Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

Authenticity of the Quran

Author(s):Shaykh MuslimBhanji

Publisher(s):Tabligh Centre of KSIJamat

www.alhassanain.org/english

Table of Contents

Introduction: Who is the author of the Qur’an? 3

Evidences on the Authenticity of the Qur’an 4

The Exclusive Eloquence of the Qur’an 5

a) The Role of Poetry in the lives of the Pre-Islamic Arabs 5

b) Miracles should be relevant to the Time 5

The Challenge of the Qur’an 7

a) The Unbelievers failed to produce the like of Qur’an 7

The Scientific Miracle of the Qur’an 9

a) Holy Qur’an is everlasting Miracle 9

b) Holy Qur’an is in Total Agreement with Modern Scientific Data 9

c) Holy Qur’an encourages seeking of Science and Knowledge 10

Some Brief Examples of Scientific Data in the Qur’an 12

a) The Earth and Heavens were Joined Together 12

b) Expansion of Universe 12

c) Force of Gravity 12

d) Production of Milk in Animals 12

e) In Pairs 13

f) Role of Wind 13

g) Light in the Moon is merely a Reflection 13

h) High Altitude 13

i) Honey Bees 14

j) Development of the Embryo 14

Accuracy of Historical Records in the Qur’an 15

a) Ashabe Kahf 15

b) City of Iram 15

c) The body of Fir’aun 16

Predictions in the Qur’an 17

a) The Descendants of the Prophet (S) 17

b) Defeat of Persian Empire 17

c) Conquest of Khaybar and Mecca 18

d) The Final Outcome of Abu Lahab 18

e) The Return of the Prophet (S) to Mecca 18

Lack of Contradictions in the Qur’an 19

Prophet Muhammad (S) was Unlettered 20

No Resemblance Between the Words of Qur’an and Hadith 22

Non-Muslims Admit 23

Conclusion 24

Selected References 25

Introduction: Who is the author of the Qur’an?

Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim

Whatever the arguments of the non-believer critics, the Qur’an states explicitly:

“(This is) revelation of the book in which there is no doubt, from the Lord of the worlds. Or do they say he has forged it? Nay it is the truth from the Lord.” (32:2-3)

From the time of its revelation till today, people have tried to cast doubts about the Divinity of the Holy Qur’an, and have tried to argue in vain that the author of the Qur’an is Prophet Muhammad himself; but they have not succeeded because of its inherent truth.

Our study of the Qur'an acquaints us with a distinguishing characteristic of this holy book. This distinguishing characteristic is the absolute authenticity of its source. That is, without the slightest need of any comparison between the oldest manuscripts, it is evident that what we recite as the verses of the Holy Qur'an, are exactly the same words presented before the world by the Almighty Allah (swt ) through His messenger Muhammadibn Abdallah (S).

In another words, thedistinguished feature of the Qur'an is the quality of its contents: its teachings are genuinely original and have not been adopted or plagiarized. Its teachings have been delivered to the Prophet from a world that transcends his thought and mind. The Prophet (S) was only a recipient of this revelation and message. As Allah says:

“. . and those who are firmly rooted in knowledge say: We believe in it, it is all from our Lord." (3 : 7).

This paper attempts to present several logical arguments, textual analysis, historical evidence and scientific data to prove that the ‘Source of Qur’an is God’, in a simple way forMadrassa teachers to use as a Resource paper in the subject.

Due to magnitude of the subject matter, this paper will limit itself to one angle of discussion only: simple and straight forward evidences to prove the “Authenticity of the Qur’an as a Word of God”. However, separate study paper will be required to discuss and make critical review and refutationof : “Authorship theories on the source of Qur’an as forwarded by the unbelievers”, as the biased unbelievers have forwarded several baseless theories on the authorship of Qur’an, which require a detailed critique.

Similarly, altogether separate study papers are needed on the following themes:

• Evidences on the “Originality and Genuineness of the Qur’an”, i.e. Qur’an has remained immune against any type of interpolation or transfiguration in its text and even its arrangement, contrary to other revealed books.

