- Empiricism
- Utilitarianism
- Rationalism
- Comtean Positivism
- From phenomenology to Hermeneutics
- From Marxism to Critical Theory
- From Structuralism to Deconstruction
- Critical Realism
- Empiricism
- Existentialism
- Hegelianism
- Hermeneutics
- Idealism
- Immanuel Kant
- Intuitionism
- Legal Positivism
- Linguistic Philosophy
- Logical Positivism
- Lenin, Stalin
- Materialism
- Naturalism
- Neo-Kantians
- Neo-Scholasticism
- New Realism
- Personalism
- Phenomenology
- Realist Phenomenology
- An idealism
- Hermeneutic Phenomenology
- Existential Phenomenology
- Postmodernism
- Began 1970s in philosophy, culture, arts
- Post-Structuralism
- Pragmatism
- Process Philosophy
- Realism
- Derived from the structuralism inspired by Ferdinand de Saussure
- Twentieth Century Realism
- Uppsala School
- Utilitarianism
- Members and Associates
- Brief History
- Vitalism
- Ratio-vitalism
- Political Philosophy
- Education and the Philosophy of Education
- Natural Philosophy
- Philosophy of Science
- Philosophies of the disciplines
- 20TH Century Philosophers
- American Philosophers
- European Philosophers
- THE RECENT PERIOD: INFLUENTIAL PHILOSOPHERS
- Gottlob Frege
- Alfred North Whitehead
- Karl Raimund Popper
- Wittgenstein’s sources of inspiration
- Wittgenstein: Reflections
- On Critical-Imaginative Sources
- The specific importance of Wittgenstein
- Wittgenstein and privacy
- Wittgenstein on philosophy
- The Basic Realism and the Picture Theory of the Tractacus
- Transition to Wittgenstein’s later account of language
- Wittgenstein: Philosophical Investigations
- False Prisons
- Wittgenstein and his followers
- On Meaning
- Uses of language
- Sense and reference
- Analysis of meaning
- Frege and Wittgenstein
- An alternative
- Notes
- Martin Heidegger
- Heidegger’s program
- From Heidegger
- Ontology must clarify the meaning of Being
- CHAPTER 6: THE FUTURE
- Philosophical nihilism
- The obligations and needs of philosophy
- The possibilities of philosophyin the Western and other academic traditions
- Ways of Philosophical Understanding
- Analysis of language, concepts
- Ways that are unique to philosophy
- The third transcendental method or transcendental logic
- Further considerations
- A concept of philosophy
- See History of thought and action
- The education of the philosopher
- Journey in Being
- And continues to synthesize with an appeal to the whole being
- True Philosophy
- CHAPTER 7: TRANSCENDENTAL AND REAL LOGIC
- The foundation of this method is in the propositions
- Real Logic