Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

Elementary Arabic Morphology 2

(Mabādī Al-‛Arabīyyah)

A study of Arabic Morphology volume 2. Translated by Hamid Hussein Waqar.

Author(s): Rashid Al-Shartuni

Translator(s): Hamid Hussein Waqar

Table of Contents

The Definition of Morphology 3

The Division of Verbs 4

Sound and Unsound 5

Triliteral Verbs with Increase letters 7

Quadriliteral Verbs with Increase Letters 9

The Preterite Tense Verb 10

The Aorist Tense 11

The Imperative 13

Intransitive and Transitive Verbs 15

Divisions of Nouns 17

Proper and Generic Nouns 19

Infinitives 21

Adjectives: The Active and Passive Participle 23

The Adjective 24

The Forms of Exaggeration 25

The Comparative and Superlative Noun 27

Definite and Indefinite Nouns 28

Masculine and Feminine 29

Maqsur, Mamdud, and Manqus Nouns 31

Single and Dual Forms 32

Plural Nouns 33

Possessive Nouns 36

The Diminutive Pattern 38

Pronouns 39

Demonstrative Pronouns 43

Conjuncts 45

Conditional Words, Interrogative Words and Adverbial Nouns of Time or Place 47

Cardinal Numbers 49

Ordinal Numbers 51

The Status of Nouns 52

The Status of Verbs 54

Indeclinable Nouns and Verbs 56

Implied Vowel Signs 58

Nunated and Unnunated Words 59

Prepositions 61

The Definition of Morphology

1. What is morphology?

2. How many kinds of words are there?

3. Is morphology applied to every kind of word?

4. What is the changing of a word from one form to another called?

5. How is morphology applied to verbs?

6. How is morphology applied to nouns?

1. Morphology is science of conjugating words into different forms due to the intended meaning.

2. There are three types of words:

• Nouns: for example -شجرة (tree)

• Verbs: for example -اُکتُب (write)

• Prepositions: for example -علی (on)

3. Morphology is only applied to nouns and verbs because they are able to be conjugated into different forms, but prepositions are not able to be conjugated, rather they always remain in one form.

4. The changing of a word from one form to another is called conjugation.

5. Morphology is applied to verbs by conjugating them from the preterite tense, to the aorist tense, and to the imperative. For example:فَرِحَ یَفرَحُ اِفرَح (be happy, he is happy, he was happy)

6. Morphology is applied to nouns by conjugating them:

• into the dual and plural forms:نهر نهرانِ أنهار (rivers, two rivers, a river)

• into the diminutive pattern:نُهَیر (a small river)

• into a possessive noun form:نَهرِﻱّ (a person of the river)

The Division of Verbs

7. What is a verb?

8. How many different kinds of verbs are there in relation to the number of root letters?

9. How many kinds of triliteral verbs are there in relation to root letters?

10. What is a sound verb?

11. What is a perfect verb?

12. What is an unsound verb?

13. How many weak letters are there?

14. What are double-letter verbs?

7. A verb is a word that indicates a state or event that occurred in the past, occurs in the present, or will occur in the future. For example:حَسُنَ (he was good) - in the past andیأخُذُ (he takes) - in the present or future.

8. There are two kinds of verbs in relation to root letters:

• Triliteral: a verb made up of three root letters, for exampleنَصَرَ (he helped)

• Quadriliteral: a verb made up of four root letters, for exampleدَحرَجَ (he rolled)

9. There are two types of triliteral verbs in relation to root letters: sound and unsound.

10. A sound verb is a verb that does not have any weak letters in its root. There are three kinds of sound verbs: a verb with a glottal stop in its root and a double-letter verb. For example:فَرَّ (he ran away).

11. A perfect verb is a sound verb that does not have a glottal stop or double-letter in its root. For example:شَکَرَ (he thanked).

12. An unsound verb is a verb that has a weak letter in its root. For example:رَمَیَ (he threw).

13. There are three weak letters: alif, wāw and yā'.

14. A double-letter verb is a verb that has two identical letters in its root. For example:زَلزَلَ (it quaked).

Sound and Unsound

15. What is the form for a triliteral verb?

16. What is a double-letter verb?

17. What is a verb with a glottal stop in its root?

18. How many kinds of verbs with a glottal stop in its root are there?

19. How many kinds of unsound verbs are there?

20. What is a verb that has two weak letters called?

21. When is a verb truly unsound or doubled? Or when does it truly have a glottal stop?

15. The form of a triliteral verb is:فَعَلَ . The first letter is called the first root letter, the second is called the second root letter and the third is called the third root letter.

16. A double-letter verb is a verb that has two identical letters in its root. For example:فَرَّ (he ran away).

17. A verb that has a glottal stop is a verb that has a glottal stop in its root. For example:أکَلَ (he ate).

18. There are three types of verbs that have a glottal stop in their root:

• Glottal stop of the first root letter:أخَذَ (he took)

• Glottal stop of the second root letter:سَألَ (he asked)

• Glottal stop of the third root letter:نَشَأ (he emerged)

19. There are three types of weak verbs:

• Quasi-sound verb: when the weak letter is in the first root letter:وَعَدَ (he promised)

• Hollow verb: when the weak letter is in the second root letter:قَالَ (he said)

• Defective verb: when the weak letter is in the third root letter:دَعَا (he supplicated)

20. A verb that has two weak letters is called a cluster verb. There are two kinds of cluster verbs:

• A cluster verb that has a weak letter in the first and third root letters. For example:وَفَی (he completed)

• A cluster verb that has a weak letter in the second and third root letters. For example:شَوی (it roasted)

21. A verb truly has a glottal stop or is truly a double-letter verb when the glottal stop or the two identical letters are in the root of the verb, not including added letters. So:

•انطَلَقَ this verb does not have a glottal stop because its root isطلق .

•قَدَّمَ this verb is not a double-letter verb because its root isقدم .

•قاتَلَ This verb is not an unsound verb because its root isقتل .

Triliteral Verbs with Increase letters

22. What is a singular triliteral verb?

23. What is a triliteral verb with increase letters?

24. How many forms does a triliteral verb with one increase letter have?

25. How many forms does a triliteral verb with two increase letters have?

26. How many forms does a triliteral verb with three increase letters have?

27. How many forms of triliteral verbs with increase letters are there?

28. Are all the forms of triliteral verbs with increase letters applied to all triliteral verbs?

22. A singular triliteral verb is a triliteral verb that only has its root letters, without any increase letters. For exampleعَرَفَ (he knew).

23. A triliteral verb with increase letters is a triliteral verb that has added letters to its root:

• Either one added letter: for example:أکرَمَ (he honored).

• Or two added letters: for example:اِنطَلَقَ (he was set free).

• Or three added letters: for example:اِستَغفَرَ (he asked for forgiveness).

24. There are three forms of triliteral verbs that have one increase letter:

•فَعَّلَ This is form II1 . Here the second root letter is doubled. For example:خَبَرَ (he notified)

•فاعَلَ This is form III. Here an alif is added to the root. For example:خابَرَ (he negotiated)

•أفعَلََ This is form IV. Here a glottal stop is added to the beginning of the root. For example:أخبَرَ (he notified)

25. There are five forms of triliteral verbs that have two increase letters:

•تَفَعَّلَ This is form V. Here a tā' is added and the second root letter is doubled. For example:تَقَبَّلَ (he accepted)

•تَفاعَلَ This is form VI. Here a tā' and an alif are added. For exampleتَقابَلَ (he met)

•اِنفَعَلَ This is form VII. Here a glottal stop and a nūn are added. For example:اِنقَبَلَ (it was accepted)

•اِفتَعَلَ This is form VIII. Here a glottal stop and a tā' are added. For example:اِقتَبَلَ (he received)

•اِفعَلَّ This is form IX. Here a glottal stop is added and the last root letter is doubled. For example:اِحمَرَّ (he become red)

26. There are two forms of triliteral verbs that have two increase letters:

•اِستَفعَلَ This is form X. Here a glottal stop, sīn and tā' are added. For example:اِستَغفَرَ (he asked for forgiveness)

•اِفعَوعَلَ This is form XII2 . Here a glottal stop and a wāw are added along with another second root letter. For example:اِحدَودَبَ (It was bent outward)

27. There are ten forms of triliteral verbs with increase letters.3

28. No, in order to know which forms are applied to which verbs one must refer to dictionaries. For example form IV and XII are not applied to the verbفَتَحَ

    1. The number of the forms is according to the Hans Wehr dictionary. They can be found on page 13 of the introduction of the compact version of the internationally recognized fourth edition.

