Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

Author: Muhammad Jawad Mughniyyah
Publisher: Ansariyan Publications – Qum
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The Five Schools of Islamic Law: Al-Hanafi, al-Hanbali, al-Ja’fari, al-Maliki, al-Shafi’i

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• Preface
• Foreword
• Notes
• Part 1: Ibadah
• 1. Taharah, Ritual Purity
• Al-Ma' al-Mutlaq (Pure Water)
• Al-Ma' al-Musta'mal (Used Water)
• A Subsidiary Issue
• Mixed Water (al-Ma' al-Mudaf)
• Al-Kurr and al-Qullatan
• A Subsidiary Issue
• Flowing and Stationary Water (al-Jari wa al-Rakid)
• Purifying Najis Water
• Al-Najasat
• Taharah
• Rules of the Closet
• Al-Mutahhirat (The Purifiers)
• Conditions Requiring Wudhu
• Discharge of Urine, Faeces and Wind
• Discharge of Madhy and Wadhy
• Loss of Consciousness
• Emission of Semen
• Touch
• Vomiting
• Blood and Pus
• Laughter
• Meat of a Slaughtered Animal
• Istihadah Blood
• The Objects of Wudhu’
• The Essentials of Wudhu’ (Fara'id al-Wudhu’)
• Niyyah
• Washing the Face
• Washing of Hands
• Wiping the Head
• The Two Feet
• Sequence (al-Tartib)
• Conditions of Wudhu’
• Mustahabbat of Wudhu’
• Doubt Regarding Taharah and Hadath
• Notes
• Ghusl
• Ghusl al-Janabah
• A Subsidiary Issue
• Acts Whose Validity Depends Upon Ghusl al-Janabah
• The Essentials of Ghusl al-Janabah
• Menstruation (al-Hayd)
• The Menstruating Age
• The Period of Menstruation
• A Subsidiary issue
• Rules Applicable to a Ha’id
• The Manner of the Ghusl
• Al-'Istihadah
• Nifas
• Touching a Corpse (Mass al-mayyit)
• The Rules Pertaining to a Dead Body
• 1. Al-Ihtidar
• 2. The Ghusl of a Corpse
• A Subsidiary Issue
• The Person Giving Ghusl (Ghasil)
• The Manner of Bathing the Dead
• Hunut
• Kafan (Shroud)
• The Death of an Indigent Person
• The Salat Performed Over a Shahid
• The Salat Offered for Children
• Funeral Salat in Absentia
• The Awliya' of the Deceased
• Uncertainty Concerning a Corpse
• The Manner of the Samt
• The Place of the Salat
• Time of Salat over the Deceased
• The Burial
• Disposing a Corpse into the Sea
• Making the Grave at Level with the Ground
• Reopening the Grave
• Notes
• Al-Tayammum
• Conditions in which Tayammum is Performed
• Harm to Health
• A Subsidiary issue
• The Substance on which Tayammum is Performed
• The Manner of Performing Tayammum
• The Rules of Tayammum
• The Schools and the Verse Concerning Tayammum
• Notes
• 2. Salat, Ritual Prayer
• Salat
• The Daily Supererogatory Prayers (Rawatib)
• The Time of Zuhr and ‘Asr Prayers
• The Time of Maghrib and ‘Isha’ Prayers
• The Time of Subh Prayer
• Notes
• The Qiblah
• Ignorance of the Qiblah (Direction)
• A Subsidiary Issue
• Notes
• The Rules of Modesty
• 1. Looking at One’s Own Body
• 2. Woman and Her Maharim
• 3. Women and ‘Strangers’
• 4. Man’s ‘Awrah
• 5. Children
• 6. Woman’s Voice
• 7. The Colour, Not the Shape
• 8. The difference between Looking and Touching
• 9. The Difference Between Exposing and Looking at
• 10. Old Women
• Notes
• Wajib Covering During Salat
• The Requirements for the Covering during Salat
• 1.Taharah
• 2. Wearing Silk
• 3. Lawfulness of the Clothing
• 4. The Skin of Animals Not Used for Food
• A Subsidiary Issue
• The Place of Salat
• A Usurped Place
• Taharah (purity) of the Place
• Salat performed on a Mount
• Salat inside the Ka’bah
• A Woman’s Prayer beside a Man
• The Locale of Sajdah
• Adhan (Call for Prayer)
• Adhan is a Sunnah
• Adhan is Invalid in Certain Cases
• The Conditions for Adhan
• The Form of Adhan
• Iqamah (A call immediately before prayer)