• A study on “Comparison between Qur’an and the other revealed books”.

• A paper on “Process of Revelation, Compilation and Preservation of Qur’an”.

Evidences on the Authenticity of the Qur’an

As the opponents want us to believe, the Holy Qur’an is not the product of the holy Prophet’s speculation and thinking, rather it is a revealed book in which every word is the word of the Almighty that was communicated to the Prophet through the process of revelation. While historical testimony in this regard is unquestionable, the Qur’an emphasizes it further with a view of showing the opponents of Islam that what came out from the sacred lips of the Prophet was a divine revelation:

“(This is) the revelation of the book in which there is no doubt, from the Lord of the worlds. Will they say: ‘He has forgedit! ’ Nay, it is the Truth from the Lord ...”. (32:2-3)

“But Allah bears witness that what He has revealed to you (O Muhammad), He has revealed from His own knowledge, and the angels bear witness (to it), but sufficient is Allah for witness”. (4:166).

“And you (O Muhammad) did not recite any book before this, noryou were able to transcribe one with your right hand. In that case, indeed those who talk vanity could have doubted.” (29:48).

Following are some evidences and arguments in brief, to prove the authenticity of the Holy Qur’an as the word of Allah (swt ).

The Exclusive Eloquence of the Qur’an

The Prophet of Islam began conveying his heavenly messages in the midst of society where people’s minds revolved exclusively around eloquent speech and the composition of beautiful and attractive poetry and literary excellence. Under these conditions, God equipped His prophet with a weapon, theQur’an, that apparently belonged to the same category as the literary works of the age but possessed unique and astonishing characteristics that were beyond the capacity of the human being to reproduce.

a) The Role of Poetry in the lives of the Pre-Islamic Arabs

To understand why Muhammad's strongest argument or miracle was a book, the Holy Qur'an, it is necessary to understand the role language and linguistic composition played in the lives of the pre-Islamic Arabs. It is also important to understand the nature of the Arabic language itself during the pre-Islamic period. This understanding will help to show why the revelation of the Qur'an through Muhammad (S) found attentive ears among his contemporaries, who not only were articulate users of the language but held those skilled in the arts of linguistic composition in high esteem.

Before the rise of Islam, Arabic was mainly a spoken language with an oral literature of elaborate poetry and, to a lesser extent, prose. Writing had not yet fully developed and memorization was the most common means of preserving the literature. Both poetry and prose in the pre-Islamic era dealt with a rather limited range of topics which included in the case of poetry praise, eulogy (panegyric), defamation, and love, and in the case of prose superstition, legends, parables, and wisdom tales.

Pre-Islamic Arabs took great pride in their language and in articulate and accurate speech, the latter being one of the main requisites for social prominence. On this particular point, ProfessorHitti writes: “No people in the world manifest such enthusiastic admiration for literary expression and are moved by the word, spoken or written, as the Arabs. Hardly any language seems capable of exercising over the minds of its users such an irresistible influence as Arabic”.

Such was the role that the spoken word played in the life of pre-Islamic Arabs. With the emphasis placed on eloquent and articulate speech, the prominent position occupied by those who had the talent for linguistic composition, and the pride the early Arabs took in their language, it is little wonder that the Qur'an was revealed in the most eloquent, articulate, and elaborate style the Arabic language has known. The Qur'an has without doubt provided a level of linguistic excellence unparalleled in the history of the Arabic language.

Theologians explain this phenomenon as God's wisdom in addressing the articulate Arabs through the medium in which they were most adept and with which they felt most comfortable. The effectiveness of the Qur'an was thus ensured by the fact that it represented a level of eloquence unattainable even by their most eloquent speakers.

b) Miracles should be relevant to the Time

God offered the Qur'an as the Prophet's sign in the same way as He offered signs for all the other prophets. He sent the things most appropriate to the time in which they were sent. Thus Prophet Musa (as) had the power to divide the sea with his hand and rod, and to let the rock burst forth with water in the desert, and all his other signs in a time of magic.

