Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

Elementary Arabic Morphology 2

(Mabādī Al-‛Arabīyyah)

A study of Arabic Morphology volume 2. Translated by Hamid Hussein Waqar.

Author(s): Rashid Al-Shartuni

Translator(s): Hamid Hussein Waqar

Table of Contents

The Definition of Morphology 3

The Division of Verbs 4

Sound and Unsound 5

Triliteral Verbs with Increase letters 7

Quadriliteral Verbs with Increase Letters 9

The Preterite Tense Verb 10

The Aorist Tense 11

The Imperative 13

Intransitive and Transitive Verbs 15

Divisions of Nouns 17

Proper and Generic Nouns 19

Infinitives 21

Adjectives: The Active and Passive Participle 23

The Adjective 24

The Forms of Exaggeration 25

The Comparative and Superlative Noun 27

Definite and Indefinite Nouns 28

Masculine and Feminine 29

Maqsur, Mamdud, and Manqus Nouns 31

Single and Dual Forms 32

Plural Nouns 33

Possessive Nouns 36

The Diminutive Pattern 38

Pronouns 39

Demonstrative Pronouns 43

Conjuncts 45

Conditional Words, Interrogative Words and Adverbial Nouns of Time or Place 47

Cardinal Numbers 49

Ordinal Numbers 51

The Status of Nouns 52

The Status of Verbs 54

Indeclinable Nouns and Verbs 56

Implied Vowel Signs 58

Nunated and Unnunated Words 59

Prepositions 61

The Definition of Morphology

1. What is morphology?

2. How many kinds of words are there?

3. Is morphology applied to every kind of word?

4. What is the changing of a word from one form to another called?

5. How is morphology applied to verbs?

6. How is morphology applied to nouns?

1. Morphology is science of conjugating words into different forms due to the intended meaning.

2. There are three types of words:

• Nouns: for example -شجرة (tree)

• Verbs: for example -اُکتُب (write)

• Prepositions: for example -علی (on)

3. Morphology is only applied to nouns and verbs because they are able to be conjugated into different forms, but prepositions are not able to be conjugated, rather they always remain in one form.

4. The changing of a word from one form to another is called conjugation.

5. Morphology is applied to verbs by conjugating them from the preterite tense, to the aorist tense, and to the imperative. For example:فَرِحَ یَفرَحُ اِفرَح (be happy, he is happy, he was happy)

6. Morphology is applied to nouns by conjugating them:

• into the dual and plural forms:نهر نهرانِ أنهار (rivers, two rivers, a river)

• into the diminutive pattern:نُهَیر (a small river)

• into a possessive noun form:نَهرِﻱّ (a person of the river)

The Division of Verbs

7. What is a verb?

8. How many different kinds of verbs are there in relation to the number of root letters?

9. How many kinds of triliteral verbs are there in relation to root letters?

10. What is a sound verb?

11. What is a perfect verb?

12. What is an unsound verb?

13. How many weak letters are there?

14. What are double-letter verbs?

7. A verb is a word that indicates a state or event that occurred in the past, occurs in the present, or will occur in the future. For example:حَسُنَ (he was good) - in the past andیأخُذُ (he takes) - in the present or future.

8. There are two kinds of verbs in relation to root letters:

• Triliteral: a verb made up of three root letters, for exampleنَصَرَ (he helped)

• Quadriliteral: a verb made up of four root letters, for exampleدَحرَجَ (he rolled)

9. There are two types of triliteral verbs in relation to root letters: sound and unsound.

10. A sound verb is a verb that does not have any weak letters in its root. There are three kinds of sound verbs: a verb with a glottal stop in its root and a double-letter verb. For example:فَرَّ (he ran away).

11. A perfect verb is a sound verb that does not have a glottal stop or double-letter in its root. For example:شَکَرَ (he thanked).

