Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

Notes

1. Hilyat al-Abrar, vol. 1, pp. 321

2. Manaqib, ibn Shahr Ashub, vol. 2, pp. 125

3. Shawahid al-Tanzil, vol. 2, pp. 182, Hadith 888

4. Tafsir al-Burhan, vol. 3, pp. 144

5. Manaqib, ibn Maghazili, Hadith 317, pp. 144

6. Tafsir al-Burhan, vol. 4, pp. 76

7. Shawahid al-Tanzil, vol. 1, pp. 117

8. Hilyat al-Abrar, vol. 1, pp. 321

9. Musnad, vol. 1, pp. 199

10. Asbab al-Nuzul, pp. 139

11. Jandab ibn Janadah Ghifari, companion of the holy prophet

12. Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 19, pp. 218

13. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 182

14. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 183

15. Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 19, pp. 338

16. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 16, pp. 60

17. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 19, pp. 63

18. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 20, pp. 67

19. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 18, pp. 62

20. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 18, pp. 62

21. Kashf al-Ghummah

22. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 187

23. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 187

24. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 22, pp. 71

25. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 22, pp. 71

26. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 22, pp. 73

27. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 22, pp. 73

28. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 22, pp. 74

29. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 22, pp. 74

30. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 22, pp. 74

31. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 22, pp. 78

32. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 22, pp. 76

33. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 23, pp. 81

34. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 197

35. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 205

36. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 206

37. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 205

38. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 197

39. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 209

40. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 210

41. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 210

42. Manaqib, Kalabi, Hadith 24

43. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, chap. 30, pp. 110

44. Al-Isabah, vol. 2, pp. 508-509

45. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 215

46. Tarikh Tabari, vol. 3, pp. 56

47. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 128

48. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 219

49. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 38, pp. 74

50. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 38, pp. 128

51. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 2, chap. 16, pp. 129

52. Tarikh Tabari, vol. 3, pp. 103

53. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, part 2, chap. 46, pp. 150

54. Imam ‘Ali submitted to the Holy Prophet’s order and tolerated further sufferings in fighting the companions of camel, the companions of Mu’awiyah and those who fought against him in Nahrawan with the difference that at the time of the Holy Prophet, he was

considered as a devoted soldier of Islam but after the passing away of the Holy Prophet, he would fight those who were against the interpretation of the Holy Qur’an.

55. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, part 2, chap. 46, pp. 150

56. Na’thal is the name of a notorious Jew man who was known for his evil and infidelity. A’ishah therefore likened Uthman to this evil person.

57. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 238

58. Talhah and Zubayr who did not see their objective materialized seeing that ‘Ali was rightfully elected as a caliph, were looking for a chance to create a riot to rise against ‘Ali’s nascent rule in the form of a united group. It was known that ‘ª’ishah had chosen Mecca as a center for her activity aimed at revenging herself on ‘Ali for the so-called wronged caliph. She provoked unaware people against ‘Ali. Talhah and Zubayr too took advantage of people’s respect for ‘ª’ishah, the messenger’s wife, launched poisoned propaganda and set out for Mecca. To justify their politico-religious position, they first came to Imam ‘Ali, to get permission to go on a minor Hajj!

59. The main goal of these two was to hatch a plot and to challenge Imam ‘Ali’s nascent rule.

60. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 239

61. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 240

62. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 241

63. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 242

64. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 246

65. Waq’at Siffin, pp. 315,458

66. Waq’at Siffin, pp. 407,424

67. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 250

68. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 253

69. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 253

70. Tarikh Tabari, vol. 5, pp. 51,70

71. Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, No. 2916

72. Tabaqat, ibn Sa’d, vol. 3, pp. 258,561

73. Tarikh Tabari, vol. 5, pp. 41

74. Manaqib, Khawarizmi, chap. 16, pp. 124

75. Tarikh Tabari, vol. 5, pp. 73

76. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 266

77. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 267

78. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 267

79. Nur al-Absar, pp. 102

80. Kashf al-Ghummah, vol. 1, pp. 269

81. al-Bidayah wa’l-Nihayah, vol. 1, pp. 231

82. Al-Fada’il, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, pp. 586

83. Al-Fada’il, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, pp. 239

84. Tarikh Baghdad, vol. 11, pp. 112

85. Sahih, Bukhari, vol. 6, pp. 81

86. Tarikh Dimashq, vol. 2, pp. 387

87. Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 41, chap. 107, pp. 138

88. Nahj al-Balaghah, sermon 203

89. Tadhkirat al-Huffa¨, Sebt ibn Jowzi, pp. 121

90. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 3, chap. 53

91. Muruj al-Dhahab, vol. 2, pp. 419

92. Tarikh Ya’qubi, vol. 2, pp. 206

93. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 296

94. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 296

95. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 296

96. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 297

97. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 297

98. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 297

99. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 297

100. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 297

101. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 297

102. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 298

103. This is because, in order to cover his sins, man refuses to make confession and this will make him keep on committing sins. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 299

104. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 299

105. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 299

106. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 299

107. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 299

108. Nahj al-Balaghah, Sayyid Radi, maxim 203

109. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 299

110. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 300

111. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 300

112. Nahj al-Balaghah, Sayyid Radi, maxim 15

113. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 301

114. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 302

115. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 302

116. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 302

117. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 302

118. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 302

119. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 302

120. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 303

121. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 303

122. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, pp. 300

123. Muruj al-Dhahab, Mas’udi, vol. 2, pp. 421

124. Tadhkirat al-Huffa¨, Zahabi, vol. 1, pp. 11

125. Tarikh Ya’qubi, vol. 2, pp. 211

126. Nahj al-Balaghah, Sayyid Radi, sermon 18

127. Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, vol. 1, part 3, chap. 7, pp. 228

Adverbal Qualification of Time and Place

94. What is an adverbial qualification of time and place?

An adverbial qualification of time and place is a noun mentioned to describe the time or place of the action. For example:حَضَرتُ صَباحاً أمامَ المعلّمِ (I was present in the morning in front of the teacher.)