• Notes
• The Essentials (Arkan) of Salat
• 1. Intention (Niyyah)
• 2. Takbirat al-Ihram
• 3. Qiyam (standing)
• 4. Qira’ah (reciting)
• 5. Ruku’ (bowing)
• 6. Sujud (prostration)
• 7. Tashahhud
• The Hanafis
• The Malikis
• The Shafi’is
• The Hanbalis
• The Imamis
• 8. Tasleem
• 9. Sequence (tartib)
• 10. Continuity
• Notes
• Error and Doubt During Salat
• Doubt in the Number of Rak’ahs
• The Friday Prayer
• Its Wujub (necessity)
• Conditions
• The Friday Sermons
• Its Mode of Performance
• Notes
• The ‘Id Prayers
• The Hanafis
• The Shafi’is
• then after ta’awwudh
• The Hanbalis
• The Malikis
• The Imamis
• Notes
• The Prayer of the Eclipses
• Prayer For Rain
• Salat al-Qada’
• The Mode of Performing Qada’
• Proxy for Acts of Worship
• Salat al-Jama'ah
• Conditions for Jama'ah
• Following the Imam
• Joining the Jama'ah in the Middle
• Preference for the Imamah
• Salat During Travel (Salat al-Musafir)
• Conditions for Qasr
• Successive Performance (Jam') of Two Salats
• Ignorance and Forgetfulness
• Notes
• The Invalidating Causes of Salat (Mubtilat)
• Crossing over in Front of the Musalli
• Notes
• 3. Siyam, Fasting
• Disappearance of the Excuse
• Conditions (Shurot) of Fasting
• Muftirat
• The Various Kinds of Fasts
• Obligatory fasts
• Qada' of the Ramadan Fasts
• Fasts of Atonement (Kaffarah)
• Prohibited Fasts
• The Doubtful Days
• Supererogatory Fasts
• Reprehensible (Makrah) Fasts
• Evidence of the New Moon
• The New Moon and Astronomy
• Notes
• 4. Zakat and Khums
• Zakat
• Conditions for Zakat on Property
• Kinds of Property Liable to Zakat
• Zakat on Livestock
• Zakat on Gold and Silver
• Zakat on Crops and Fruits
• Zakat on Merchandise
• The Character of Liability
• Classes Entitled to Receive Zakat
• 1. The Needy (Faqir)
• 2. Al-Miskin
• 3. Al-'Amilin
• 4. Al-Mu'allafatu qulubuhum
• 5. Al-Riqab
• 6. Al-Gharimin
• 7. Sabil Allah
• 8. Ibn al-Sabil
• Subsidiary Issues
• Zakat al-Fitr
• Those on Whom it is Wajib
• Its Quantity
• Time of Wujub
• Mustahiqq
• Notes
• Khums
• Uses of Khums
• 5. Hajj, The Pilgrimage
• The Hajj
• The Acts of the Hajj
• The Conditions (Shurut) that make the Hajj Obligatory (Wajib)
• The Proviso of Bulugh
• Insanity
• Istita’ah
• Immediacy (al-Fawr)
• Secondary Issues Related to Istita’ah
• Women and the Hajj
• Bequest (al‑Badhl)
• Marriage
• Khums and Zakat
• Istita'ah by Chance
• Istinabah (Deputation)
• The Physically Incapable (al-Qadir al-’Ajiz)
• Istinabah in al-Hajj al-Mustahabb
• The Conditions for the Na'ib
• Delay by the Na'ib
• Change of Purpose by the Na'ib (al‑‘Udal)
• Notes
• Al‑‘Umrah
• The Meaning of ‘Umrah
• The Kinds of ‘Umrah
• Difference Between the Two Kinds of ‘Umrah
• The Conditions of the ‘Umrah
• The Status of ‘Umrah
• The Acts of the ‘Umrah
• Two Subsidiary Issues
• Notes
• The Forms of Hajj
• Notes
• The ‘Ihram
• Mawaqit al-'Ihram
• Ihram Before Miqat
• Ihram after Miqat
• Ihram before the Hajj Months
• The Mustahabbat of Ihram
• Al- 'Ishtirat
• The Wajibat of Ihram
• Al-Niyyah
• The Talbiyah
• The Formula of Talbiyah
• The Muhrim's Dress
• Restrictions of Ihram
• Marriage
• Intercourse
• Use of Perfume
• Use of Kohl
• Shortening of Nails and Hair; Cutting of Trees
• Looking into a Mirror
• Use of Henna
• Use of Shade; Covering the Head
• Stitched Clothing and Ring
• ‘Fusuq' and Jidal'
• Cupping (Hijamah)
• Hunting (al-Sayd)
• The Limits of the Harams of Makkah and of Al‑Madinah
• Notes
• Tawaf
• Kinds of ‘Umrah in View of the Ahl al-Sunnah
• 1. Tawaf al-Qudum
• 2. Tawaf al-Ziyarah
• 3. Tawaf al-Wada’
• Kinds of Tawaf from the Imamiyyah Viewpoint