12. An unsound verb is a verb that has a weak letter in its root. For example:رَمَیَ (he threw).

13. There are three weak letters: alif, wāw and yā'.

14. A double-letter verb is a verb that has two identical letters in its root. For example:زَلزَلَ (it quaked).

Sound and Unsound

15. What is the form for a triliteral verb?

16. What is a double-letter verb?

17. What is a verb with a glottal stop in its root?

18. How many kinds of verbs with a glottal stop in its root are there?

19. How many kinds of unsound verbs are there?

20. What is a verb that has two weak letters called?

21. When is a verb truly unsound or doubled? Or when does it truly have a glottal stop?

15. The form of a triliteral verb is:فَعَلَ . The first letter is called the first root letter, the second is called the second root letter and the third is called the third root letter.

16. A double-letter verb is a verb that has two identical letters in its root. For example:فَرَّ (he ran away).

17. A verb that has a glottal stop is a verb that has a glottal stop in its root. For example:أکَلَ (he ate).

18. There are three types of verbs that have a glottal stop in their root:

• Glottal stop of the first root letter:أخَذَ (he took)

• Glottal stop of the second root letter:سَألَ (he asked)

• Glottal stop of the third root letter:نَشَأ (he emerged)

19. There are three types of weak verbs:

• Quasi-sound verb: when the weak letter is in the first root letter:وَعَدَ (he promised)

• Hollow verb: when the weak letter is in the second root letter:قَالَ (he said)

• Defective verb: when the weak letter is in the third root letter:دَعَا (he supplicated)

20. A verb that has two weak letters is called a cluster verb. There are two kinds of cluster verbs:

• A cluster verb that has a weak letter in the first and third root letters. For example:وَفَی (he completed)

• A cluster verb that has a weak letter in the second and third root letters. For example:شَوی (it roasted)

21. A verb truly has a glottal stop or is truly a double-letter verb when the glottal stop or the two identical letters are in the root of the verb, not including added letters. So:

•انطَلَقَ this verb does not have a glottal stop because its root isطلق .

•قَدَّمَ this verb is not a double-letter verb because its root isقدم .

•قاتَلَ This verb is not an unsound verb because its root isقتل .

Triliteral Verbs with Increase letters

22. What is a singular triliteral verb?

23. What is a triliteral verb with increase letters?

24. How many forms does a triliteral verb with one increase letter have?

25. How many forms does a triliteral verb with two increase letters have?

26. How many forms does a triliteral verb with three increase letters have?

27. How many forms of triliteral verbs with increase letters are there?

28. Are all the forms of triliteral verbs with increase letters applied to all triliteral verbs?

22. A singular triliteral verb is a triliteral verb that only has its root letters, without any increase letters. For exampleعَرَفَ (he knew).

23. A triliteral verb with increase letters is a triliteral verb that has added letters to its root:

• Either one added letter: for example:أکرَمَ (he honored).

• Or two added letters: for example:اِنطَلَقَ (he was set free).

• Or three added letters: for example:اِستَغفَرَ (he asked for forgiveness).

24. There are three forms of triliteral verbs that have one increase letter:

•فَعَّلَ This is form II1 . Here the second root letter is doubled. For example:خَبَرَ (he notified)

•فاعَلَ This is form III. Here an alif is added to the root. For example:خابَرَ (he negotiated)

•أفعَلََ This is form IV. Here a glottal stop is added to the beginning of the root. For example:أخبَرَ (he notified)

25. There are five forms of triliteral verbs that have two increase letters:

•تَفَعَّلَ This is form V. Here a tā' is added and the second root letter is doubled. For example:تَقَبَّلَ (he accepted)

•تَفاعَلَ This is form VI. Here a tā' and an alif are added. For exampleتَقابَلَ (he met)

•اِنفَعَلَ This is form VII. Here a glottal stop and a nūn are added. For example:اِنقَبَلَ (it was accepted)

•اِفتَعَلَ This is form VIII. Here a glottal stop and a tā' are added. For example:اِقتَبَلَ (he received)

•اِفعَلَّ This is form IX. Here a glottal stop is added and the last root letter is doubled. For example:اِحمَرَّ (he become red)

26. There are two forms of triliteral verbs that have two increase letters:

•اِستَفعَلَ This is form X. Here a glottal stop, sīn and tā' are added. For example:اِستَغفَرَ (he asked for forgiveness)

•اِفعَوعَلَ This is form XII2 . Here a glottal stop and a wāw are added along with another second root letter. For example:اِحدَودَبَ (It was bent outward)

27. There are ten forms of triliteral verbs with increase letters.3

28. No, in order to know which forms are applied to which verbs one must refer to dictionaries. For example form IV and XII are not applied to the verbفَتَحَ

    1. The number of the forms is according to the Hans Wehr dictionary. They can be found on page 13 of the introduction of the compact version of the internationally recognized fourth edition.