95. How many kinds of adverbial qualifications of time and place are there?

There are two kinds of adverbial qualifications: time or place.

96. Are all of the adverbial nouns indeclinable?

No, there are some adverbial nouns of time and place that can be used as an adverb and as other than an adverb. Examples of these are:یوم و مکان These adverbs are declinable. Then there are some adverbs which can only be used as adverbial nouns, for example:قَبلَ ، عندَ ، بَعدَ ، لَدُن These adverbs are indeclinable.

97. Does an adverbial noun of time or place need to refer to something?

An adverbial noun of time or place must always refer to either a verb or a noun that is similar to a verb (infinitive, active participle form, passive participle form, adjectives that are similar to verbs, and superlative/comparative forms). For example:جِئتُ صباحاً (I came in the morning.) In this sentence 'morning' refers to the verb 'came.'

98. What are the adverbial nouns of time that are able to be put into the accusative state?

The adverbial nouns of time that can be put in the accusative case are the adverbial nouns of time that can be used as adverbs and other than adverbs. There are two conditions of this, one that the noun refer to a verb or a noun that is like a verb and two that the meaning of 'in' is implied. For example:سافرتُ شهراً (I traveled for a month.)

99. What are the adverbial nouns of place that are able to be put into the accusative state?

The adverbial nouns of place that can be put in the accusative case are the adverbial nouns of place that can be used as adverbs and other than adverbs. There are two conditions of this, one that the noun refer to a verb or a noun that is like a verb and two that the meaning of 'in' is implied. For example:قف یمینک (Stop [in the direction of ] your right side.)

100. Mention some adverbial nouns of place that are able to be put into the accusative state.

Some of the adverbial nouns of place that can be put in the accusative case are:

• The six directions:أمام (front),وراء (behind),یمین (right),یسار (left),فوق (above),تحت (below)

• Distance and weight:میل (mile),کیلو (kilo)

101. What represents an adverbial noun of time or place?

The following words represent an adverbial noun of time or place:

• Infinitives:جئتُ طلوعَ الشَّمسِ (I came at sunrise.)

• Adjectives:نُمتُ طویلاً (I slept for a long time.)

• Numbers:سرتُ خمسةَ أیَّام (I traveled for five days.)

• Demonstrative pronouns:وَقفتُ تلکَ النَّاحیةَ (I stayed in that area.)

• Quantity words such asکل orبعض: مَشَیتُ کل النَّهار (I walked the whole day.)

The MĀ‘ Accusative

102. What is the mā' accusative?

The mā' accusative is a noun in the accusative state mentioned after a wāw that has the meaning of with. For example:ماتَ المریضُ و طلوعَ الشمس (The patient died with the rising of the sun.)

103. What are the conditions of the mā' accusative?

The conditions for the mā' accusative is that it is preceded by:

• A verbal sentence:سِر و الشَّارعَ (Travel by the street.)

• Or, the interrogative mā:ما شأنک و أخاهُ (What is your status with his brother?)

• Or, the interrogative kayf:کیف أنتَ و العِلمَ (How are you with respects to knowledge?)

Exceptive

104. What is an exceptive?

An exceptive is a noun mentioned afterإلا or its sisters and is in opposition to what was mentioned before it. For example:خَرَجَ التلامذةُ من المدرسةِ إلا خالداً (The students left the school, except Khālid.)

105. What are the sisters ofإلا

There are five sisters ofإلا: غَیر، سوی، عَدا، خَلا، و حاشا

106. When is it obligatory to put the exceptive ofإلا in the accusative case?

It is obligatory to put the exceptive ofإلا in the accusative case when the sentence beforeإلا is a complete positive sentence. For example:یعیشُ النَّاسُ براحةٍ إلا الکسلانَ (The people live in comfort except lazy people.)

107. When is it permissible to put the exceptive ofإلا in the accusative case?

It is permissible to put the exceptive ofإلا in the accusative state or to have it follow the word it is an exceptive of if the sentence before theإلا is complete and negative. For example:

ما نَجَحَ الطلابُ إلا إبراهیمَ أو إبراهیمُ (The students did not succeed except Abraham.)

108. When is the state of the exceptive ofإلا determined by what comes before it?

The state of the exceptive ofإلا is determined by what comes before it when the sentence before theإلا is an incomplete sentence. For example:ما جاءَ إلا سلیمٌ (Nobody came except Salīm.)

109. What is the ruling of an exceptive ofغیر orسوی ?

The ruling regarding the exceptives ofغیر andسوی is that it is always in the genitive state being a compliment of a prefixed noun. But the wordsغیر andسوی have the same rules as the exceptive ofإلا . For example:نجح الطلاب غیرَ الکسلانِ (The students succeed except lazy ones.), orما نجح عیرُ المجتهدِ (Nobody succeeds except the striver.)

110. What is the ruling of an exceptive ofخلا , عدا , orحاشا

خلا , عدا , andحاشا are:

• prepositions and whatever comes after them is in the genitive state, for example:

نجح الطلابُ عدا الکسلان

• verbs and whatever comes after them is in the accusative state being the objective compliment, for example:نجح الطلابُ ما عدا الکسلانَ they are always verbs if preceded by a infinitive mā.