    2. Form XI is not mentioned in this book

    3. Mentioned in this book, for there are more than that.

Quadriliteral Verbs with Increase Letters

29. How many types of quadriliteral verbs are there?

30. Does the quadriliteral verb have a pattern like the triliteral verb?

31. What is a singular quadriliteral verb?

32. What is a quadriliteral verb with increase letters?

33. How many forms does a quadriliteral verb with one increase letter have?

34. How many forms does a quadriliteral verb with two increase letters have?

35. How many forms of quadriliteral verbs with increase letters are there?

36. Are all the forms of quadriliteral verbs with increase letters applied to all quadrilteral verbs?

29. There are two types of quadriliteral verbs:

• Regular: when there aren't any doubled letters in its root. For example:دَحرَجَ (he rolled)

• Double-lettered: when the first and third root letters are identical as well as the second and fourth. For exampleزَلزَلَ (it quaked)

30. The pattern for the quadriliteral verb isفعلل . The first letter is called the first root letter, then the second root letter, then the third root letter then the fourth root letter.

31. A single quadriliteral verb is a qaudriliteral verb that does not have any increase letters. For example:دَحرَجَ (he rolled)

32. A quadriliteral verb with increase letters is a quadriliteral verb that has one or two letters added to its root.

33. There is one form of a quadriliteral verb with one increase letter:

•تَفَعلَلَ This is form II. Here a tā' is added to the root. For example:تَدَحرَجَ (he rolled down)

34. There are two forms of a quadriliteral verb with two increase letters:

•اِفعَنلَلَ This is form III. Here a glottal stop and a nūn are added. For exampleاِحرَنجَمَ (translate)

•اِفعَلَلَّ This is form IV. Here a glottal stop is added and the fourth root letter is doubled. For example:اِقشَعَرَّ (he shivered)

35. There are three forms of quadriliteral verbs with increase letters.1

36. No, to know which forms are applied to which verbs one must refer to dictionaries. For example forms III and IV forms are not applied to the verbدَحرَجَ .

    1. Mentioned in this book, for there are more.

The Preterite Tense Verb

37. How many tenses of verbs are there?

38. What is a preterite tense verb?

39. What is the vowel sign of the last syllable of a preterite tense verb?

40. What do you know about a glottal stop being added to the beginning of the preterite tense verb?

41. What are the vowel signs of the preterite tense letters?

42. What is the vowel sign of the second root letter of a triliteral verb?

37. There are three tenses of a verb: preterite, aorist, imperative.

38. The preterite tense is a verb that indicates a state or action that happened in the past. For example:أخَذَ (he took)

39. The last syllable of a preterite tense verb is indeclinable on:

• A fathah, for exampleضَرَبَ (he hit)

• A Dummah, if it is connected to the wāw plural pronoun, for exampleضَرَبُوا (they hit)

• A sakūn, if a nominative pronoun with a vowel sign is connected to the verb, for exampleضَرَبتُ (I hit)

40. The glottal stop that is added to the beginning of the perterite tense verbs can be:

• A qat‛ glottal stop which takes a fathah in four-letter verbs. For example:أکرَمَ (he honored)

• A wasl glottal stop which takes a kasrah in five and six-letter verbs. For example:اِنطَلَقَ (he was set free)

41. All of the vowel signs of the perterite tense verb, except the second root letter are fathahs. For exampleأکرَمَ (he honored).

42. The second root letter of single triliteral verbs can either have a fathah, dummah or kasrah. For example:ضَرَبَ (he hit)کَرُمَ (he honored) andعَلِمَ (he knew)

The Aorist Tense

43. What is an aorist tense verb?

44. How is an aorist tense verb formed?

45. How many aorist tense letters are there?

46. When does the aorist tense letter have dummah?

47. When does the aorist tense letter have a fathah?

48. Is the form of a triliteral preterite tense verb changed if an aorist letter is added to it?

49. What happens if an aorist letter is added to a preterite tense verb with more than three letters?

50. Is an aorist tense verb indeclinable?

43. The aorist tense is a verb that indicates a state or action that is happening in the present or will happen in the future. For exampleیَکُونُ (he is) andیَتَکَلَّمُ (he speaks to).

44. The aorist tense verb is formed from the preterite tense verb. An aorist letter is added to the beginning of the preterite tense verb.

45. There are four aorist tense letters:ا ن ﻱ ت For exampleأتَکَلَّمُ (I am speaking to)نَتَکَلَّمُ (we are speaking to)یَتَکَلَّمُ (he is speaking to)تَتَکَلَّمُ (she is speaking to).

46. The aorist tense letter has a dummah if it is added to a preterite tense verb with four letters. For exampleزَلزَلَ becomesیُزَلزَلُ (its shaking) orأکرَمَ becomesیُکرِمُ (he is honoring).

47. The aorist tense letter has a fathah if it is added to a preterite tense verb with three, five or six letters. For exampleضَرَبَ becomesیَضرِبُ (he is hitting) orاِنطَلَقَ becomesیَنطَلِقُ (he is setting free).

48. If an aorist tense letter is added to a preterite tense triliteral verb:

• the first root letter is given a sakūn, for example:یَضرِبُ (he hits)

• there is no rule for the second root letter, for example:یَعلَمُ (he knows)یَنصُرُ (he helps)یَضرِبُ (he hits)

49. If an aorist letter is added to a preterite tense with more than three letters:

• The letter before the last is always given a kasrah, for example:یُدَحرِجُ (he rolls)

• The letters before the last letter are given a fathah if the beginning of the preterite tense verb was tā', for example:تَدَحرَجَ becomesیَتَدَحرَجُ (he rolls down).

50. The last letter of an aorist tense verb is declinable, which means it changes. It is nominative, subjunctive or jussive due to different situations. For example:یَضرِبُ (he hits) andلَن یَضرِبَ (he will never hit) andلَم یَنطَلَق (he has not been set free). The last letter of an aorist tense verb is indeclinable in some cases.1

    1. Refer to question number 237

The Imperative

51. What is an imperative?

52. What is an imperative formed from?

53. Is the last syllable of an imperative declinable or indeclinable?

54. What vowel sign does the glottal stop of an imperative receive?

55. What is a wasl glottal stop?

56. What is a qat‛ glottal stop?

57. What should be done if the speaker wants to use the imperative in the first or third person?

51. The imperative verb is used to ask something from the listener in the present or in the future. For example:کُن (be) andاُکتُب (write)

52. The imperative is formed from the aorist tense by:

• erasing the aorist letter from the beginning of the word, for example:تَتَقَدَّمُ becomesتَقَدَّم (precede)

• then, adding a glottal stop if the verb is a single triliteral verb or starts with an added glottal stop. The glottal stop is a qat‛ glottal stop if the verb has four letters and a wasl glottal stop if it has more or less than four letters. For example:ضَرَبَ becomesیَضرِبُ then becomesاِضرِب (hit) orأحسَنَ becomesیُحسِنُ then becomesأحسِن (act well)

53. The last syllable of an imperative is indeclinable, it does not change. It is indeclinable upon:

• a sakūn if the last letter is not a weak letter, for example:اُنصُر (help)

• erasing the weak letter of defective verbs, for exampleیَرمي becomesاِرمِ (throw) orیُعطِي becomesأعطِ (give)

• erasing the nūn if the verb is connected to the dual alif, the plural wāw or the yā' personal pronoun, for example:اُنصِرَا (you two people help)

54. The imperative glottal stop:

• is given a dummah if the second root letter of a three letter verb has a dummah in the aorist tense. For example:اُنظُر (look)

• is given a fathah if it is a four letter verb. For example:أکرَم (be generous)

• is given a kasrah in other than these two cases. For example:اِعلَم (know) andاِضرِب (hit) andاِنطَلِق (begin) andاِستَعلِم (seek knowledge).

55. A wasl glottal stop is pronounced at the beginning of a sentence, for example:اِجلِس یا رَجُلُ (Sit, oh man.), but is not pronounced in the middle of a sentence, for example:یا رَجُلُ اجلِس (Oh man, sit.)

56. A qat‛ glottal stop is pronounced in the beginning of a sentence, for example:أقبِل یا رَجُلُ (Accept, oh man.), and in the middle of a sentence, for example:یا رَجُلُ أقبِل (Oh man, accept.)

57. The imperative used for the first or third person has a special form which is called the imperative by lām where a jussive lām is added to the beginning of the aorist tense verb and takes a kasrah, for example:لِیَضرِب لأُوَدِّب (He must hit to teach manners), except if it is after a fā' or wāw, in this case it is given a sakūn, for example:فَلتَطِب نفسک (feel comfortable).