    2. Form XI is not mentioned in this book

    3. Mentioned in this book, for there are more than that.

Quadriliteral Verbs with Increase Letters

29. How many types of quadriliteral verbs are there?

30. Does the quadriliteral verb have a pattern like the triliteral verb?

31. What is a singular quadriliteral verb?

32. What is a quadriliteral verb with increase letters?

33. How many forms does a quadriliteral verb with one increase letter have?

34. How many forms does a quadriliteral verb with two increase letters have?

35. How many forms of quadriliteral verbs with increase letters are there?

36. Are all the forms of quadriliteral verbs with increase letters applied to all quadrilteral verbs?

29. There are two types of quadriliteral verbs:

• Regular: when there aren't any doubled letters in its root. For example:دَحرَجَ (he rolled)

• Double-lettered: when the first and third root letters are identical as well as the second and fourth. For exampleزَلزَلَ (it quaked)

30. The pattern for the quadriliteral verb isفعلل . The first letter is called the first root letter, then the second root letter, then the third root letter then the fourth root letter.

31. A single quadriliteral verb is a qaudriliteral verb that does not have any increase letters. For example:دَحرَجَ (he rolled)

32. A quadriliteral verb with increase letters is a quadriliteral verb that has one or two letters added to its root.

33. There is one form of a quadriliteral verb with one increase letter:

•تَفَعلَلَ This is form II. Here a tā' is added to the root. For example:تَدَحرَجَ (he rolled down)

34. There are two forms of a quadriliteral verb with two increase letters:

•اِفعَنلَلَ This is form III. Here a glottal stop and a nūn are added. For exampleاِحرَنجَمَ (translate)

•اِفعَلَلَّ This is form IV. Here a glottal stop is added and the fourth root letter is doubled. For example:اِقشَعَرَّ (he shivered)

35. There are three forms of quadriliteral verbs with increase letters.1

36. No, to know which forms are applied to which verbs one must refer to dictionaries. For example forms III and IV forms are not applied to the verbدَحرَجَ .

    1. Mentioned in this book, for there are more.

The Preterite Tense Verb

37. How many tenses of verbs are there?

38. What is a preterite tense verb?

39. What is the vowel sign of the last syllable of a preterite tense verb?

40. What do you know about a glottal stop being added to the beginning of the preterite tense verb?

41. What are the vowel signs of the preterite tense letters?

42. What is the vowel sign of the second root letter of a triliteral verb?

37. There are three tenses of a verb: preterite, aorist, imperative.

38. The preterite tense is a verb that indicates a state or action that happened in the past. For example:أخَذَ (he took)

39. The last syllable of a preterite tense verb is indeclinable on:

• A fathah, for exampleضَرَبَ (he hit)

• A Dummah, if it is connected to the wāw plural pronoun, for exampleضَرَبُوا (they hit)

• A sakūn, if a nominative pronoun with a vowel sign is connected to the verb, for exampleضَرَبتُ (I hit)

40. The glottal stop that is added to the beginning of the perterite tense verbs can be:

• A qat‛ glottal stop which takes a fathah in four-letter verbs. For example:أکرَمَ (he honored)

• A wasl glottal stop which takes a kasrah in five and six-letter verbs. For example:اِنطَلَقَ (he was set free)

41. All of the vowel signs of the perterite tense verb, except the second root letter are fathahs. For exampleأکرَمَ (he honored).

42. The second root letter of single triliteral verbs can either have a fathah, dummah or kasrah. For example:ضَرَبَ (he hit)کَرُمَ (he honored) andعَلِمَ (he knew)

The Aorist Tense

43. What is an aorist tense verb?

44. How is an aorist tense verb formed?

45. How many aorist tense letters are there?

46. When does the aorist tense letter have dummah?

47. When does the aorist tense letter have a fathah?

48. Is the form of a triliteral preterite tense verb changed if an aorist letter is added to it?

49. What happens if an aorist letter is added to a preterite tense verb with more than three letters?

50. Is an aorist tense verb indeclinable?

43. The aorist tense is a verb that indicates a state or action that is happening in the present or will happen in the future. For exampleیَکُونُ (he is) andیَتَکَلَّمُ (he speaks to).