HĀl Accusative

111. What is a hāl accusative?

A hāl accusative is a noun mentioned after a complete sentence in order to describe the state of the actor, the objective compliment, or the prefixed noun when the verb took place. The noun can be replaced by a nominal sentence. For example:جاء القائدُ ظافراً (The leader came in a state of victory.)

112. How many types of hāl accusatives are there?

There are three types of hāl accusatives:

• Single:جاء القائد ظافراً

• Sentence:اُطلُبِ العلم و أنتَ فتی (Seek knowledge while you are young.)

• Fragment:رأیتُ الهلالَ بینَ السحاب (I saw the crescent moon in between the clouds.)

113. What is the condition of the singular hāl accusative and what it refers to?

The condition of a singular hāl accusative is that it must be a non-apalistic indefinite noun and what it refers to must be definite. For example:زرتُ الحَيَّ عامراً (I visited the village while it was flourishing)

114. When is the hāl accusative a singular definite noun?

A singular hāl accusative is definite if it can be explained as being indefinite. For example:

جاء التلمیذُ وَحدَهُ (The student came alone.)

115. When is the hāl accusative a singular apalistic noun?

The singular hāl accusative is apalistic if it can be explained as a word derived from something. For example:کرَّ عليٌّ أسداً ('Alī returned like a lion.)

116. How many kinds of hāl sentences are there?

There are two types of hāl sentences: nominal and verbal.

117. What is the hāl sentence conditional on?

The condition of the hāl sentence is that it must have a connection with what it refers to either by:

• a pronoun, if it is a verbal sentence and it refers to a definite noun. For example:جاء الغلامُ یَرکُضُ (The servant came riding [an animal].)

• a wāw of hāl, if it is a nominal sentence. For example:خَرَجُوا مِن دِیارِهِم وَ هُم أُلُفٌ (They left their homes while they were in thousands.)

Specificative

118. What is a specificative?

A specificative is a noun in the accusative state which explains the goal of an unclear word that comes before it. For example:إشتریتُ رَطلاً زیتاً (I bought a bucket of oil.)

119. How many types of specificatives are there?

There are two types of specificatives:

• essential specificatives, which clear up an unclear noun, for example:إشتریتُ رَطلاً عسلاً (I bought a bucket of honey.)

• relative specificatves, which clear up an unclear sentence, for example:طابَ التلمیذُ نفساً (The student was clean, himself.)

120. How many types of words precede a specificative in the accusative state?

The words that precede a specificative in the accusative state are:

• words that denote weight,اشتریتُ رطلاً سمناً (I bought a bucket of lard.)

• words that denote volume or weight of grains,اشتریتُ مُدّاً قَمحاً (I bought a mudd1 of wheat.)

• Words that denote area,اشتریتُ ذراعاً أرضاً (I bought a dhirā‛15 of land.)

• Numbers from 11 to 99,اشتریتُ عشرین کتاباً (I bought 20 books.)

121. Is it permissible for a specificative to be in a state other than the accusative state?

It is permissible to put the specificative of a weight, volume, or area:

• in the genitive case as a compliment to a prefixed noun,اشتریتُ رطلَ سمنٍ (I bought a bucket of lard.)

• in the genitive case with the preposition min,اشتریتُ رطلاً مِن سمنٍ (I bought a bucket of lard.)

    1.

    An ancient form of measurement.

Vocative

122. What is a vocative?

A vocative is a noun that is brought to the listeners attention by a vocative preposition that represents the verb 'I call.' For example:یا رَجُلُ (O' man.)

123. How many vocative prepositions are there?

There are four vocative prepositions:یا ، أیا ، أي ، أ

124. What forms does the vocative take?

A vocative can be:

• a proper noun,یا یوسفُ

• an intended indefinite noun,یا ثعلبُ (O' fox.)

• a non-intended indefinite noun,یا غافلاً (O' unaware person.)

• something similar to a prefixed noun and its compliment,یا عاملاً للخیرِ (O' worker of good.)

125. What states does the vocative take?

There are two states for vocatives: indeclinable on the nominative sign and the accusative state.

126. When is the vocative indeclinable upon the nominative sign?

The vocative is made indeclinable on the nominative sign if it is a proper noun or an intended indefinite noun.

127. When is the vocative in the accusative state?

The vocative is put into the accusative state if it is a non-intended indefinite noun, a prefixed noun, for example:یا عبدَ اللهِ , or an intended indefinite noun that is followed by an adjective, for example:

یا رجلاً شریفاً (O' dignified man.)

128. How is a vocative with the alif-lām suffice formed?

A vocative that has the alif-lām suffix is put in the nominative state and preceded by:

•أیُّها orأیّتها , یا أیّها المسافرُ (O' traveler.)

• A demonstrative pronoun,یا هذا الثعلبُ (O' this fox.)

129. What state does a noun afterأیُّها orأیّتها have?

The word that comes afterأیُّها orأیّتها is:

• a substitute if it is apolistic,یا أیّها الرَجلُ

• an adjective if it is non-apolistic,یا أیّها الفاضل (O' honored person.)