And ProphetIssa (as) had the power to bring the dead back to life, to make birds out of clay, to cure those who had been blind from birth and the leprous, and all his other signs in a time of medicine. And Prophet Muhammad (S) had the book and all his other signs in a time of eloquence.

If the Prophet had performed some miracle other than the Qur’an, it would have no meaning for that people, given their mental structure. The path would have been open for all kinds of doubt and hesitation. But the Arabs of that age who were addressed by the Qur’an could never have any doubts about its extraordinary eloquence, for they were all aware of all the mysteries of rhetoric and had living among them masters of language and literary composition, hence their admitting that the Qur’an could not have been the production of Prophet Muhammad (S).

The Challenge of the Qur’an

a) The Unbelievers failed to produce the like of Qur’an

When the revelations of the Qur’an began, the Most Noble Messenger clearly proclaimed the Qur’an to be the word of God, and said it was impossible for any human being to duplicate it. If anyone disagreed, he ought to make an attempt to copy it, and should feel free to seek help from any source in doing so. None was able to take up this challenge and produce even a shortsurah similar to the Qur’an.

The Qur'an remains a book of inimitable quality, not only from a linguistic, but also from and intellectual, point of view. When Muhammad was challenged by his fellow countrymen to present a miracle, in keeping with the tradition of other prophets, he presented the Qur'an to them. The inimitability of the Qur'an is repeatedly emphasized in the Holy Book itself.

The Qur’an issued a challenge not only to the contemporaries of the Prophet but also to men in all ages. In order to demonstrate the incapacity and impotence of people to imitate it, it issued the following universal proclamation:

“Were all mankind to come together and wish to produce the like of the Qur’an, they would neversucceed, however much they aided each other”. (17:88)

It then modifies the challenge and reduces its scope by saying:

“Do people imagine that this Qur’an is not fromUs , and that you, O Prophet are falsely attributing to us? Tell them that if they are speaking truly they should produce tensurahs resembling the Qur’an, and that they are free to call on the aid of anyone but God in so doing.” (11:13)

Then, at the third stage, the scope of the challenge is reduced still further: the deniers are called on to produce only a singlesurah resembling the Qur’an:

“Oh people, if you doubt the heavenly origin of this Book whichWe have sent down to Our servant, the Prophet, produce onesurah like it.” (2:23)

A yet stronger challenge occurs in another chapter:

“Or do they say: 'He forged it'? Say: 'Bring then asura like unto it and call [to your aid] anyone you can”. (10:38)

Since we know that some of the shortersurahs consist only of a few brief sentences, this final challenge constituted a definitive proof of the human being’s inability to imitate the Qur’an. Can the person of today take up the challenge of the Qur’an and produce aSurah like it, thereby conquering the stronghold of Islam and invalidating the claim of its Prophet?

Let us not forget that this challenge was issued to a people whose leaders were threatened by the devastating attacks of the Qur’an - their lives, their property, their ancient customs, their ancestors, their whole social position. If it had been at all possible for the Arabs to respond to the challenge of the Qur’an, they would have taken it up immediately, with the unstinting aid of the masters of eloquence that were by no means rare in that age. Thus they would have invalidated the proofs of the Qur’an and won an everlasting victory.

Qur’an has proposed a very simple challenge to those who oppose it. Why do then the deniers ofprophethood choose roundabout ways, avoiding this direct method of confronting and defeating Islam? Is not because the door is firmly closed on meeting the challenge posed by the Qur’an?

It is not that they did not try to mute the challenge.Infact , they called into play all their resources in an effort to meet the challenge of the Qur’an, but all their efforts came to naught. They were unable to point even to a single error or defect in the Qur’an, and were obliged to admit that its words were situated on a higher plane than the thought and speech of the human being.