Intransitive and Transitive Verbs

58. Does every verb need an actor?

59. Does every verb need an objective compliment?

60. When does a triliteral intransitive verb become transitive?

61. How many categories of transitive verbs are there?

62. What verbs are passive verbs derived from?

63. Is a passive verb derived from an intransitive verb?

64. How is a passive verb in the preterite tense formed?

65. How is a passive verb in the aorist tense formed?

58. Every verb needs an actor and the actor is either:

• Apparent, for example:جَلَسَ المعلِّمُونَ ثُمَ تَباحَثُوا (The teachers sat down and then discussed.)

• Hidden, for example:اِلعَب (play) where the 'you' is hidden.

59. No, there are two types of verbs:

• Intransitive: A verb that suffices itself with an actor and does not need an objective compliment. For example:جاءَ الولَدُ (The boy came.)

• Transitive: A verb that doe not suffice itself with an actor, rather it needs an objective compliment as well. For example:کَسَرَ الخادِمُ ابریقاً (The servant broke a pitcher.)

60. Most triliteral intransitive verbs are made transitive if placed into form II or IV. For example:دامَ (to last) becomesأدامَ (to make last) orکَرُمَ (to be noble) becomesکَرَّمَ (to call noble).

61. There are two categories of transitive verbs:

• Active: a verb whose actor is known, for example:بَری التلمیذُ قَلَماً (The student sharpened a pencil.)

• Passive: a verb whose actor is not mentioned and whose objective compliment is put in the actor's place. For example:بُرِيَ القَلَمُ (The pencil was sharpened.)

62. A passive verb is normally formed from a transitive verb and the objective compliment takes the place of the actor after it is erased from the sentence. For example:ضَرَبَ زیدٌ سلیماً (Zayd hit Salīm) becomesضُرِبَ سلیمٌ (Salīm was hit.)

63, Yes, a passive verb is formed from an intransitive verb:

• if it can be made transitive by using a preposition. For example:قَبَضَ الحارسُ علی اللصِّ (The guard seized the thief.) becomesقُبِضَ علی اللصِّ (the thief was seized.)

• if there is a adverbal noun of time or place after the verb. For example:صَامَ العابِدُ اذارَ (the worshiper fasted [in] March.) becomesصیمَ اذارُ (March was fasted.)

• if there is an infinitive after the verb. For example:احتَفَلَ الجمعُ احتفالاً عظیماً (The group rallied, a great rally.) becomesاحتُفِلَ احتفالٌ عَظیمٌ (A great rally was rallied.)

64. The preterite tense passive verb is made from the preterite tense active verb by giving a kasrah to the second to last letter and a dummah to all other letters that have a vowel sign already. For example:أکَلَ (he ate) becomesأُکِلَ (it was eaten) orاِستَقَبَلَ (he faced) becomesاُستُقبِلَ (it was faced).

65. The aorist tense passive verb is made from the aorist tense active verb by giving the first letter a dummah and the second to last letter a fathah. For example:یَعلَمُ (he knows) becomesیُعلَمُ (it is known) orیَکتُبُ (he writes) becomesیُکتَبُ (it is being written

Divisions of Nouns

66. What is a noun?

67. What are the different types of nouns?

68. What is a conjugational noun?

69. How many types of conjugational nouns are there?

70. What is an unnonated noun?

71. How many unnonated nouns are there?

72. What is an apolistic noun?

73. What is a derived noun?

74. What is a relative clause noun?

75. How many types of relative clause nouns are there?

76. How many types of apolistic adjectives are there?

77. How many types of derived adjectives are there?

78. How many types of derived generic nouns there?

79. What is an adjective?

80. How many types of adjectives are there?

81. What adjectives are apolistic?

82. How many adjectives are derived?

66. A noun is a word that indicates a complete meaning that is not conditioned with time. For example:ورقه (paper)یوسف (Yusuf)اکرامٌ (to call noble).

67. A noun is conjugational, unnonated, apolistic or derived.

68. A conjugational noun is a noun like the wordمدینة (city) which could be put into the dual formمَدینتانِ (two cities), the plural formمُدنٌ (cities), the diminutive formمُدَینَةٌ (a small city) and the possessive formمَدَنيٌ (my city).

69. There are two types of conjugational nouns: relative clause nouns and adjectives.

70. An unnonated noun is a noun that stays in one state, it does not become dual, plural, and diminutive or possessive.

71. There are six types of unnonated nouns: pronounهو (he), demonstrative pronounهذا (this), conjunctالذي (that), interrogative pronounمَن (who), conditional nounمَهما (where), and an adverbal noun of time or placeحَیثُ (when).

72. An apolistic noun is a noun that is not derived from a verb. For example:رَجُل (man) andیوسف (Yusuf).

73. A derived noun is a noun that is derived from a verb. For example:اکرامٌ (to call noble) is derived from the verbأکرَمَ (he called noble) andمَطبَخٌ (kitchen) is derived from the nounطَبَخَ (he cooked).

74. A relative clause noun is a noun that can be described by another word. For exampleرجل (man),شخرة (tree) andاکرامٌ (to call noble).

75. Relative clauses can either be derived or apolistic.

76. There are two types of apolistic relative clause nouns: a proper noun -دمشق (Damascus) and an apolistic generic noun -ثعلب (fox).

77. There are two types of derived relative clause nouns: an infinitive -بِناء (to build) and a derived generic noun -مَلعَب (playground).

78. There are two types of derived generic nouns: an adverbial noun of time or place -مَجلِس (meeting) or an instrumental noun -مِفتاح (key).

79. An adjective is a word related to a relative clause noun that describes its condition.

80. There are two types of adjectives: derived and apolistic.

81. Apolistic adjectives are possessive. For example:عَرَبيٌّ (Arabic)

82. There are five kinds of derived adjectives: The actor form, the objective compliment, the exaggerated form, the adjective form, comparative/superlative form.

Proper and Generic Nouns

83. What is a proper noun?

84. What is a generic noun?

85. How many types of generic nouns are there?

86. List the derived generic nouns.

87. What is a noun of place?

88. What is a noun of time?

89. How is a noun of place/time formed from a triliteral verb?

90. How is a noun of place/time formed from a verb with more than three letters?

91. What is an instrumental noun?

92. How is an instrumental noun formed?

83. A proper noun is a noun that denotes a specific person, animal or place. For example:إبراهیم (Abraham),بارود (bārūd, the name of a horse) andدمشق (Damascus).

84. A generic noun is a noun that denotes, in an unspecific way, all people, animals or things that fall under one species. For example:رَجُلٌ (man),کَلبٌ (dog) andمدینةٌ (city).

85. There are two types of generic nouns: derived and apolistic.

86. The derived generic nouns are: nouns of place/time and instrumental nouns.

87. A noun of place is a form that indicates the place that an action took place. For example:مَطبَخ (kitchen).

88. A noun of time is a form that indicates the time that an action took place. For example:مَغرِب (evening).

89. A time/place noun is formed from a triliteral verb in the following forms:

1.مَفعَل for verbs whose second root letter has a dummah in the aorist tense, for exampleیَطبُخُ (he is cooking) becomesمَطبَخ (kitchen), for verbs whose second root letter has a fathah in the aorist tense, for example:یَذبَحُ (he is slaughtering) becomesمَذبَح (slaughterhouse) and for verbs whose third root letter is a weak letter, for example:یَرمي (he is shooting) becomesمَرمیَ (gun range).

2.مَفعِل for verbs whose second root letter has a kasrah in the aorist tense, for example:یَضرِبُ (he is hitting) becomesمَضرِب (camp site).

90. The time/place nouns are formed from verbs that have more than three letters by using their passive aorist tense form and substituting the aorist letter with a mīm with a dummah. For example:یُستَشفیَ (a cure was sought) becomesمُستَسفیَ (hospital).

91. An instrumental noun is a form that indicates the thing that the action was performed with. For example:مِبرَد (file).