130. How is the word Allah made into a vocative?

Sometimes the word Allah is put into the vocative form by using one of the vocative prepositions, for example:یا اللهُ Sometimes it is put into the vocative form by adding a doubled mīm to the end of Allah, for example:اللّهُمَّ

Jar Prepositions

131. How many jār prepositions are there?

There are fourteen jār prepositions:مِن ، إلی ، عَن ، في ، رُبّ ، الباء ، الکاف ، اللّام ، واو القَسَم ، تاء القَسَم ، حتَّی ، مُذ ، مُنذُ ، علی

132. Do all of these prepositions precede nouns in the same way?

No, there are two categories of jār prepositions:

• those that precede apparent and implied nouns:مِن ، إلی ، عَن ، علی ، في ، اللام ، الباء

• those that only precede apparent nouns:رُبّ ، مُذ ، مُنذُ ، حتی ، الکاف ، واو القسم ، تاء القسم

133. What doesرُبّ precede?

رُبّ precedes indefinite nouns that have an adjective. For example:رُبَّ رَجُلٍ کریمٍ لقیتُهُ

134. What does tā' precede?

The tā' precedes the word Allah, for example:تاللهِ

135. Do jār prepositions have to refer to something?

Yes, jār prepositions have to refer to something. They can either refer to apparent verbs or words that are similar to verbs, for example:وَضَعتُ الکتابَ علیَ الطاوَلةِ (I put the book on the table.) Or, they can refer to implied verbs, for example:الکتابُ علیَ الطاوَلةِ (The book is on the table.)

Compliments to Prefixed Nouns

136. What is a compliment to a prefixed noun?

A compliment to a prefixed noun is a noun that is related to the noun before it. For example:

خادم الأمیر (The commander's servant).

137. What is the rule regarding a prefixed noun if it has the alif-lām suffix?

The alif-lām suffix is erased from prefixed nouns. For example:کتابُ المعلّم (The teacher's book).

138. What is the rule regarding a prefixed noun if it is has nunation?

The nunation is erased from prefixed nouns. For example:سورُ المدینة (The city's wall).

139. What is the rule regarding a prefixed noun if it is in the dual form or a sound masculine plural?

The nūn is erased prefixed nouns if it is in the dual or sound masculine plural forms. For example:یَدا الرَّجُل (The man's two hands).

140. When is it permissible to add the alif-lām suffix to a prefixed noun?

It is permissible to add the alif-lām suffix to a prefixed noun if it is an adjective (active participles, passive participles, adjectives that are similar to verbs, comparatives, and superlatives) in the dual or sound masculine plural form. For example:الفاتحا دمشقَ خالدٌ و أبو عُبیدةَ (The two conquerors of Damascus are Khālid and Abū ‛Ubaydah.) Or, if the prefixed noun is an adjective and the compliment to the prefixed noun is made definite by the alif-lām suffix, for example:

المتَّبع الحقِّ منصورٌ (He who follows the truth will be helped.)

Adjectives

141. What is an adjective?

An adjective is a word that describes a characteristic found in the word before it. For example:

جاءَ التلمیذُ المجتهدُ (The striving student came.)

142. How many types of adjectives are there?

There are two types of adjectives: essential and non-essential.

143. What is an essential adjective?

An essential adjective indicates a characteristic that is in the described word. For example:

جاء الرجل العاقلُ (The rational man came.)

144. What is the ruling regarding an essential adjective?

An essential adjective follows the described word in:

• being definite or indefinite:الثوبُ الممزّقُ (torn clothes)

• being masculine or feminine:وَلَدٌ مُهَذَّبٌ (well-behaved child)

• being singular, dual, or plural:عاملانِ ماهرانِ (two skilled workers)

• the state of the word:عاملَین ماهرَین (two stilled workers)

145. What is a non-essential adjective?

A non-essential adjective indicates a characteristic of a word that follows the described word. For example:جاء الرجلُ الکثیرُ مالُهُ (The man who has a lot of money came.)

146. What is the ruling regarding a non-essential adjective?

A non-essential adjective is

• always singular:رأیتُ الوَلَدَینِ الممزَّقَ ثَوبُهُما (I saw two children with torn clothes)

• follows the word after it in being masculine or feminine:رَأیتُ الغلامَ المُهَذَّبَةَ أختُهُ (I saw a servant whose sister was well behaved.)

• follows the described word in being definite or indefinite and the state that the described word has:رَأیتُ غلاماً عالمةً أمُّهُ (I saw a servant whose mother was a scholar.)

147. What state does the word that comes after a non-essential adjective have?

The word that comes after the non-essential adjective is:

• an actor in the nominative state if the non-essential adjective is an active participle noun or an adjective that is similar to a verb:رَأیتُ غلاماً عالمةً أمُّهُ (I saw a servant whose mother was a scholar.)

• a subject of the predication if the non-essential adjective is a passive participle:

رأیتُ الوَلَدَینِ الممزَّقَ ثَوبُهُما

148. When is a sentence or fragment considered an adjective?

A sentence or fragment can be an adjective only after an indefinite word, for example:

سمعتُ شاعراً یُنشدُ (I heard a poet reciting poetry.)

Conjunctions

149. What is a conjunction?

A conjunction is making a word follow another one by using a preposition. For example:

کَسَرتُ القَلَمَ و الدَّواةَ (I broke the pen and ink bottle.)

150. How many conjunctional prepositions are there?

There are nine conjunctional prepositions:الواو ، الفاء ، ثُمَّ ، أو ، أم ، لَکن ، لا ، بَل ، حَتَّیَ

151. Are conjunctions used between all kinds of words?

Conjunctions are used between nouns, for example:جاءَ الکریمُ و البخیلُ (The generous person and the stingy person came.) and between verbs, for example:قام الرجلُ و سَجَدَ (The man stood up and prostrated.)

152. How is a conjunction used with pronouns?

If the pronoun is implied it must be emphasized by a separated pronoun before the conjunction. For example:جاءَ هُو و أبُوه (He and his father came.)