The Scientific Miracle of the Qur’an

The Qur’an is definitely not a Science book, but since the Qur’an is intended to be an eternal miracle, revealed to make science and learning blossom among human beings, it is also a scientific miracle. It has expounded, in the most eloquent fashion, truths of a physical nature together with everything that touches. Although those who are not acquainted with the scientific truths cannot fully appreciate itsmiraculousness , they can perceive the miraculous nature of the meanings and truths it contains.

a) Holy Qur’an is everlasting Miracle

The limitation in time of the miracles performed by the earlier Prophets was an indication of the impermanence of their religions and the laws that they brought. By contrast, the miracle attesting to theprophethood for the Prophet of Islam cannot be temporally limited, because his message is universal and represents the culmination of all preceding religions; hisprophethood requires an eternal miracle, a brilliant and eloquent proof of its immortality embedded with the ongoing scientific discoveries.

A permanent message must display to mankind a permanent and everlasting miracle, one which advances with time, so that just as it offered convincing proof to people of the past, it may do the same to people of the future. A short-lived miracle that is imperceptible to later generations cannot be a source of reference or judgment for the future.

For this reason, the Qur’an is presented as a permanent and everlasting miracle, the final manifestation of God's revelation. The Qur’an itself says:

"The true and well-formulated message of your Lord has now been completed, and none is able to change it." (6:115)

For Muslims, themiraculousness of the Qur’an is not only a matter of religious belief, but for scholars and researchers it is a matter of scientific belief.

The Qur’an possesses a remarkable comprehensiveness and richness, with respect to its world view and scientific content, and its ability to guide not only the individual and society in spiritual aspect, but also in the realms of natural environment and mysteries of life. There are still many matters contained in the Qur’an that call for investigation and await discovery by further research.

b) Holy Qur’an is in Total Agreement with Modern Scientific Data

Throughout ages, mankind has undergone numerous changes, and passing through repeated stages of development and growth, it has attained a more comprehensive awareness of the mysteries of creation. Nonetheless, the Qur’an has at all times retained its proud and dignified presence on the stage of human history and scientific discoveries.

Dr. MauriceBucaille , the French scientist, writes as follows: “A crucial fact is that the Qur’an, while inviting us to cultivate science, itself contains many observations on natural phenomena and includes explanatory details which are seen to be in total agreement with modern scientific data......

“These scientific considerations, which are very specific to the Qur’an, greatly surprised me first. Up until then, I had not thought it possible for one to find so many statements in a text compiled more than thirteen centuries ago referring to extremely diverse subjects and all of them totally in keeping with modern scientific knowledge. .....

A thorough linguistic knowledge is not in itself sufficient to understand these verses from the Qur’an. What is needed along with this is a highly diversified knowledge of Science. The hypothesis advanced by those who see Muhammad as the author of Qur’an is quite untenable. How could a man, from being illiterate, become the most important author, in terms of literary merit, in the whole of Arabic literature? How could he then pronounce truths of a scientific nature that no other human being could possibly have developed at the time, and all this without once making the slightest error in his pronouncements on the subject?

“The ideas in this study are developed from a purely scientific point of view. They lead to the conclusion that it is inconceivable from a human being living in the seventh century A.D. To have made statements in the Qur’an on a great variety of subjects that do not belong to his period and for them to be in keeping with what was to be known only centuries later. For me, there can be no human explanation to the Qur’an”.

c) Holy Qur’an encourages seeking of Science and Knowledge

No other revealed book praises and encourages science and knowledge as does the Qur'an and it is for this reason that the Qur'an names the age of the desert Arabs, together with their pagan cultures, before Islam as the "age of ignorance." In over a hundred verses reference is made to science and knowledge in a variety of ways; and many of these verses praise the value of scientific knowledge.

In Qur’an, God indicates thefavour he has done man by bringing him out of his state of ignorance.

"He teaches man what he did not know." (96:5)

Likewise, we read in Qur’an:

"God will exalt those who believe among you and those who have knowledge to high ranks," (58:11);

and Allah (swt ) also says,

"Are those who know equal to those who do not". (39:9).

Besides the many verses in the Qur'an concerning knowledge, there are also countless traditions of the Prophet and the Imams on this subject which rank second only in importance to the Qur'an.