92. Instrumental nouns are taken from transitive triliteral verbs. There are three forms that they have:

1.مِفعَل : for example:مِبرَد (file)

2.مِفعَلَة : for example:مِکنَسَة (broom)

3.مِفعال : for example:مِفتاح (key)

Infinitives

93. What is an infinitive?

94. How is an infinitive formed from triliteral verbs without increase letters?

95. How is an infinitive formed from triliteral verbs with increase letters?

96. How is an infinitive formed from quadriliteral verbs without increase letters?

97. How is an infinitive formed from quadriliteral verbs with increase letters?

98. Are there infinitives for verbs that have not been mentioned?

99. How is a mīmī infinitive formed from triliteral verbs?

100. How is a mīmī infinitive formed from verbs with more than three letters?

93. An infinitive is a noun that indicates a state or action without indicating its time. For exampleأخذٌ (removal) orتَسلیمٌ (submission)

94. There are many forms for infinitives taken from triliteral verbs without increase letters. They can be found in dictionaries. For example:نَصرٌ (help) andجُلوسٌ (sitting) and many more.

95. There are rules for the infinitives of triliteral verbs with increase letters:

• Form II - the infinitive of form II has the following form:تَفعیل , for example:قَدَّمَ becomesتَقدیم .

• Form III - the infinitive of form III has the following form:مُفاعَلَة , for example:نازَعَ becomesمُنازَعَة

• Form IV -إفعال , for example:أکرَمَ becomesإکرام

• Form V -تَفَعُّل , for example:تَأخَّرَ becomesتأخُّر

• Form VI -تَفاعُل , for example:تَباعَدَ becomesتَباعُد

• Form VII -اِنفعال , for example:اِنکَسَرَ becomesاِنکَسار

• Form VIII -اِفتِعال , for example:اِجتَمَعَ becomesاِجتِماع

• Form IX -اِفعِلال , for example:اِحمرَّ becomesاِحمِرار

• Form X -اِستِفعال , for example:اِستَرحَمَ becomesاِستِرحام

• Form XII -اِفعیعال , for example:اِحدَودَبَ becomesاِحدیداب

96. The two forms of the infinitive of quadriliteral verbs without increase letters are:فَعلَلَة andفِعلال , for example:دَحرَجَ becomesدَحرَجَة orدِحراج .

97. There are rules for the infinitives of quadriliteral verbs with increase letters:

• Form II -تَفَعلُل , for example:تَدَحرَجَ becomesتَدَحرُج

• Form III -اِفعِنلال , for example:اِحرَنجَمَ becomesاِحرِنجام

• Form IV -اِفعِلال , for example:اِطمَأنَّ becomesاِطمِئنان

98. There is an infinitive for triliteral and quadriliteral verbs with or without increase letters called a mīmī infinitive. It is called this because there is a mīm added to the beginning of it.

99. The mīmī infinitive is formed from triliteral verbs by putting them in the following forms:

•مَفعِل this form is used if the first root letter is a wāw. For example:وَعَدَ (he promised) becomesمَوعِد (promise).

•مَفعَل this from is used in all other cases. For example:أکَلَ (he ate) becomesمَأکَل (food).

100. The mīmī infinitive is formed from verbs with more than three letters by using the passive aorist tense and replacing the aorist letter with a mīm that has a dummah. For example:یُنحَدَرُ (is brought down) becomesمُنحَدَرٌ (fall).

Adjectives: The Active and Passive Participle

101. What is an active particple?

102. How is the active participle formed from triliteral verbs?

103. How is the active participle formed from other than triliteral verbs?

104. What is a passive participle?

105. How is a passive participle formed from triliteral verbs?

106. How is a passive participle formed from other than triliteral verbs?

107. From what type of verbs is the passive participle formed?

108. How many derived nouns are there that have more than three letters and one form?

101. The active participle is a form that indicates the performer of an action. For example:ضارِب (hitter).

102. The active participle is formed from triliteral verbs in the form ofفاعل . For exampleدَرَسَ (he studied) becomesدارِس (studier).

103. The actor form is formed from other than triliteral verbs by putting the verb in the active aorist tense and substituting the aorist letter with a mīm that has a dummah and giving the second to last letter a kasrah. For example:یُکرِمُ becomesمُکرِمٌ

104. The passive participle is a form that indicates what received an action. For exampleمَضروبٌ (the hit).

105. The passive participle is formed from triliteral verbs in the form ofمفعول . For example:کَتَبَ becomesمَکتُوبٌ

106. The passive participle is formed from other than triliteral verbs by putting the verb in the passive aorist tense and substituting the aorist letter with a mīm that has a dummah. For example:یُقَدُّمُ becomesمُقَدَّمٌ .

107. The passive participle is formed from transitive verbs, either transitive by themselves or verbs that are made transitive by a preposition.

108. The passive participle, mīmī infinitive and the time/place nouns that are formed from a verb with more than three letters all have the same form. They are differentiated by their meanings.

The Adjective

109. What is an adjective?

110. How is an adjective formed from a triliteral verb?

111. How is an adjective formed from a triliteral verb that indicates a color, defect or decoration?

112. How is an adjective formed from a non-triliteral verb?

109. An adjective is a form derived from an intransitive verb that slightly indicates an actor, except that it does not indicate the action of the actor, rather it indicates an established characteristic of the actor. For example:وَلَدٌ حَسَنٌ (a nice boy) orرَجُلٌ کَریمٌ (an honorable man). These adjectives are established characteristics found in the boy and man.

110. There is no rule in forming adjectives from triliteral verbs. They are formed in numerous forms. For example:طاهر (purified),عطشان (thirsty) andظریف (delicate).

111. The adjective formed from triliteral verbs that indicate color, defect or decoration is put into the formأفعل . For example:أسمَرالوَجه (a brown face),أعمیَ القَلبِ (a blind heart) andأهیَفُ القَد (a slender physique).

112. The adjective is formed from non-triliteral verbs by using the active participle form.

The Forms of Exaggeration

113. What are the forms of exaggeration?

114. How are the forms of exaggeration formed?

115. What do the forms fa'ūl and fa'īl mean?

116. What rule applies to the fa'ūl form and the noun it describes?

117. What rule applies to the fa'īl form and the noun it describes?

113. The forms of exaggeration are forms that bring about a change in the active participle to indicate exaggeration. For example:رَحِمَ (he showed mercy) becomesراحِمٌ (the merciful) which becomesرَحیمٌ (the very merciful).

114. The exaggeration form is only formed from triliteral verbs, but there is no rule one how to form them. The most famous forms are:

•فَعَّال: جَبَّار (giant)

•فَعَّالة: عَلّامة (high scholar)

•مِفعال: مِفضال (excellent)

•مِفعیل: مِسکین (destitute)

•فِعِّیل: صِدِّیق (very truthful)

•فَعِل: حَذِر (very cautious)

•فعیل: رَحیم (very merciful)

•فَعول: کَذوب (big liar)

115. The forms fa'ūl and fa'īl are used to indicate an actor or objective compliment. For example:رَسول is the same asمُرسَل andرَحیم is the same asرَاحِم .

116. The rule that applies to the form fa'ūl and the noun it describes is different depending on its meaning:

• If it has the meaning of an objective compliment it follows the noun it describes in gender. For example:هذا رَسول (this male messenger) andهذه رَسولَة (this female messenger).

• If it has the meaning of an actor it remains masculine even if the noun it is describing is feminine. For example:جاءَ الأبُ الحنونُ (the loving father came) andجائتَ الأُمُّ الحنونُ (the loving mother came). This is only the case if the described word is mentioned, if it is implied the adjective must follow the described word in gender. For example:جاءَ الحنونُ و الحنونَةُ (the loving [father] and the loving [mother] came).

117. The rule that applies to the form fa'īl and the noun it describes is different depending on its meaning:

• If it has the meaning of an actor it follows the noun it describes in gender. For example:هذا شَفیقٌ و هذه شَفیقةٌ (this male compassionate person and this female compassionate person).

• If it has the meaning of an objective compliment it remains masculine even if the noun it is describing is feminine. For example:جاءَ رجلٌ جَریحٌ (an injured man came) andجائت امرأةٌ جَریحٌ (an injured woman came). This is only the case if the described word is mentioned, if it is implied the adjective must follow the described word in gender. For example:جاءَ جَریحٌ و جَریحَةٌ (the injured [man] and the injured [woman] came).

The Comparative and Superlative Noun

118. What are comparative and superlative nouns?

119. What are comparative and superlative nouns formed from?

120. What verbs are not formed into comparative and superlative nouns?

121. Why are comparative and superlative nouns not formed from triliteral verbs that indicate color, defect or trickery?

122. What do we do if we want to use the comparative or superlative form from a verb that is not put into the comparative or superlative tense?

118. The comparative and superlative noun is a form which changes an adjective to indicate a comparison between one thing and another. An example of an adjective is:یوسفُ کبیرٌ (Joseph is big.) An example of a comparative is:یوسفُ أکبرُ من إبراهیمَ (Joseph is bigger than Abraham.)