153. How is a conjunction used with connected pronouns in the nominative state?

If the pronoun is a connected pronoun in the nominative state it must be emphasized by a separate pronoun before the conjunction, for example:جئتَ أنتَ و أخوکَ (You and your brother came.)

154. How is a conjunction used with connected pronouns in the genitive state?

If the pronoun is a connected pronoun in the genitive state the reason for it being in the genitive state (the genitive preposition or the prefixed noun) must be repeated before the word after the conjunct. For example:سَلَّمتُ علیه و علی أخیه (I greeted him and his brother.)

Emphasis

155. What is emphasis?

An emphasis is a word that follows what it emphasizes. For example:جاءَ یوسفُ نفسُهُ (Yusef came himself.)

156. How many types of emphasis are there?

There are two types of emphasis: literated and unliterated.

157. What do we do if we want to use a literated emphasis?

If we want to use a literated emphasis we must repeat the word that we want to emphasize. For example:

• with nouns:جاء الصیف الصیف (Summer came, summer.)

• with verbs:جاءَ جاءَ الصیف (Summer came, it came.)

• with prepositions:نَعم نَعم (Yes, yes.)

• with sentences:طَلَعَ النهارُ طَلَعَ النهارُ (Noon arrived. Noon arrived.)

158. What do we do if we want to use an unliterated emphasis?

If we want to use unliterated emphasis we must use one of the following eight words:نَفس ، عَین ، کِلا ، کِلتا ،کُل ، أحمع ، جمیع ، عامَّة It is obligatory to add a pronoun to these words which follows the emphasized word. For example:جاءَ الأمیرُ عینُه (The commander came, himself.)

159. What doکلا andکلتا emphasize?

کلا andکلتا emphasize words in the dual form. For example:أکرِم والدیک کلَیها (Respect your parents, both of them.)

Substitutes

160. What is a substitute?

A substitute follows what it indicates. For example:جاءَ یوسفُ أخوکَ (Joseph, your brother, came.)

161. How many types of substitutes are there?

There are three types of substitutes: substitutes of the whole, substitutes of the part, substitutes of implication.

162. What is a substitute of the whole?

A substitute of the whole indicates the indicated word completely, for example:أخوکَ إبراهیمُ صدیقُنا (Your brother, Abraham, is our friend.)

163. What is a substitute of the part?

A substitute of the part indicates part of the indicated word, for example:سَقَطَ البیتُ سَقفُهُ (The house, its ceiling, fell.)

164. What is a substitute of implication?

A substitute of implication indicates an essential characteristic of the indicated word, for example:أطرَبني البلبلُ تَغریدُه (I was moved by the nightingale's song.)

165. What is the condition of substitutes of the part and substitutes of implication?

The condition of the substitutes of the part and substitutes of implication is that they have to be contracted to a pronoun that refers to the indicated word. For example:قرأتُ الکتابَ نصفَهُ (I read the book, half of it.)

Adverbal Qualification of Time and Place

94. What is an adverbial qualification of time and place?

An adverbial qualification of time and place is a noun mentioned to describe the time or place of the action. For example:حَضَرتُ صَباحاً أمامَ المعلّمِ (I was present in the morning in front of the teacher.)

95. How many kinds of adverbial qualifications of time and place are there?

There are two kinds of adverbial qualifications: time or place.

96. Are all of the adverbial nouns indeclinable?

No, there are some adverbial nouns of time and place that can be used as an adverb and as other than an adverb. Examples of these are:یوم و مکان These adverbs are declinable. Then there are some adverbs which can only be used as adverbial nouns, for example:قَبلَ ، عندَ ، بَعدَ ، لَدُن These adverbs are indeclinable.

97. Does an adverbial noun of time or place need to refer to something?

An adverbial noun of time or place must always refer to either a verb or a noun that is similar to a verb (infinitive, active participle form, passive participle form, adjectives that are similar to verbs, and superlative/comparative forms). For example:جِئتُ صباحاً (I came in the morning.) In this sentence 'morning' refers to the verb 'came.'

98. What are the adverbial nouns of time that are able to be put into the accusative state?

The adverbial nouns of time that can be put in the accusative case are the adverbial nouns of time that can be used as adverbs and other than adverbs. There are two conditions of this, one that the noun refer to a verb or a noun that is like a verb and two that the meaning of 'in' is implied. For example:سافرتُ شهراً (I traveled for a month.)

99. What are the adverbial nouns of place that are able to be put into the accusative state?

The adverbial nouns of place that can be put in the accusative case are the adverbial nouns of place that can be used as adverbs and other than adverbs. There are two conditions of this, one that the noun refer to a verb or a noun that is like a verb and two that the meaning of 'in' is implied. For example:قف یمینک (Stop [in the direction of ] your right side.)

100. Mention some adverbial nouns of place that are able to be put into the accusative state.

Some of the adverbial nouns of place that can be put in the accusative case are:

• The six directions:أمام (front),وراء (behind),یمین (right),یسار (left),فوق (above),تحت (below)

• Distance and weight:میل (mile),کیلو (kilo)

101. What represents an adverbial noun of time or place?

The following words represent an adverbial noun of time or place:

• Infinitives:جئتُ طلوعَ الشَّمسِ (I came at sunrise.)

• Adjectives:نُمتُ طویلاً (I slept for a long time.)

• Numbers:سرتُ خمسةَ أیَّام (I traveled for five days.)

• Demonstrative pronouns:وَقفتُ تلکَ النَّاحیةَ (I stayed in that area.)

• Quantity words such asکل orبعض: مَشَیتُ کل النَّهار (I walked the whole day.)