In verses too numerous to mention, the Qur'an invites one to reflect upon the signsOf creation: the heavens, the shining stars and their astonishing celestial movements, and the cosmic order which rules over them all.

Similarly, the Qur'an urges one to reflect upon the creation of the earth, the seas, the mountains, the desert, and the wonders contained below the surface of the earth, the difference between night and day and the changing cycle of seasons. It urges mankind to meditate on the extra ordinary creation of the plants and the order and symmetry governing their growth, as well as the multiplicity of the animal kingdom.

The Qur'an invites one to witness the interdependence of beings and how all live in harmony with nature. It calls upon man also, to ponder on his own make-up, on the secrets of creation which are hidden within him, on his soul, on the depth of his perception, and on his relationship with the world of the spirit.

The Qur'an commands man to travel in the world in order to witness other cultures and to investigate the social orders, history and philosophies of past people. Thus it calls man to a study of the natural sciences, mathematics, philosophy, the arts and all sciences available to man, and to study them for the benefit of man and the well-being of society.

The Qur'an strongly recommends the study of these sciences on the condition that it leads to truth and reality, that it produces a correct view of the world based on an understanding of God.

Knowledge, which merely keeps a man occupied and prevents him from knowing the reality of his own existence, is equated with ignorance. Allah (swt ) says in Qur’an:

"They know only some appearance of the life of one world and are heedless of the Hereafter" (30:7).

"Have you seen him who makes his Desire his goal, and God sends him astray purposely and seals up his Heart and sets a covering on his Heart. Then who will lead him after God (has condemned him)." (45:23)

However, one important point which should be considered while discussing theScientific miracles in Qur’an is that: Scientific interpretations are always unstable due to the instability of the hypotheses and the theories adopted by the theoreticians. Since no hypothesis is the last one, every new invention requires a new theory for its interpretation or explanation.

Therefore, scientific theories are subject to change. Like the Einstein's theory of relativity that changed the Newton's physics, the results of archaeological studies cannot be taken for granted to be the definite meaning. Of course, this possibility also helps us to solve some of the obscurities to some extent.

Some Brief Examples of Scientific Data in the Qur’an

a) The Earth and Heavens were Joined Together

All scientific circles in the world today agree that the planets were originally composed of a mass of Sodium gas and that first the heavens and the earth were joined together as a single entity and then they separated from each other. Centuries ago, the Qur’an referred to this scientific theory.

It says when describing the creation of the heavens:

“Then God turned to the creation of the heavens (the planets), when they were but a smoky substance.” (41:11)

“Do the unbelievers not see that the heavens and the earth were joined together before we separated them, and thatWe brought all living things into existence from water? Why do they still not believe in God?” (21:30)

Thus the Qur’an unveils one of the great mysteries of nature: the planets were originally composed of smoky substance (mass of Sodium gas), and the separation of the planets from a huge object and then their separation from each other. Since at the time of revelation of the Qur’an, the general level of knowledge and science was extremely low, does this not constitute a proof of the heavenly nature of the Qur’an?

b) Expansion of Universe

One of the most subtle discoveries in science concerns the expansion of universe, its tendency constantly to extend its boundaries. This was something completely unknown to the human being until the last century. This mystery is, however, mentioned by the Qur’an in the following terms, which again bear witness to its remarkable profundity when discussing such matters:

“We created the heavens withOur strength and power, and constantly expand them”. (51:47)

c) Force of Gravity

We know that before the time of Newton, that great scientific personality, no one was aware of the force of gravity. Newton proved that the falling of objects to earth, the rotation of the moon and the Venus, the motion of the planets, and other instances of attraction are all subject to the single law, the law of universal gravity.

The Qur’an describes the above mentioned gravitational force as ‘invisible pillars’:

“God it isWho raised up the heavenly bodies to invisible pillars .....” (13:2).