119. The comparative and superlative are only formed from triliteral active verbs and always are put in the formأفعل . For example:کَرُمَ (which is a active verb) becomesأکرَم (more generous) andضُرِبَ (which is a passive verb) is not put into the comparative or superlative form.

120. Triliteral active verbs which indicate color, defect or trickery as well as any verb that has more than three letters are not put into the comparative or superlative forms.

121. The reason that triliteral active verbs which indicate color, defect or trickery are not formed into the comparative and superlative forms is because the formأفعل for these verbs is used as an adjective. For example:سَوِدَ (to make black) becomesأسوَد (black) andعَوِرَ (to loose an eye) becomesأعوَر (one-eyed).

122. If we want to use the comparative or superlative form from a verb that is not put into the comparative or superlative tense we must use one of the wordsأشد (more severe),أکثر (more)أوفر (more abundant) orأکبر (larger) and then add the infinitive of the verb in the accusative form (because it is a specificative). For example:سَوِدَ becomesأشَدُّ سَواداً (blacker) orعَوِرَ becomesأکثرُ عَوَراً (more one-eyed).

Definite and Indefinite Nouns

123. What is an indefinite noun?

124. What is a definite noun?

125. How many types of definite nouns are there?

126. How is an indefinite noun made definite?

123. An indefinite noun is a noun that is common amongst a certain species, not specific to any one of the instances. For example:قَلَمٌ (pen) andبُستانٌ (garden).

124. A definite noun is a noun that indicates a specific instance from a species. For example:القَلَمُ (the pen) andالبُستانُ

125. There are six forms of definite nouns:

• Proper nouns:سلیمان (Solomon)

• Pronouns:أنا (I)

• Demonstrative pronouns:هذا (this)

• conjuncts:الذي (he who)

• Made definite by a alif-lām:الرجل (the man)

• Compliment of a prefixed noun :کتابُ الرجل (The man's book)

126. A common noun is made definite in the following ways:

• if an alif-lām is added to it (and the nunation is erased if it was nunated). For example:کتابٌ (a book) becomesالکتابُ (the book).

• if it is contracted with a definite noun (and the nunation is erased if it was nunated). For example:کتابي (my book).

Masculine and Feminine

127. What is a masculine noun?

128. What is a feminine noun?

129. How is a masculine noun differentiated from a feminine noun?

130. What are the signs of a literated feminine noun?

131. Are all nouns ending with the feminine tā' feminine?

132. Are all nouns ending with the alif maqsūrah (یَ ) feminine?

133. Are all nouns ending with an alif and hamzah femine?

134. How many types of masculine and feminine nouns are there?

135. How is a relative clause noun put into the feminine form?

136. How is an adjective put into the feminine form?

137. Are there exceptions to this rule about adjectives?

138. How is an adjective in theفعلان form put into the feminine form?

139. How is an adjective in theأفعل form that indicates a color, defect or trickery put into the feminine form?

140. How is an adjective in theأفعل form indicating the comparative or superlative form put into the feminine form?

127. A masculine noun is a noun that indicates masculinity. For example:رَجُلٌ (man)

128. A feminine noun is a noun that indicates femininity. For example:اِمرأة (woman)

129. There is no sign for a masculine noun. It is known by its meaning. But, feminine nouns are either:

• literated, there are signs indicating its femininity. For example,اِمرأة

• unliterated, there are no signs indicating its femininity. For example,شمس (sun)

130. There are three signs for literated feminine nouns:

• The feminine tā':نعمة (comfort)

• Alif maqsūrah:عَطشیَ (thirsty woman)

• Alif and hamzah:صَحراء (desertlike)

131. No, some nouns ending with the feminine tā' are masculine. For example:طلحة (a male name)

132. No, The nouns that end with an alif maqsūrah which is part of its root (not added) are not feminine. For example:هُدیَ (correct guidance).

133. No, the nouns that end with a hamzah preceded by an alif which is part of its root (not added) are not feminine. For example:بِناء (building)

134. There are two types of masculine and feminine nouns:

• Literal: a noun that is actually masculine or feminine, for example:رجل (man) andاِمرأة (woman).

• Figurative: a noun that is not actually masculine or feminine, for example:قَلَم (pen) andقَوس (arch).

135. A noun (non-adjective) is made feminine in two ways:

• Grammatically: by adding a feminine tā' to the end of the word. For example:نَمِر (panther) becomesنَمرة (female panther).

• Non-grammatically: there are no rules for this. For example:رجلٌ becomesإمرأةٌ .

136. An adjective is made feminine by adding a feminine tā' to the end of the word. For example:کاذب (male liar) becomesکاذبة (female liar).

137. Yes, there are three exceptions to this rule.

• The form:فَعلان

• The formأفعل when the verb indicates color, defects, or trickery.

• The superlative and comparative form.

138. An adjective has theفعلان form is made feminine by putting it into theفَعلیَ form. For example:عَطشان (thirsty male) becomesعَطشیَ (thirsty female).

139. An adjective has theأفعل form and it denotes color, defect, or trickery is made feminine by putting it into theفَعلاء form. For example:أحمَر (red) becomesحَمراء (red).

140. A superlative or comparative is made feminine by putting it into theفُعلیَ form. For example:أکبر (bigger) becomesکُبریَ (bigger)

Maqsur, Mamdud, and Manqus Nouns

141. What is a maqsūr noun?

142. How is a manqsūr noun verbalized?

143. What is a mamdūd noun?

144. What is a manqūs noun?

145. How is a manqūs noun verbalized?

141. A maqsūr noun is a noun that ends in an alif. The alif can either be:

• long, for example:عصا (cane)

• maqsūrah, for example:فتیَ (young man)

142. Maqsūr nouns are always verbalized with a fathah nunation, except if it is an unnonated noun. For example:جاءَ فتیً (a young man came),رأیتُ فتیً (I saw a young man), andمَرَرتُ بفتیً (I passed by a young man)

143. A mamdūd noun is a noun that ends with a hamzah preceded by an alif. For example:سماء (sky).

144. A manqūs noun is a noun that ends with a yā' preceded by a kasrah. For example:القاضي (judge).

145. A manqūs noun is verbalized:

• By two kasrahs after the yā' is erased when it is in the nominative and genitive cases. For example:جاءَ قاضٍ (a judge came).

• Just like any other noun in the accusative case, unless it is unnonated. For example:رأیتُ قاضیاً (I saw a judge).

Single and Dual Forms

146. What is a singular noun?

147. What is a dual noun?

148. How is a dual noun formed?

149. Are there some exceptions to this rule?

150. How are maqsūr nouns made dual?

151. How are mamdūd nouns made dual?

146. A singular noun is a noun that indicates one person, one animal, or one thing. For example:نجَّار (a carpenter).

147. A dual noun is a noun that indicates two people, two animals, or two things. For example:نحَّاران (two carpenters).

148. A noun is put into the dual form by giving the last syllable a fathah and adding the dual letters which are:

• An alif and nūn that has a kasrah if the noun is in the nominative state. For example:جاءَ وَلدَانِ (two boys came)

• A yā' and nūn that has a kasrah if the noun is in the accusative or genitive case. For example:اسطدتُ عُصفرَینِ (I hunted two sparrows)

149. Yes, there are some exceptions to this rule. The exceptions are maqsūr nouns and mamdūd nouns.

150. A maqsūr noun has two cases:

• If it ends in a straight alif - the alif should be changed to a wāw and then the dual letters should be added. For example:عصا (cane) becomesعَصَو which becomesعَصَوانِ (two canes).

• If it ends in an alif maqsūrah - the alif should be changed to a yā' and then the dual letters should be added. For example:فتیَ (young man) becomesفَتي which becomesفَتَیَانِ (two young men).

151. A mamdūd noun has two cases:

• If the hamzah is a feminine hamzah - the hamzah should be changed into a wāw with a fathah and then the dual letters should be added. For example:خَصراء (green) becomesخَضراوَ which becomesخَضراوانِ .

• If the hamzah is not a feminine hamzah - the hamzah can either remain or be changed into a wāw with a fathah and then the dual letters should be added. For exampleسماء (sky) becomesسماء orسَماوَ which becomesسَماءَانِ orسَماوَانِ (two skies).