The MĀ‘ Accusative

102. What is the mā' accusative?

The mā' accusative is a noun in the accusative state mentioned after a wāw that has the meaning of with. For example:ماتَ المریضُ و طلوعَ الشمس (The patient died with the rising of the sun.)

103. What are the conditions of the mā' accusative?

The conditions for the mā' accusative is that it is preceded by:

• A verbal sentence:سِر و الشَّارعَ (Travel by the street.)

• Or, the interrogative mā:ما شأنک و أخاهُ (What is your status with his brother?)

• Or, the interrogative kayf:کیف أنتَ و العِلمَ (How are you with respects to knowledge?)

Exceptive

104. What is an exceptive?

An exceptive is a noun mentioned afterإلا or its sisters and is in opposition to what was mentioned before it. For example:خَرَجَ التلامذةُ من المدرسةِ إلا خالداً (The students left the school, except Khālid.)

105. What are the sisters ofإلا

There are five sisters ofإلا: غَیر، سوی، عَدا، خَلا، و حاشا

106. When is it obligatory to put the exceptive ofإلا in the accusative case?

It is obligatory to put the exceptive ofإلا in the accusative case when the sentence beforeإلا is a complete positive sentence. For example:یعیشُ النَّاسُ براحةٍ إلا الکسلانَ (The people live in comfort except lazy people.)

107. When is it permissible to put the exceptive ofإلا in the accusative case?

It is permissible to put the exceptive ofإلا in the accusative state or to have it follow the word it is an exceptive of if the sentence before theإلا is complete and negative. For example:

ما نَجَحَ الطلابُ إلا إبراهیمَ أو إبراهیمُ (The students did not succeed except Abraham.)

108. When is the state of the exceptive ofإلا determined by what comes before it?

The state of the exceptive ofإلا is determined by what comes before it when the sentence before theإلا is an incomplete sentence. For example:ما جاءَ إلا سلیمٌ (Nobody came except Salīm.)

109. What is the ruling of an exceptive ofغیر orسوی ?

The ruling regarding the exceptives ofغیر andسوی is that it is always in the genitive state being a compliment of a prefixed noun. But the wordsغیر andسوی have the same rules as the exceptive ofإلا . For example:نجح الطلاب غیرَ الکسلانِ (The students succeed except lazy ones.), orما نجح عیرُ المجتهدِ (Nobody succeeds except the striver.)

110. What is the ruling of an exceptive ofخلا , عدا , orحاشا

خلا , عدا , andحاشا are:

• prepositions and whatever comes after them is in the genitive state, for example:

نجح الطلابُ عدا الکسلان

• verbs and whatever comes after them is in the accusative state being the objective compliment, for example:نجح الطلابُ ما عدا الکسلانَ they are always verbs if preceded by a infinitive mā.

HĀl Accusative

111. What is a hāl accusative?

A hāl accusative is a noun mentioned after a complete sentence in order to describe the state of the actor, the objective compliment, or the prefixed noun when the verb took place. The noun can be replaced by a nominal sentence. For example:جاء القائدُ ظافراً (The leader came in a state of victory.)

112. How many types of hāl accusatives are there?

There are three types of hāl accusatives:

• Single:جاء القائد ظافراً

• Sentence:اُطلُبِ العلم و أنتَ فتی (Seek knowledge while you are young.)

• Fragment:رأیتُ الهلالَ بینَ السحاب (I saw the crescent moon in between the clouds.)

113. What is the condition of the singular hāl accusative and what it refers to?

The condition of a singular hāl accusative is that it must be a non-apalistic indefinite noun and what it refers to must be definite. For example:زرتُ الحَيَّ عامراً (I visited the village while it was flourishing)

114. When is the hāl accusative a singular definite noun?

A singular hāl accusative is definite if it can be explained as being indefinite. For example:

جاء التلمیذُ وَحدَهُ (The student came alone.)

115. When is the hāl accusative a singular apalistic noun?

The singular hāl accusative is apalistic if it can be explained as a word derived from something. For example:کرَّ عليٌّ أسداً ('Alī returned like a lion.)

116. How many kinds of hāl sentences are there?

There are two types of hāl sentences: nominal and verbal.

117. What is the hāl sentence conditional on?

The condition of the hāl sentence is that it must have a connection with what it refers to either by:

• a pronoun, if it is a verbal sentence and it refers to a definite noun. For example:جاء الغلامُ یَرکُضُ (The servant came riding [an animal].)

• a wāw of hāl, if it is a nominal sentence. For example:خَرَجُوا مِن دِیارِهِم وَ هُم أُلُفٌ (They left their homes while they were in thousands.)

Specificative

118. What is a specificative?

A specificative is a noun in the accusative state which explains the goal of an unclear word that comes before it. For example:إشتریتُ رَطلاً زیتاً (I bought a bucket of oil.)

119. How many types of specificatives are there?

There are two types of specificatives:

• essential specificatives, which clear up an unclear noun, for example:إشتریتُ رَطلاً عسلاً (I bought a bucket of honey.)

• relative specificatves, which clear up an unclear sentence, for example:طابَ التلمیذُ نفساً (The student was clean, himself.)

120. How many types of words precede a specificative in the accusative state?

The words that precede a specificative in the accusative state are:

• words that denote weight,اشتریتُ رطلاً سمناً (I bought a bucket of lard.)

• words that denote volume or weight of grains,اشتریتُ مُدّاً قَمحاً (I bought a mudd1 of wheat.)

• Words that denote area,اشتریتُ ذراعاً أرضاً (I bought a dhirā‛15 of land.)