• Entry into Makkah
• The Conditions (Shurut) of Tawaf
• The manner of Performing Tawaf
• The Mustahabbat of Tawaf
• The Ahkam of Tawaf
• Notes
• Sa'y
• The Mustahabbat of Sa’y
• The Way of Performing Sa’y
• Note
• The Ahkam of Sa’y
• Notes
• Taqsir
• Taqsir in ‘Umrah
• Taqsir in Hajj
• Notes
• The Wuq’uf
• The Wuq’uf in ‘Arafat
• The Second Rite of Hajj
• Before the Halt in ‘Arafat
• The Period of the Halt in Arafat
• The Limits of ‘Arafat
• The Conditions Applicable to the Halt
• The Wu’quf in Muzdalifah
• The Limits of Muzdalifah
• The Night at Muzdalifah
• Mustahabbat of the Mash’ar
• Notes
• At Mina
• Notes
• Jamrat al ‘Aqabah
• The Number of Jimar
• Jamrah of the Tenth of Dhu al‑Hijjah
• The Conditions of Ramy
• Doubt
• Hady
• The Kinds of Hady
• For Whom is Hady Wajib?
• The Requirements of the Hady
• The Time and the Place of the Sacrifice
• The Flesh of the Hady
• The Substitute Duty (al‑Badal)
• Dhabh by a Wakil
• Qani’ and Mu’tarr
• The Substitute for Camel Sacrifice
• Taqlid and Ish’ar
• Charity to Non‑Muslims
• The Burning or Burying of Slaughtered Animals
• Notes
• Between Makkah and Medina
• The Night at Mina
• Ramy during the Ayyam al-Tashriq
• Notes
• The Dhu al-Hijjah Moon
• Notes
• Ziyarah of the Greatest Prophet (S)
• History of al-Haramayn al-Sharifayn
• The Ka’bah
• The Prophet's Mosque
• Part 2: Personal Law
• 6. Marriage
• The Marriage Contract and its Conditions
• A Subsidiary Issue
• Witnesses
• Notes
• Capacity to Enter into a Marriage Contract
• Bulugh
• Stipulation of Conditions by the Wife
• Notes
• Claim of Marriage
• Does the Living Together of a Couple Prove Marriage?
• Notes
• The Prohibited Degrees of Female Relations (al-Muharramat)
• Consanguinity (al-nasab)
• Al- Musaharah (Affinity)
• II. Consanguinity Between Wives
• III Fornication (al-Zina)
• IV. Number of Wives
• V. Li'an
• VI. Number of Divorces
• VII. Difference of Religion
• Litigation Between the Ahl al-Kitab
• VIII. Fosterage (al-Ridi')
• IX. Al-'Iddah
• X. Al-'Ihram
• Notes
• Matrimonial Guardianship
• Wilayah over a Mature and Sane Girl
• Wilayah in Cases of Minority, Insanity and Idiocy
• The Order of Priority in Guardianship
• Al-Kafa'ah (Equality)
• Notes
• Al-'Uyub (Defects)
• Al-'Anan (Impotence)
• Al-Jabb and al-Khisa'
• Insanity
• Leprosy and Leukoderma
• Al-Ratq, al-Qarn, al-'Afal & al-'Ijda
• Immediacy (al-Fawriyyah)
• Notes
• The Option to Include Conditions (Khayar al-Shari)
• Deceit (Tadlis)
• Supplementary Issue
• Al- Mahr
• Conditions of Mahr
• Mahr al-Mithl
• Immediate and Deferred Payment of Mahr
• The Wife's Right to Refuse Her Conjugal Society
• Inability of the Husband to Pay the Mahr
• The Father and His Daughter-in- Law's Mahr
• Consummation and Mahr
• Wife's Crime Against Husband
• Al-Khalwah
• Half the Mahr
• An Exceptional Case
• Notes
• Disagreement between the Spouses
• Dowry (al-Jihaz)
• Lineage (Al-Nasab)
• Introduction
• The Minimum Period of Gestation
• The Maximum Period of Gestation According to Ahl al-Sunnah
• The Maximum Gestation Period According to the Shi'ah
• Walad al- Shubhah
• Child Born of al-Mut'ah
• The Illegitimate Child (Walad al-Zina)
• Al-Laqit
• Adoption (al-Tabanni)
• Notes
• Artificial Insemination
• Artificial Insemination is Prohibited
• The phrase
• Some may say that the phrase
• The Offspring by Artificial Insemination
• Notes
• Custody (Al-Hidanah)
• The Right to Act as a Custodian
• The Qualifications for Custody
• The Period of Custody
• Fee for Custody
• Travelling With the Child
• Voluntary Breast-Feeding and Custody
• Surrendering of the Right to Custody
• Notes