Plural Nouns

152. What is a plural?

153. How many forms of plurals are there?

154. What is a sound plural?

155. How many kinds of sound plurals are there?

156. What are the signs of a masculine sound plural?

157. When is a noun (non-adjective) put into the masculine sound plural form?

158. When is an adjective put into the masculine sound plural form?

159. What are the signs of a feminine sound plural?

160. When is a noun (non-adjective) put into the feminine sound plural form?

161. When is an adjective put into the feminine sound plural form?

162. What is a broken plural?

163. How many kinds of broken plurals are there?

164. Are there rules for some of the forms of broken plurals?

165. What are some forms of broken plurals for nouns (non-adjectives)?

166. What are some forms of broken plurals for adjectives?

152. A plural is a noun that indicates more than two people, animals, or things. For example:نجَّارون (carpenters).

153. There are two types of plurals: sound plurals and broken plurals.

154. A sound plural is a plural where the word remains the same and the plural letters are added to it. For example:مُعَلِّم (teacher) becomesمُعَلِّمونَ (teachers).

155. There are two types of sound plurals: masculine sound plurals and feminine sound plurals.

156. The plural letters for a masculine sound plural are:

• Wāw and nūn with a fathah when it is in the nominative state. For example:قَدِمَ الزَّائِرُونَ (The visitors came)

• Yā' and nūn with a fathah when it is in the accusative state. For example:رَأیتُ المُومِنینَ (I saw the believers)

• Yā' and nūn with a fathah when it is in the genative state. For example:سلَّمتُ علی القادمینَ (I greeted the arrivers)

157. A noun (non-adjective) is put into the masculine sound plural form if it is a proper male name that does not have a feminine tā'. For example:زید becomesزیدونَ .

158. An adjective is put into the masculine sound plural form if:

• it is an adjective of a human that does not have a feminine tā' when it is masculine and it is made feminine by adding a feminine tā'. For example:عالِم (scholar) becomesعالِمونَ (scholars).

• it is an adjective of a human in the comparative/superlative form. For example:أکرَم becomesأکرَمونَ

159. The plural letters for a sound feminine plural are an alif and tā' which is added after erasing the feminine tā'. For example:مومنة (believer woman) becomesمومنات (believer women).

160. A noun (non-adjective) is put into the feminine sound plural form if:

• it is a female proper name, even if it does not end in the feminine tā'. For example:مریم becomesمریمات .

• it is a infinitive that has more than three letters. For example:تعریف (definition) becomesتعریفات (definitions).

• it is a noun (masculine or feminine) that ends in one of the feminine letters. For example:وَرَقَة (paper) becomesوَرَقات (papers).

161. An adjective is put into the feminine sound plural form if it ends in one of the feminine letters. For example:کَبیرة (big female) becomesکَبیرات (big females).

162. A broken plural is a plural where the original letters of the word change. For example:کتاب (book) becomesکُتب (books).

163. There are three types of broken plurals:

• by changing the verbalization of the word, for example:أسَدٌ (lion) becomesأُسدٌ (lions).

• by erasing one of the letters of the word, for example:رَسولٌ (messenger) becomesرُسُلٌ (messengers).

• by adding letters to the word, for example:رَجُلٌ (man) becomesرِجالٌ (men).

164. Yes, there are some rules for some of the broken plurals.

165. Broken plural forms for some nouns (non-adjectives):

•فَعَل becomesفِعال , for example:جَمَل (camel) becomesجِمال (camels)

•فِعَل becomesأفعال , for example:عِنَب (grape) becomesأعناب (grapes)

•فَعِل becomesأفعال , for example:کَتِف (shoulder) becomesأکتاف (shoulders)

•فِعل becomesأفعال , for example:طِفل (child) becomesأطفال (children)

•فُعلَة becomesفُعَل , for example:عُلبَة (box) becomesعُلَب (boxes)

•فِعلَة becomesفِعَل , for example:حِرفة (occupation) becomesحِرَف (occupations)

•فاعِل becomesفَواعل , for example:خاتِم (ring) becomesخواتم (rings)

•فاعلة becomesفَواعل , for example:قائمة (leg) becomesقوائم (legs)

•فعیلة becomesفَعائل , for example:قبیلة (tribe) becomesقبائل (tribes)

•فعیلة becomesفَعایل , for example:مکیدة (scheme) becomesمکاید (schemes)

•مِفعَل becomesمَفاعِل , for example:مِنجَل (sickle) becomesمَناجِل (sickles)

•مِفعال becomesمَفاعیل , for example:مِفتاح (key) becomesمَفاتیح (keys)

166. Broken plural forms for some adjectives:

•أفعَل which becomes feminine in the following formفَعلاء becomesفُعل , for example:أحمَر (red) becomesحُمر

•أفعَل which is the comparative/superlative form becomesأفاعِل , for example:أفضَل (better) becomesأفاضِل

Possessive Nouns

167. What is a possessive noun?

168. What is the rule of possessive nouns?

169. What exceptions are there to this rule?

170. How is a possessive noun formed from a word ending in a hamzah?

171. How is a possessive noun formed from a word ending in a weak letter?

172. How is a possessive noun formed from a triliteral or quadriliteral word ending in an alif or yā'?

167. A possessive noun is a form that indicates a relationship between two things. For example:لبنانيٌّ (a man from Lebanon).

168. A. The noun is placed in the single masculine form and the last letter is given a kasrah then given yā's contracted together. For example:ناصرة (female helper) becomesناصر (male helper) which becomesناصريٌّ (from a helper). If the word is a broken plural the possessive noun can be formed from it or its singular form. For example:ملائکة (angels) becomesملائکيٌّ orملاکيٌّ (of the angels).

169. The following words are exceptions to this rule:

•مدینة becomesمدنيٌّ (a man from Medina)

•قریة (village) becomesقَرَويٌّ (a man from a village)

•حيّ (living) becomesحَیَويٌّ (a man from the living)

•ید (hand) becomesیَدَويٌّ (hand-made)

•أب (father) becomesأبَويٌّ (fatherly)

•ابن (son) becomesبَنَويٌّ (sonly)

•أخ (brother) becomesأخَويٌّ (brotherly)

•سنة (year) becomesسَنَويٌّ (yearly)

•لُقة (language) becomesلُغَويٌّ (literal)

•دَم (blood) becomesدَمويٌّ (of blood)

170. A noun ending in a hamzah:

• If the hamzah is a feminine hamzah it should be changed into a wāw, for example:بَیضاء (white) becomesبَیضاوِيٌّ (from white).

• If the hamzah is not a feminine hamzah then it can be changed into a wāw or it can remain, for example:سماء (sky) becomesسماويٌّ orسمائيٌّ (of the skies).

171. A noun ending in a weak letter is put into the possessive noun form by erasing the weak letter and then adding the yā's.مصطفیَ becomesمصطفيٌّ (from Mustafa).

172. If the word is a triliteral or quadriliteral word ending in a yā' or alif the last letter should be changed into a wāw and then the yā's should be added. For example:فَتیَ (young man) becomesفَتَوِيٌّ (of a young man).

The Diminutive Pattern

173. What is the diminutive pattern?

174. What are the rules of the diminutive pattern?

175. When is the letter after the diminutive yā' given a fathah?

173. The diminutive pattern is a form which indicates smallness, degradation or love. For example:وَلَد (boy) becomesوُلَید (small boy)

174. The rules of the diminutive pattern are:

• The first letter of the word must be given a dummah

• The second letter must be given a fathah and if it is a weak letter it is put in its original form and then given a fathah

• Then the diminutive yā' is added after the second letter without any vowel sign

• The next letter is given a kasrah except in some cases where it is given a fathah

175. The letter after the diminutive yā' is given a fathah if it is followed by a tā' or an alif. For example:زُهرَة (flower) becomesزُهَیرَة (small flower).

Pronouns

176. What is a pronoun?

177. How many kinds of pronouns are there?

178. What is a clear pronoun?

179. How many kinds of clear pronouns are there?

180. What is a separated clear pronoun?

181. How many kinds of separated clear pronouns are there?

182. What are the separated clear pronouns in the nominative state?

183. What are the separated clear pronouns in the accusative state?

184. What is a connected clear pronoun?

185. How many kinds of connected clear pronouns are there?

186. What are the connected clear pronouns in the nominative state?

187. What are the connected clear pronouns in the accusative and genitive states?

188. What are the connected clear pronouns in the nominative, accusative and genitive states?

189. What is a hidden pronoun?

190. How many kinds of hidden pronouns are there?

191. When is it permissible for a pronoun to be hidden?

192. When is it obligatory for a pronoun to be hidden?

176. A pronoun is a noun that represents a speaking, present, or absent person. For example:أنا (I)

177. There are two types of pronouns: clear and hidden.

178. A clear pronoun is a pronoun that is pronounced. For example:هو مجتهدٌ (he is a mujtahid)1

179. There are two types of clear pronouns: separated and connected.

180. A separated clear pronoun is a pronoun that is essentially independent. For example:هو نجح (he succeeded).

181. There are two types of separated clear pronouns: separated clear pronouns in the nominative state and separated clear pronouns in the accusative state.