44. The aorist tense verb is formed from the preterite tense verb. An aorist letter is added to the beginning of the preterite tense verb.

45. There are four aorist tense letters:ا ن ﻱ ت For exampleأتَکَلَّمُ (I am speaking to)نَتَکَلَّمُ (we are speaking to)یَتَکَلَّمُ (he is speaking to)تَتَکَلَّمُ (she is speaking to).

46. The aorist tense letter has a dummah if it is added to a preterite tense verb with four letters. For exampleزَلزَلَ becomesیُزَلزَلُ (its shaking) orأکرَمَ becomesیُکرِمُ (he is honoring).

47. The aorist tense letter has a fathah if it is added to a preterite tense verb with three, five or six letters. For exampleضَرَبَ becomesیَضرِبُ (he is hitting) orاِنطَلَقَ becomesیَنطَلِقُ (he is setting free).

48. If an aorist tense letter is added to a preterite tense triliteral verb:

• the first root letter is given a sakūn, for example:یَضرِبُ (he hits)

• there is no rule for the second root letter, for example:یَعلَمُ (he knows)یَنصُرُ (he helps)یَضرِبُ (he hits)

49. If an aorist letter is added to a preterite tense with more than three letters:

• The letter before the last is always given a kasrah, for example:یُدَحرِجُ (he rolls)

• The letters before the last letter are given a fathah if the beginning of the preterite tense verb was tā', for example:تَدَحرَجَ becomesیَتَدَحرَجُ (he rolls down).

50. The last letter of an aorist tense verb is declinable, which means it changes. It is nominative, subjunctive or jussive due to different situations. For example:یَضرِبُ (he hits) andلَن یَضرِبَ (he will never hit) andلَم یَنطَلَق (he has not been set free). The last letter of an aorist tense verb is indeclinable in some cases.1

    1. Refer to question number 237

The Imperative

51. What is an imperative?

52. What is an imperative formed from?

53. Is the last syllable of an imperative declinable or indeclinable?

54. What vowel sign does the glottal stop of an imperative receive?

55. What is a wasl glottal stop?

56. What is a qat‛ glottal stop?

57. What should be done if the speaker wants to use the imperative in the first or third person?

51. The imperative verb is used to ask something from the listener in the present or in the future. For example:کُن (be) andاُکتُب (write)

52. The imperative is formed from the aorist tense by:

• erasing the aorist letter from the beginning of the word, for example:تَتَقَدَّمُ becomesتَقَدَّم (precede)

• then, adding a glottal stop if the verb is a single triliteral verb or starts with an added glottal stop. The glottal stop is a qat‛ glottal stop if the verb has four letters and a wasl glottal stop if it has more or less than four letters. For example:ضَرَبَ becomesیَضرِبُ then becomesاِضرِب (hit) orأحسَنَ becomesیُحسِنُ then becomesأحسِن (act well)

53. The last syllable of an imperative is indeclinable, it does not change. It is indeclinable upon:

• a sakūn if the last letter is not a weak letter, for example:اُنصُر (help)

• erasing the weak letter of defective verbs, for exampleیَرمي becomesاِرمِ (throw) orیُعطِي becomesأعطِ (give)

• erasing the nūn if the verb is connected to the dual alif, the plural wāw or the yā' personal pronoun, for example:اُنصِرَا (you two people help)

54. The imperative glottal stop:

• is given a dummah if the second root letter of a three letter verb has a dummah in the aorist tense. For example:اُنظُر (look)

• is given a fathah if it is a four letter verb. For example:أکرَم (be generous)

• is given a kasrah in other than these two cases. For example:اِعلَم (know) andاِضرِب (hit) andاِنطَلِق (begin) andاِستَعلِم (seek knowledge).