• The Right to Maintenance
• The Maintenance of a Wife and a Divorcee During 'Iddah
• A Disobedient Wife (al-Nashizah)
• Notes
• Determination of Maintenance
• Medical Expenses
• Expenses of Child-birth
• Adjustment of Maintenance
• The Wife's Housing
• Marriage
• A Working Wife
• Surety for Maintenance
• Dispute between Spouses
• The Wife's Claim of Expulsion
• Loss of Maintenance
• Husband's Debt Claim against Wife
• Maintenance of Relatives
• Definition of a Relative's Maintenance
• Conditions for the Wujub of Maintenance
• Determination of Relative’s Maintenance
• The Order of Relatives on Whom Maintenance is Wajib
• Notes
• 7. Divorce
• Divorce
• The Divorcer (al-Mutalliq)
• Divorce by the Guardian (Talaq al-Wali)
• The Divorcee (al-Mutallaqah)
• The Pronouncement of Divorce (al-Sighah)
• Divorce and Witnesses
• The Case of a Sunni Husband and a Shi'i Wife
• Revocable and Irrevocable Divorce
• The Triple Divorcee
• Doubt in the Number of Divorces
• Divorcee's Claim of Tahlil
• Notes
• Al-Khul'
• The Condition of the Wife's Destestation
• Mutual Agreement to Khul' for a Consideration Greater than Mahr
• Conditions for Consideration Payable in Khul'
• A Related Issue
• Conditions for a Wife Seeking Khul'
• Conditions for a Husband Granting Khul’
• The Pronouncement of Khul’
• Notes
• Al-'Iddah
• Divorcee's ‘Iddah
• Maximum Period of 'Iddah
• 'Iddah for Intercourse by Mistake
• The 'Iddah of a Fornicatress
• The 'Iddah of a Kitabiyyah
• Wife of a Missing Husband
• The Rules Governing 'Iddah
• Inheritance between a Divorcer and a Divorcee
• Divorce by a Sick Person
• 'Iddah and Location
• Marriage with a Divorcee's Sister in 'Iddah
• Can a Divorcee in 'Iddah be Redivorced?
• Notes
• Return To The Divorcee (Al-Raj’ah)
• Raj'ah and Witnesses
• Raj'ah of an Irrevocable Divorcee
• Disagreement During the 'Iddah
• Notes
• The Acceptance of a Claim without Proof
• Notes
• Court Divorce (Talaq Al-Qadi)
• Notes
• Al-Zihar
• Al-Ila'
• Notes
• 8. Wasaya, Will and Endowments
• Will and Bequest (Wasaya)
• The Pronouncement
• The Testator
• The Legatee
• The Legacy
• The Extent of Testamentary Rights
• Clashing Wills
• Revocation of Will
• Bequest of Benefits
• The Dispositional Rights of an Ailing Person
• Powers of Disposition of a Healthy Person
• The Powers of Disposition of an Ill Person
• Wills and ‘Completed Dispositions’ During Illness
• Acknowledgment during Sickness
• Appointment of Executor (al-Wisayah)
• Requirements for a Wasi
• Refusal to Act as Executor
• Appointment of Two Executors
• Appointing an Executor for Marriage
• A Wasi’s Acknowledgment
• Liability of a Wasi
• Probating a Will
• Notes
• 9. Inheritance
• Rules Concerning the Heritage
• The Heritage
• Deductions from the Heritage
• Heirs and the Decedent's Heritage
• Causes of Inheritance and Impediments
• Causes of Inheritance
• Impediments to Inheritance
• Difference of Religion
• An Apostate (Murtadd)
• Inheritance of Followers of Other Religions
• The Ghulat
• One Who Denies an Essential of the Faith
• Homicide
• Distribution of the Heritage
• The Shares and Sharers
• The Residuaries (al-'Asbat)
• The Residuaries From the Imami Viewpoint
• Al-Ta'ib
• Al-'Awl
• Exclusion (al-Hujb)
• The Return (al-Radd)
• The Inheritance of a Fetus; Disowned and Illegitimate Children
• The Inheritance of a Fetus
• Child Disowned by the Father (Walad al-Mula'anah)
• The Illegitimate Child (Walad al-Zina)
• The Marriage and Divorce of an Ill-Person
• The Father's Share in Inheritance
• The Mother's Share in Inheritance
• Does the Mother Take One-Third of the Remainder?