• Numbers from 11 to 99,اشتریتُ عشرین کتاباً (I bought 20 books.)

121. Is it permissible for a specificative to be in a state other than the accusative state?

It is permissible to put the specificative of a weight, volume, or area:

• in the genitive case as a compliment to a prefixed noun,اشتریتُ رطلَ سمنٍ (I bought a bucket of lard.)

• in the genitive case with the preposition min,اشتریتُ رطلاً مِن سمنٍ (I bought a bucket of lard.)

    1.

    An ancient form of measurement.

Vocative

122. What is a vocative?

A vocative is a noun that is brought to the listeners attention by a vocative preposition that represents the verb 'I call.' For example:یا رَجُلُ (O' man.)

123. How many vocative prepositions are there?

There are four vocative prepositions:یا ، أیا ، أي ، أ

124. What forms does the vocative take?

A vocative can be:

• a proper noun,یا یوسفُ

• an intended indefinite noun,یا ثعلبُ (O' fox.)

• a non-intended indefinite noun,یا غافلاً (O' unaware person.)

• something similar to a prefixed noun and its compliment,یا عاملاً للخیرِ (O' worker of good.)

125. What states does the vocative take?

There are two states for vocatives: indeclinable on the nominative sign and the accusative state.

126. When is the vocative indeclinable upon the nominative sign?

The vocative is made indeclinable on the nominative sign if it is a proper noun or an intended indefinite noun.

127. When is the vocative in the accusative state?

The vocative is put into the accusative state if it is a non-intended indefinite noun, a prefixed noun, for example:یا عبدَ اللهِ , or an intended indefinite noun that is followed by an adjective, for example:

یا رجلاً شریفاً (O' dignified man.)

128. How is a vocative with the alif-lām suffice formed?

A vocative that has the alif-lām suffix is put in the nominative state and preceded by:

•أیُّها orأیّتها , یا أیّها المسافرُ (O' traveler.)

• A demonstrative pronoun,یا هذا الثعلبُ (O' this fox.)

129. What state does a noun afterأیُّها orأیّتها have?

The word that comes afterأیُّها orأیّتها is:

• a substitute if it is apolistic,یا أیّها الرَجلُ

• an adjective if it is non-apolistic,یا أیّها الفاضل (O' honored person.)

130. How is the word Allah made into a vocative?

Sometimes the word Allah is put into the vocative form by using one of the vocative prepositions, for example:یا اللهُ Sometimes it is put into the vocative form by adding a doubled mīm to the end of Allah, for example:اللّهُمَّ

Jar Prepositions

131. How many jār prepositions are there?

There are fourteen jār prepositions:مِن ، إلی ، عَن ، في ، رُبّ ، الباء ، الکاف ، اللّام ، واو القَسَم ، تاء القَسَم ، حتَّی ، مُذ ، مُنذُ ، علی

132. Do all of these prepositions precede nouns in the same way?

No, there are two categories of jār prepositions:

• those that precede apparent and implied nouns:مِن ، إلی ، عَن ، علی ، في ، اللام ، الباء

• those that only precede apparent nouns:رُبّ ، مُذ ، مُنذُ ، حتی ، الکاف ، واو القسم ، تاء القسم

133. What doesرُبّ precede?

رُبّ precedes indefinite nouns that have an adjective. For example:رُبَّ رَجُلٍ کریمٍ لقیتُهُ

134. What does tā' precede?

The tā' precedes the word Allah, for example:تاللهِ

135. Do jār prepositions have to refer to something?

Yes, jār prepositions have to refer to something. They can either refer to apparent verbs or words that are similar to verbs, for example:وَضَعتُ الکتابَ علیَ الطاوَلةِ (I put the book on the table.) Or, they can refer to implied verbs, for example:الکتابُ علیَ الطاوَلةِ (The book is on the table.)

Compliments to Prefixed Nouns

136. What is a compliment to a prefixed noun?

A compliment to a prefixed noun is a noun that is related to the noun before it. For example:

خادم الأمیر (The commander's servant).

137. What is the rule regarding a prefixed noun if it has the alif-lām suffix?

The alif-lām suffix is erased from prefixed nouns. For example:کتابُ المعلّم (The teacher's book).

138. What is the rule regarding a prefixed noun if it is has nunation?

The nunation is erased from prefixed nouns. For example:سورُ المدینة (The city's wall).

139. What is the rule regarding a prefixed noun if it is in the dual form or a sound masculine plural?

The nūn is erased prefixed nouns if it is in the dual or sound masculine plural forms. For example:یَدا الرَّجُل (The man's two hands).

140. When is it permissible to add the alif-lām suffix to a prefixed noun?

It is permissible to add the alif-lām suffix to a prefixed noun if it is an adjective (active participles, passive participles, adjectives that are similar to verbs, comparatives, and superlatives) in the dual or sound masculine plural form. For example:الفاتحا دمشقَ خالدٌ و أبو عُبیدةَ (The two conquerors of Damascus are Khālid and Abū ‛Ubaydah.) Or, if the prefixed noun is an adjective and the compliment to the prefixed noun is made definite by the alif-lām suffix, for example:

المتَّبع الحقِّ منصورٌ (He who follows the truth will be helped.)

Adjectives

141. What is an adjective?

An adjective is a word that describes a characteristic found in the word before it. For example:

جاءَ التلمیذُ المجتهدُ (The striving student came.)

142. How many types of adjectives are there?

There are two types of adjectives: essential and non-essential.

143. What is an essential adjective?

An essential adjective indicates a characteristic that is in the described word. For example:

جاء الرجل العاقلُ (The rational man came.)