55. A wasl glottal stop is pronounced at the beginning of a sentence, for example:اِجلِس یا رَجُلُ (Sit, oh man.), but is not pronounced in the middle of a sentence, for example:یا رَجُلُ اجلِس (Oh man, sit.)

56. A qat‛ glottal stop is pronounced in the beginning of a sentence, for example:أقبِل یا رَجُلُ (Accept, oh man.), and in the middle of a sentence, for example:یا رَجُلُ أقبِل (Oh man, accept.)

57. The imperative used for the first or third person has a special form which is called the imperative by lām where a jussive lām is added to the beginning of the aorist tense verb and takes a kasrah, for example:لِیَضرِب لأُوَدِّب (He must hit to teach manners), except if it is after a fā' or wāw, in this case it is given a sakūn, for example:فَلتَطِب نفسک (feel comfortable).

Intransitive and Transitive Verbs

58. Does every verb need an actor?

59. Does every verb need an objective compliment?

60. When does a triliteral intransitive verb become transitive?

61. How many categories of transitive verbs are there?

62. What verbs are passive verbs derived from?

63. Is a passive verb derived from an intransitive verb?

64. How is a passive verb in the preterite tense formed?

65. How is a passive verb in the aorist tense formed?

58. Every verb needs an actor and the actor is either:

• Apparent, for example:جَلَسَ المعلِّمُونَ ثُمَ تَباحَثُوا (The teachers sat down and then discussed.)

• Hidden, for example:اِلعَب (play) where the 'you' is hidden.

59. No, there are two types of verbs:

• Intransitive: A verb that suffices itself with an actor and does not need an objective compliment. For example:جاءَ الولَدُ (The boy came.)

• Transitive: A verb that doe not suffice itself with an actor, rather it needs an objective compliment as well. For example:کَسَرَ الخادِمُ ابریقاً (The servant broke a pitcher.)

60. Most triliteral intransitive verbs are made transitive if placed into form II or IV. For example:دامَ (to last) becomesأدامَ (to make last) orکَرُمَ (to be noble) becomesکَرَّمَ (to call noble).

61. There are two categories of transitive verbs:

• Active: a verb whose actor is known, for example:بَری التلمیذُ قَلَماً (The student sharpened a pencil.)

• Passive: a verb whose actor is not mentioned and whose objective compliment is put in the actor's place. For example:بُرِيَ القَلَمُ (The pencil was sharpened.)

62. A passive verb is normally formed from a transitive verb and the objective compliment takes the place of the actor after it is erased from the sentence. For example:ضَرَبَ زیدٌ سلیماً (Zayd hit Salīm) becomesضُرِبَ سلیمٌ (Salīm was hit.)

63, Yes, a passive verb is formed from an intransitive verb:

• if it can be made transitive by using a preposition. For example:قَبَضَ الحارسُ علی اللصِّ (The guard seized the thief.) becomesقُبِضَ علی اللصِّ (the thief was seized.)

• if there is a adverbal noun of time or place after the verb. For example:صَامَ العابِدُ اذارَ (the worshiper fasted [in] March.) becomesصیمَ اذارُ (March was fasted.)

• if there is an infinitive after the verb. For example:احتَفَلَ الجمعُ احتفالاً عظیماً (The group rallied, a great rally.) becomesاحتُفِلَ احتفالٌ عَظیمٌ (A great rally was rallied.)

64. The preterite tense passive verb is made from the preterite tense active verb by giving a kasrah to the second to last letter and a dummah to all other letters that have a vowel sign already. For example:أکَلَ (he ate) becomesأُکِلَ (it was eaten) orاِستَقَبَلَ (he faced) becomesاُستُقبِلَ (it was faced).

65. The aorist tense passive verb is made from the aorist tense active verb by giving the first letter a dummah and the second to last letter a fathah. For example:یَعلَمُ (he knows) becomesیُعلَمُ (it is known) orیَکتُبُ (he writes) becomesیُکتَبُ (it is being written

Divisions of Nouns

66. What is a noun?

67. What are the different types of nouns?

68. What is a conjugational noun?

69. How many types of conjugational nouns are there?

70. What is an unnonated noun?

71. How many unnonated nouns are there?

72. What is an apolistic noun?

73. What is a derived noun?

74. What is a relative clause noun?

75. How many types of relative clause nouns are there?

76. How many types of apolistic adjectives are there?

77. How many types of derived adjectives are there?

78. How many types of derived generic nouns there?

79. What is an adjective?

80. How many types of adjectives are there?

81. What adjectives are apolistic?

82. How many adjectives are derived?

66. A noun is a word that indicates a complete meaning that is not conditioned with time. For example:ورقه (paper)یوسف (Yusuf)اکرامٌ (to call noble).