182. The separated clear pronouns in the nominative state are:

•هُوَ (he)

•هُما (he dual)

•هُم (they male plural)

•هِيَ (she)

•هُما (she dual)

•هُنَّ (they female plural)

•أنتَ (you male)

•أنتُما (you dual male)

•أنتُم (you plural male)

•أنتِ (you female)

•أنتُما (you dual female)

•أنتُنَّ (you plural female)

•أنا (I)

•نَحنُ (we)

183. The separated clear pronouns in the accusative state are:

•إیاهُ (he)

•إیاهُما (he dual)

•إیاهُم (they male plural)

•إیاها (she)

•إیاهُما (she dual)

•إیاهُنَّ (they female plural)

•إیاکَ (you male)

•إیاکُما (you dual male)

•إیاکُم (you plural male)

•إیاکِ (you female)

•إیاکُما (you dual female)

•إیاکُنَّ (you plural female)

•إیايَ (I)

•إیانا (we)

184. A connected clear pronoun is a pronoun that is like a part of the word it is connected to. For example:فَتَحنا (We conquered)

185. There are three kinds of connected clear pronouns: connected clear pronouns in the nominative state, connected clear pronouns in the accusative and genitive states, and connected clear pronouns in the nominative, accusative and genitive states.

186. The connected clear pronouns in the nominative state are:

•تُ (I) ,جَلستُ (I sat)

•تَ (you male),جَلستَ (you sat)

•تِ (you female),جَلستِ (you sat)

•تُما (you dual male/female),جَلستُما (you two sat)

•تُم (you plural male),جَلستُم (you guys sat)

•تُنَّ (you plural female) ,جَلستُنَّ (you girls sat)

• The dual alif,جَلسا (they two sat)

•و (masculine plural),جَلسوا (they sat)

•ن (feminine plural),جَلسنا (they sat)

•ي (second person feminine pronoun),تَجلسین (she is sitting)

187. The connected clear pronouns in the accusative and genitive states are:

•ي (me,my)أکرمَني والدي (My father respects me)

•کَ (your, you male)أکرمَکَ والدکَ (your father respects you)

•کِ (your, you female)أکرمَکِ والدکِ (your father respects you)

•کُم (your, you male plural)أکرمَکُم والدکُم (your father respects you)

•کُنَّ (your, you female plural)أکرمَکُنَّ والدکُنَّ (your father respects you)

•هُ (his, him)أکرمَهُ والدهُ (his father respects him)

•ها (her)أکرمَها والدها (her father respects her)

•هُم (their, them male)أکرمَهُم والدهُم (their father respects them)

•هُنَّ (their, them female)أکرمَهُنَّ والدهُنَّ (their father respects them)

188. The connected clear pronouns in the nominative, accusative, and genitive states are:

•نا (our, us)أکرمَنا والدنا فَدَرَسنا (our father respects us so we study)

189. A hidden pronoun is a pronoun that is not pronounced. For example:کَتَبَ (he wrote)

190. There are two types of hidden pronouns: permissibly hidden and obligatorily hidden.

191. The permissibly hidden pronouns are the masculine and feminine third person pronouns. For example:زَیدٌ أتیَ (هو ) (Zayd came).

192. The obligatorily hidden pronouns are the first and second person pronouns. For example:أقول (I say)

    1. A mujtahid is a person who is able to derive religious rulings from their sources. For more information one can refer to the book The Basics of Islamic Jurisprudence by Hassan al-Ridā’ī available at www.lulu.com/islamicbooks.

Demonstrative Pronouns

193. What is a demonstrative pronoun?

194. How many kinds of demonstrative pronouns are there?

195. What are the demonstrative pronouns?

196. What is the ha that is at the beginning of the demonstrative pronouns for close objects called and is it ever erased?

197. Is a demonstrative pronoun declinable or indeclinable?

193. A demonstrative pronoun is a noun that indicates a specific person, animal, or thing. For example:هَذا الولد (this child).

194. There are three kinds of demonstrative pronouns: for close objects, for objects in between close and far, for far objects.

195. The demonstrative pronouns are:

• For things that are close:

    1.هذا (this, m.)

    2.هذانِ (these two, m.)

    3.هَوُلاء (these, m.)

    4.هذهِ (this, f.)

    5.هَاتانِ (these two, f.)

    6.هَوُلاء (these, f.)

• For things that are medium range:

    1.ذاکَ (that, m.)

    2.ذانِکَ (those two, m.)

    3.ﺃولئکَ (those, m.)

    4.تیکَ (that, f.)

    5.تانِکَ (those two, f.)

    6.ﺃولِوکَ (those, f.)

• For things that are far:

    1.ذلِکَ (that, m.)

    2.ذانّکَ (those two, m.)

    3.ﺃولالِکَ (those, m.)

    4.تِلکَ (that, f.)

    5.تانّکَ (those two, f.)

    6.ﺃولالِکَ (those, f.)

• For places:

    1.هُنا (here)

    2.هُناکَ (there, medium range)

    3.هُنالِک تَمّ (there, far)

196. The ha that is in the front of demonstrative pronouns for close objects is called the demonstrative ha and sometimes is erased.

197. All of the demonstrative pronouns are indeclinable. The dual forms are made indeclinable on an alif if it is in the nominative case, for exampleهذانِ , and on a yā' if it is in the accusative or genitive cases, for exampleهذَینِ .

Conjuncts

198. What is a conjunct?

199. What is a sentence with a conjunct called?

200. What is the pronoun in the sentence with a conjunct called?

201. How many kinds of conjuncts are there?

202. What is a specific conjunct?

203. What are the specific conjuncts?

204. Are specific conjuncts declinable or indeclinable?

205. What is a common conjunct?

206. What are the common conjuncts?

198. A conjunct is a noun whose meaning is not complete unless there is a sentence after it with a pronoun that relates to it. For example:جاءَ الخادم الذي کلَّمتُکَ عنه (The servant who you talked about came).

199. The sentence after a conjunct is called a relative sentence.

200. The pronoun in the relative sentence is called a returning pronoun. There are two kinds of returning pronouns: clear, for exampleجاء الذي سافر أبوه (the person whose father is traveling came) and hidden, for exampleجاء الذي أرسلتُ (the person who I sent for came).

201. There are two types of conjuncts: specific and common.

202. A specific conjunct is a word used specifically for single, dual, and plural masculine and feminine words.

203. The specific conjuncts are:

• Masculine:

    1.الّذی (single)

    2.اللّذانِ اللّذَینِ (dual)

    3.اللّذِینَ (plural)

• Feminine:

    1.الّتی (single)

    2.اللّتانِ اللّّتَینِ (dual)

    3.اللّواتی اللاتی اللائی (plural)

204. Conjuncts are always indeclinable. The dual forms are made indeclinable on an alif if it is in the nominative state, for exampleاللّذانِ and on a yā' if it is in the accusative or genitive states, for exampleاللّذَینِ .

205. A common conjunct is a noun that is used for all the different tenses of conjuncts.

206. There are three common conjuncts:

•مَن which is used for rational beings. For example:أُکرِّمُ مَن یَزُورُني (I respect whoever visits me)

•ما which is used for non-rational beings. For example:کُل ما تَشتهیهِ نَفسُکَ (Eat whatever your heart desires)

•أيّ which is used for both rational and non-rational beings. For example:أُحِبُّ أيَّ التلامذةِ یدرسُ (I love whichever student who studies)

Conditional Words, Interrogative Words and Adverbial Nouns of Time or Place

207. What is a conditional word?

208. What are the conditional words?

209. What is an interrogative word?

210. What are the interrogative words?

211. Where is a conditional or question word used in a sentence?

212. What is an adverbial noun of time or place?

213. How many kinds of adverbial nouns of time or place are there in regards to their vowel signs?

214. What are the indeclinable adverbial nouns of time or place?

207. A conditional word is a noun written before two sentences indicating that the result of the second sentence is conditional upon the first sentence. For example:إذا درستُ تنجح (if you study you will succeed)

208. Conditional words are:مَن (whoever),ما (whatever),مَهما (whatever),مَتیَ (whenever),أیّان (whenever),أین (wherever),أنَّیَ (whenever),حَیثُما (however),کَیفُما (however),أيُّ (whichever). All of these words are indeclinable exceptأيُّ which is declinable.