144. What is the ruling regarding an essential adjective?

An essential adjective follows the described word in:

• being definite or indefinite:الثوبُ الممزّقُ (torn clothes)

• being masculine or feminine:وَلَدٌ مُهَذَّبٌ (well-behaved child)

• being singular, dual, or plural:عاملانِ ماهرانِ (two skilled workers)

• the state of the word:عاملَین ماهرَین (two stilled workers)

145. What is a non-essential adjective?

A non-essential adjective indicates a characteristic of a word that follows the described word. For example:جاء الرجلُ الکثیرُ مالُهُ (The man who has a lot of money came.)

146. What is the ruling regarding a non-essential adjective?

A non-essential adjective is

• always singular:رأیتُ الوَلَدَینِ الممزَّقَ ثَوبُهُما (I saw two children with torn clothes)

• follows the word after it in being masculine or feminine:رَأیتُ الغلامَ المُهَذَّبَةَ أختُهُ (I saw a servant whose sister was well behaved.)

• follows the described word in being definite or indefinite and the state that the described word has:رَأیتُ غلاماً عالمةً أمُّهُ (I saw a servant whose mother was a scholar.)

147. What state does the word that comes after a non-essential adjective have?

The word that comes after the non-essential adjective is:

• an actor in the nominative state if the non-essential adjective is an active participle noun or an adjective that is similar to a verb:رَأیتُ غلاماً عالمةً أمُّهُ (I saw a servant whose mother was a scholar.)

• a subject of the predication if the non-essential adjective is a passive participle:

رأیتُ الوَلَدَینِ الممزَّقَ ثَوبُهُما

148. When is a sentence or fragment considered an adjective?

A sentence or fragment can be an adjective only after an indefinite word, for example:

سمعتُ شاعراً یُنشدُ (I heard a poet reciting poetry.)

Conjunctions

149. What is a conjunction?

A conjunction is making a word follow another one by using a preposition. For example:

کَسَرتُ القَلَمَ و الدَّواةَ (I broke the pen and ink bottle.)

150. How many conjunctional prepositions are there?

There are nine conjunctional prepositions:الواو ، الفاء ، ثُمَّ ، أو ، أم ، لَکن ، لا ، بَل ، حَتَّیَ

151. Are conjunctions used between all kinds of words?

Conjunctions are used between nouns, for example:جاءَ الکریمُ و البخیلُ (The generous person and the stingy person came.) and between verbs, for example:قام الرجلُ و سَجَدَ (The man stood up and prostrated.)

152. How is a conjunction used with pronouns?

If the pronoun is implied it must be emphasized by a separated pronoun before the conjunction. For example:جاءَ هُو و أبُوه (He and his father came.)

153. How is a conjunction used with connected pronouns in the nominative state?

If the pronoun is a connected pronoun in the nominative state it must be emphasized by a separate pronoun before the conjunction, for example:جئتَ أنتَ و أخوکَ (You and your brother came.)

154. How is a conjunction used with connected pronouns in the genitive state?

If the pronoun is a connected pronoun in the genitive state the reason for it being in the genitive state (the genitive preposition or the prefixed noun) must be repeated before the word after the conjunct. For example:سَلَّمتُ علیه و علی أخیه (I greeted him and his brother.)

Emphasis

155. What is emphasis?

An emphasis is a word that follows what it emphasizes. For example:جاءَ یوسفُ نفسُهُ (Yusef came himself.)

156. How many types of emphasis are there?

There are two types of emphasis: literated and unliterated.

157. What do we do if we want to use a literated emphasis?

If we want to use a literated emphasis we must repeat the word that we want to emphasize. For example:

• with nouns:جاء الصیف الصیف (Summer came, summer.)

• with verbs:جاءَ جاءَ الصیف (Summer came, it came.)

• with prepositions:نَعم نَعم (Yes, yes.)

• with sentences:طَلَعَ النهارُ طَلَعَ النهارُ (Noon arrived. Noon arrived.)

158. What do we do if we want to use an unliterated emphasis?

If we want to use unliterated emphasis we must use one of the following eight words:نَفس ، عَین ، کِلا ، کِلتا ،کُل ، أحمع ، جمیع ، عامَّة It is obligatory to add a pronoun to these words which follows the emphasized word. For example:جاءَ الأمیرُ عینُه (The commander came, himself.)

159. What doکلا andکلتا emphasize?

کلا andکلتا emphasize words in the dual form. For example:أکرِم والدیک کلَیها (Respect your parents, both of them.)

Substitutes

160. What is a substitute?

A substitute follows what it indicates. For example:جاءَ یوسفُ أخوکَ (Joseph, your brother, came.)

161. How many types of substitutes are there?

There are three types of substitutes: substitutes of the whole, substitutes of the part, substitutes of implication.

162. What is a substitute of the whole?

A substitute of the whole indicates the indicated word completely, for example:أخوکَ إبراهیمُ صدیقُنا (Your brother, Abraham, is our friend.)

163. What is a substitute of the part?

A substitute of the part indicates part of the indicated word, for example:سَقَطَ البیتُ سَقفُهُ (The house, its ceiling, fell.)

164. What is a substitute of implication?

A substitute of implication indicates an essential characteristic of the indicated word, for example:أطرَبني البلبلُ تَغریدُه (I was moved by the nightingale's song.)

165. What is the condition of substitutes of the part and substitutes of implication?

The condition of the substitutes of the part and substitutes of implication is that they have to be contracted to a pronoun that refers to the indicated word. For example:قرأتُ الکتابَ نصفَهُ (I read the book, half of it.)