In conveying this scientific truth, the Qur’an has used an expression that is comprehensible for the men of all ages. Are these ‘unseen pillars’, which prevent the planets from colliding with each other or falling, anything other than the mysterious and invisible force of universal gravity, a law to which the Creator of the universe has subjected all of the heavenly bodies?

d) Production of Milk in Animals

The Qur’an describes the factors which give rise to milk in animals in a way that is entirely compatible with the data of modern science. This is what God’s book has to say:

“There is in truth for you a lesson in your animals and flocks. We give you to drinka pure milk derived from that which is contained in their bodies, from the merging of what is held in their intestines with blood. The drinking of that is then made easy for those who drink it.” (16:66).

Dr.Bucaille writes in his book:

“From a scientific point of view, physiological notions must be called upon to grasp the meaning of this verse. The substances that ensure the general nutrition of the body come from chemical transformations which occur along the length of the digestive tract. These substances come from the contents of the intestine. On arrival in the intestine at the appropriate stage of chemical transformation, they pass through its wall and towards the systemic circulation (of blood)...... This very precise concept is the result of the discoveries made in the chemistry and physiology of the digestive system. It was totally unknown at the time of the Prophet Muhammad and has been understood only in recent times.”

e) In Pairs

It is only recently that researchers have come aware of insemination in plants and learned that every living being including plants comes into existence as the result of the mergingof a male and female parts .

In verses that are totally free of ambiguity, the nobleQur’an, sets forth clearly the principle of gender in the gender world, together with the existence of male and female parts even in plants.

“Do they not look at the earth, where we created the plants in pairs”. (26:7).

f) Role of Wind

The Qur’an also mentions the role and operation of an important factor in the bringing of things to fruition: the wind.

“We have sent the winds as a means of insemination and impregnation, and then sent down rain from the heavens.” (15:22).

In this verse, the Qur’an unveilsanother a great mystery of creation, the fundamental role played by the wind in the fertilization of plants.

g) Light in the Moon is merely a Reflection

It is known that the sun is a star that generates intense heat and light by its internal combustion, and that the moon which does not give off light itself, merely reflects the light received from the sun.

The Qur’an testifies the above fact:

“Blessedis the One Who placed the constellations in heaven and placed in it a lamp (SIRAJ) and a moon, giving light (MUNIIRA)”. (25:61)

Here the moon is defined as a body that gives reflection of light (Muniira ), while the sun is compared to a blazing lamp or torch (Siraj ).

h) High Altitude

It isinfact a highly common place reflection on the discomfort experienced at high altitude, which increases the higher one climbs, that is expressed in the Qur’an:

“Those whom God wills to guide, He opens their breast to Islam. While those whom He wills to let straying, He makes their breath closed and constricted, as if they had to climb up the skies”. (6:125)

Who informed the Prophet that by climbing up in the skies, the pressure increases and breathing becomes difficult?

i ) Honey Bees

Concerning bees, the Qur’an says:

“Your Lord inspired the (female)bee, choose your dwelling in the hills, in the trees and in what (man) build. Eat of all fruit and follow the ways of your Lord in humility. From within their bodies comes a liquid of differentcolours where is cure for men”. (16:68-69)

The Qur’an refers that the worker-bees who are searching for food are females. The verbs used in Arabic refer to female bees. This is very amazing. For all along, until only recently, people imagined that the “soldier-bees” were males.

j) Development of the Embryo

TheQur’anic description of certain stages in the development of the embryo corresponds exactly to what we today know about it. After ‘the thing which clings’, the Qur’an informs us that the embryo passes through the stage of ‘chewed flesh’, then tissue appears and is clad in flesh:

“We fashioned the thing which clings into a chewed lump of flesh andWe fashioned the chewed flesh into bones, and We clothed the bones with intact flesh”. (23:14).

It was only during the nineteenth century that people had a slightly clearer view of this question.

All the afore mentioned and many other modern scientific concepts found abundantly in the Glorious Qur’an, that was revealed 14 centuries ago, with utmost accuracy and free from any error, prove beyond any iota of doubt the divine source of its revelation.