209. An interrogative word is a noun which is used to ask about something. For example:مَن هَذا؟ (Who is this?)

210. Interrogative words are:مَن (who),مَن ذا (who is this),ما (what),ماذا (what),کَم (how much), andأيُّ (which). All of these words are indeclinable exceptأيُّ which is declinable.

211. All conditional words and question words are written at the beginning of the sentence.

212. An adverbial noun of time or place is a noun that indicates time or place. For example:تاجِر حیثُ أخوکَ مقیمٌ (Sell wherever your brother is settled.)

213. There are two types of adverbial nouns of time and place regarding their vowel signs:

• Indeclinable:حَیثُ andأمسِ (yesterday).

• Declinable:قَبل (before) andبَعد (after).

214. Indeclinable adverbial nouns of time and place are:

• Adverbial nouns of place:حَیثُ, لَدُن (near),لَدی (at),أین, هُنا

• Adverbial nouns of time:إذ (whenever),أمسِ (yesterday),مُذ (since),مُنذ (since),قَطُّ (never),لمّا (when,since),أیّان (when),مَتیَ , andالان (now)

• Adverbial nouns of both time and place:أنَّیَ

Cardinal Numbers

215. How many types of numbers are there?

216. What is a cardinal number?

217. How many foundational cardinal numbers are there?

218. How many types of cardinal numbers are there?

219. What is the rule regarding a single number?

220. What is the rule regarding a compound number?

221. What is the rule regarding a decimal number?

222. What is the rule regarding a coupled number?

223. What is the rule of the number in regards to its vowel sign?

224. What is the rule of the noun after the number in regards to its vowel sign?

215. There are two types of numbers: cardinal and ordinal.

216. A cardinal number is a noun that indicates the amount of a countable thing. For example:أربعة أولاد (four children)

217. There are twelve foundational cardinal numbers:واحِد (one),إثنان (two),ثَلاثَة (three),أربعَة (four),خَمسَة (five),سِتَّة (six),سَبعَة (seven),ثمانیَة (eight),تِسعَة (nine),عَشرَة (ten),مائَة (hundred), andألف (thousand).

218. There are four types of cardinal numbers:

• Single: from one to ten, including a hundred and a thousand.

• Compound: from eleven to nineteen.

• Decimal: from twenty until ninety.

• Coupled: from twenty-one until ninety-nine.

219. The rules relating single numbers are:

• One and two: they are masculine when the numbered object is masculine and feminine when the numbered object is feminine. For example:رجلٌ واحدٌ (one man) andإمرَأةٌ واحدةٌ (one woman).

• From three to ten: they are feminine when the numbered object is masculine and masculine when the numbered object is feminine. For example:ثَلاثَةُ أولادِ three boys) andثَلاثُ والداتٍ (three girls).

• A hundred and a thousand: they remain the same regardless if the numbered object is masculine or feminine. For example:مائةُ صبيٍّ (a hundred boys) andمائة فتاةٍ (a hundred girls).

220. The rule regarding compound numbers is that the first part of the number follows the rules for single numbers and the second part follows the numbered object in gender. For example:عَشَرَ عَدَداً (eleven numbers) andخَمسَة عَشَرَ بَیتاً (fifteen houses).

221. The rule regarding decimal numbers is that they remain the same regardless of the gender of the numbered object. For example:عِشرونَ رَجُلاً (twenty men) andعِشرونَ امرَةً (twenty women).

222. The rule regarding coupled numbers is that the first part of the number follows the rules for single numbers and the second part remains the same regardless of the gender of the numbered object. For example:واحد و عشرون, اِثنان و عشرون , andثلاثةٌ و عشرون for masculine objects andواحدة و عشرون, اثنتان و عشرون andثلاثٌ و عشرون for feminine objects.

223. The rules of numbers in respect to vowel signs are:

• Two: follows the rules regarding dual forms. For example:اثنان andاثنَین (two masculine) andاثنتان andاثنتَین (two feminine).

• Decimal: follows the rules of sound masculine plurals. For example:عِشرون andعِشرین (twenty).

• Compound: The first part of the number is indeclinable with a fathah. For example:جَلَسَ أحَدَ عَشَرَ رَجُلاً علیَ أحَدَ عَسَرَ کُرسیاً (eleven men sat on eleven chairs).

• The rest of the numbers: follow the rules regarding other nouns. For example:جاءَ رجالٌ ثلاثةٌ حاملینَ أربعةَ کُتُبٍ (three men came carrying four books).

224. The rules of the numbered object are:

• From three until ten: the numbered object is plural in the genitive state. For example:جاءَ ثلاثةٌ أولادٍ (three boys came).

• From a hundred to a thousand: the numbered object is singular and in the genitive state. For example:جاءَ مئةُ ولدٍ (a hundred boys came).

• From eleven to ninety-nine: the numbered object is singular and in the accusative state. For example:جاءَ أربعةَ عَشَرَ وَاداً (fourteen boys came).

Ordinal Numbers

225. What is an ordinal number?

226. How many ordinal numbers are there?

227. How many types of ordinal numbers are there?

228. What is the ruling of ordinal numbers and the numbered object?

229. What is the ruling of ordinary numbers in regards to their vowel signs?

225. Ordinal numbers are nouns that indicate the order of things. For example:الولد الرابع (the fourth boy).

226. There are twelve ordinal numbers:أوَّل (first),ثانٍ (second),ثالِث (third),رابِع (fourth),خامِس (fifth),سادِس (sixth),سابِع (seventh),ثامِن (eighth),تاسِع (ninth),عاشِر (tenth),مِئَة (hundredth), andألف (thousandth).

227. There are four types of ordinal numbers:

• Single: from first to tenth.

• Compound: from eleventh to nineteenth.

• Decimal: from twentieth to ninetieth and a hundredth and a thousandth.

• Coupled: from twenty-first to ninety-ninth.

228. Ordinal numbers follow the numbered object in gender. For example:الرجل الرابع و الفتاة الرابعة (the fourth man and the fourth girl). The exception to this rule is decimal numbers, they remain the same regardless of the gender of the numbered object. For example:الکاتب العشرون و الکاتبة العشرون (the twentieth male author and the twentieth female author)

229. All of the ordinal numbers are declinable. The exception to this is compound numbers, they are indeclinable with a fathah.

The Status of Nouns

230. What are states?

231. How many types of states are there for nouns?

232. What are the signs of the different states of nouns?

233. Are there exceptions to this rule?

234. What are the signs of the nominative state for nouns that are exceptions to the principle rule?

235. What are the signs of the accusative state for these nouns?

236. What are the signs of the genitive state for these nouns?

230. States are the changes of the end of nouns and verbs due to the different places of a sentence that they are put into. For example:قَدِمَ الغائِبُ (the absent person came),رأیتُ الغائِبَ (I saw the absent person), andسلَّمتُ علی الغائِبِ (I greeted the absent person).

231. There are three states for nouns: nominative, accusative and genitive.

232. The signs of the states are as follows:

• The nominative state: a dummah.

• The accusative state: a fathah.

• The genitive state: a kasrah.

233. Yes, there are exceptions to this rule, for example: dual forms, masculine sound plurals, feminine sound plurals, the five nouns and the words that are unnonated.

234. The signs of the nominative state in the words that are exceptions to the general rule:

• Dual form: alif, for example:الکاتبان مفیدانِ (two useful authors).

• Sound masculine plurals: wāw, for example:جاء المحامونَ (The lawyers came).

• The five nouns: wāw, for example:أبوک عالمٌ (Your father is a scholar).

235. The signs of the accusative state in these words:

• Dual form: yā' that has a fathah before it, for example:اشتریتُ کتابَین (I bought two books).

• Masculine sound plurals: yā', for example:رأیتُ المحامین (I saw the lawyers).

• The five nouns: alif, for example:کرَّمتُ أباک (I was generous to your father).

• Feminine sound plulars: kasrah, for example:اشتریت ساعاتٍ جمیلةً (I bought a beautiful watch).

236. The sings of the genitive state in these words:

• Dual form: yā' that has a fathah before it, for example:بَحَثتُ في کتابَین (I researched two books).

• Masculine plurals: yā', for example:مع المحامین (with lawyers).

• The five nouns: yā', for example:سلَّمتُ علی أبیک (I greeted your father).

• Unnonated nouns: fathah, for example:ذهَبتُ إلی بیروتَ (I went to Beirut).