• The Inheritance of Children and Grandchildren
• The Sons
• The Daughters
• Children's Children
• The Inheritance of Brothers and Sisters
• Brothers and Sisters
• Full Brothers and Sisters
• Agnate Brothers and Sisters
• Uterine Brothers and Sisters
• A Subsidiary Issue
• Children of Brothers and Sisters
• The Maternal Grandfather
• Grandmothers
• The Paternal Grandfather
• The Inheritance of Paternal and Maternal Uncles and Aunts
• The Inheritance of the Spouses
• A Missing Person's Property
• Inheritance of Persons Killed by Drowning, Fire and Debris
• The Presumption of Non-Occurrence
• The Presumption of the Delayed Occurrence of an Event
• The Knowledge of Occurrence of Two Events with Ignorance of Their Order of Succession
• Victims of Drowning and Burial under Debris
• The Mode of Mutual Inheritance
• Illustrations
• Notes
• 10. Waqf
• Waqf
• Perpetuity and Continuity
• Delivery of Possession
• Ownership of the Waqf Property
• The Essentials of Waqf
• The Declaration
• Al-Mu'atat (The creation of Waqf without the Sighah)
• Acceptance
• Al-Tanjiz
• Al-Waqif
• Niyyat al-Qurbah
• Death Illness
• Al-Mawquf
• The Beneficiary (al-Mawquf 'Alayh)
• A Waqf for prayers (al-waqf 'ala al-salat)
• Doubts Concerning Waqf
• Conditions of a Waqif and His Pronouncement
• The Waqif‘s Intention
• The Permissible Conditions
• The Contract and This Condition
• The Option to revoke (al-Khayar)
• Inclusion and Exclusion (al-Idkhal wa al-Ikhraj)
• Waqif’s Maintenance and the Payment of his Debts
• A Note
• Sons and Daughters
• The Grandchildren
• The Management of Waqf (al-Wilayah 'ala al-Waqf)
• The Children of 'Ulama' and Awqaf
• The Sale of Waqf
• Al-Makasib and al-Jawahir
• The Present Question
• Mosques
• Properties Belonging to Mosques
• Waqfs which are not Mosques
• Public and Private Waqfs
• Private Waqf
• Public Waqf
• Cemeteries
• A Sub-Issue
• Causes Justifying the Sale of Waqf Property
• The Sale Proceeds of a Waqf
• Some Curious Waqfs
• Notes
• 11. Hajr, Legal Disability
• 1. Insanity
• 2. Minority
• Liability (al-Daman)
• A Discerning Child
• A Child's Intentional Act is a Mistake
• 3. Idiocy (al-Safah)
• Declaration of Legal Disability (al-Tahjir)
• The Judge's Order
• The Idiot's Confession, Oath and Vow
• The Idiot's Marriage and Divorce
• The Proof of Mental Maturity
• The Guardian
• A Minor's Guardian
• The Guardian of an Insane Person
• The Guardian of an Idiot
• The Qualifications of a Guardian
• 1. Pardon and Compromise (al-'Afw and al-$ulh)
• 2. Divorce and Pre-emption (al-Talaq and al-Shuf'ah)
• 3. Deduction of Claims (lkhraj al-Huquq)
• 4. Spending Upon the Ward
• A Guardian's Sale to Himself
• The Guardian's or Executor's Agent
• 4. The Insolvent Person (al-Muflis)
• A Particular Thing and Its Owner
• Wealth Accruing after Insolvency
• The Acknowledgement of an Insolvent Person
• Marriage
• Imprisonment
• Prohibition on Travelling
• Notes
• Bibliography

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