Accuracy of Historical Records in the Qur’an

Many ancient historical anecdotes and geographical regions have been mentioned in the stories of the holy Qur'an such as : the river or sea through which theBani Israel passed, the land ofAshab -eHijr ,Dhul Qarnayn Dam,Ashab -eKahf's Cave, earthy paradise ofDhat al-`Imad etc., not forgetting the detailed stories of past Prophets.

The hypothesis advanced by those who see Muhammad (S) as the author of Qur’an is untenable. How could a man from being an unlettered, become the most important author, in terms of Historical literature in the whole world, and pen down historical facts with pinpoint accuracy?

The Holy Qur’an says:

“Such are some of the stories of the unseen, whichWe have revealed unto you, before this neither you nor your people knew them. So persevere patiently, for the end is for those who are righteous”. (11:49).

Research on historical records in the Holy Qur’an and finding their traces is very effective in understanding the Authenticity of the Qur'an. In addition, being involved in exploring the past would provide a good background to take lessons from the past on which the holy Qur'an in the following verses to persuade us to do so:

"Have they not travelled in the earth and seen how was the end of those before them? They were stronger than these in powers..." (30:9)

"Indeed there have been examples before you; Therefore travel in the earth..." (3:136)

To appreciate the accuracy of historical records advanced in the Qur’an, few examples are cited here below, not mentioning the detailed information on past Prophets’ history:

a)Ashabe Kahf

While narrating about the duration of which ‘As-habe Kahf ’ (the Sleepers of the Cave) stayed in the cave, the Qur’an says:

“So they stayed in their cave three hundred years and ADD nine...” (18:25).

The wording is quite significant. The verse does not say “three hundred and nine years” but uses the apparently cumbersome wording of “three hundred years and add nine”. Why add nine? This is because their stay was 300 years if one used the solar calendar and 309 years by the lunar calendar. The lunar year is 11 days shorter. Now 11 days times 300 years divided by 365 years is 9 years.

b) City ofIram

Another example of historical record can be found in chapter 89 of the Qur’an which mentions an ancient city calledIram :

“Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with theAad (people), of the (city of)Iram , with lofty pillars, the like of which were not produced in (all) the land?”. (89:6-7).

Apart from its being mentioned in the Qur’an, therewere no historical record about this city -Iram . The name itself was obscure even during the time of the Prophet himself, which led to a number of speculations about its possible geographical location. Some commentators of the Qur’an went to the extent of suggesting that probablyIram was the name of a hero of theAad .

The research findings of published by the official journal of the American National Geographic society in December 1978 have conclusively shown thatIram was a city. In 1975, Dr. Paolo Mathias of the University of Rome, director of the Italian Archeological Mission in Syria ‘hit an archeological jackpot’. In the ruins of a palace apparently destroyed in the 23rd century B.C., he came upon the greatest third millennium archive ever unearthed. More than 15,000 ‘cunei form tablets’ were discovered. Among the rich details revealed by these tablets is the fact that Ebla used to have trading links withIram ....

It is inconceivable how Muhammad could describe accurately in the Qur’an the physical features and the level of architecture of a people who lived in an ancient city which was destroyed 3000 years before he was born.

c) The body ofFir’aun

The Qur’an has explicitly recorded about what has become of the body ofFir’aun .

“This dayWe save therein your body so that you become a sign for those who come after you. But verily, many among mankind are heedless of our signs......” (10:92).

In this verse, the God's intention of bringing the body of Pharaoh out of water rather than leaving it decaying or being eaten by the sea animals is to give a lesson to future generations.

What is amazing that when the Qur’an was transmitted to man by the Prophet, the bodies of all the Pharaohs were in their tombs in the Necropolis of Thebes, on the opposite side of the Nile fromLuxor. At the time however, absolutely nothing was known of this fact, and it was not until the end of the nineteenth century that they were discovered there.

As the Qur’an states, the body of the Pharaoh (Fir’aun ) of the Exodus was in fact rescued: visitors may see him in the Royal Mummies Room of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. How did the Prophet, who lived in Arabiandesert came to know that the body ofFir’aun would be rescued for future generations to learn a lesson?