67. A noun is conjugational, unnonated, apolistic or derived.

68. A conjugational noun is a noun like the wordمدینة (city) which could be put into the dual formمَدینتانِ (two cities), the plural formمُدنٌ (cities), the diminutive formمُدَینَةٌ (a small city) and the possessive formمَدَنيٌ (my city).

69. There are two types of conjugational nouns: relative clause nouns and adjectives.

70. An unnonated noun is a noun that stays in one state, it does not become dual, plural, and diminutive or possessive.

71. There are six types of unnonated nouns: pronounهو (he), demonstrative pronounهذا (this), conjunctالذي (that), interrogative pronounمَن (who), conditional nounمَهما (where), and an adverbal noun of time or placeحَیثُ (when).

72. An apolistic noun is a noun that is not derived from a verb. For example:رَجُل (man) andیوسف (Yusuf).

73. A derived noun is a noun that is derived from a verb. For example:اکرامٌ (to call noble) is derived from the verbأکرَمَ (he called noble) andمَطبَخٌ (kitchen) is derived from the nounطَبَخَ (he cooked).

74. A relative clause noun is a noun that can be described by another word. For exampleرجل (man),شخرة (tree) andاکرامٌ (to call noble).

75. Relative clauses can either be derived or apolistic.

76. There are two types of apolistic relative clause nouns: a proper noun -دمشق (Damascus) and an apolistic generic noun -ثعلب (fox).

77. There are two types of derived relative clause nouns: an infinitive -بِناء (to build) and a derived generic noun -مَلعَب (playground).

78. There are two types of derived generic nouns: an adverbial noun of time or place -مَجلِس (meeting) or an instrumental noun -مِفتاح (key).

79. An adjective is a word related to a relative clause noun that describes its condition.

80. There are two types of adjectives: derived and apolistic.

81. Apolistic adjectives are possessive. For example:عَرَبيٌّ (Arabic)

82. There are five kinds of derived adjectives: The actor form, the objective compliment, the exaggerated form, the adjective form, comparative/superlative form.

Proper and Generic Nouns

83. What is a proper noun?

84. What is a generic noun?

85. How many types of generic nouns are there?

86. List the derived generic nouns.

87. What is a noun of place?

88. What is a noun of time?

89. How is a noun of place/time formed from a triliteral verb?

90. How is a noun of place/time formed from a verb with more than three letters?

91. What is an instrumental noun?

92. How is an instrumental noun formed?

83. A proper noun is a noun that denotes a specific person, animal or place. For example:إبراهیم (Abraham),بارود (bārūd, the name of a horse) andدمشق (Damascus).

84. A generic noun is a noun that denotes, in an unspecific way, all people, animals or things that fall under one species. For example:رَجُلٌ (man),کَلبٌ (dog) andمدینةٌ (city).

85. There are two types of generic nouns: derived and apolistic.

86. The derived generic nouns are: nouns of place/time and instrumental nouns.

87. A noun of place is a form that indicates the place that an action took place. For example:مَطبَخ (kitchen).

88. A noun of time is a form that indicates the time that an action took place. For example:مَغرِب (evening).

89. A time/place noun is formed from a triliteral verb in the following forms:

1.مَفعَل for verbs whose second root letter has a dummah in the aorist tense, for exampleیَطبُخُ (he is cooking) becomesمَطبَخ (kitchen), for verbs whose second root letter has a fathah in the aorist tense, for example:یَذبَحُ (he is slaughtering) becomesمَذبَح (slaughterhouse) and for verbs whose third root letter is a weak letter, for example:یَرمي (he is shooting) becomesمَرمیَ (gun range).

2.مَفعِل for verbs whose second root letter has a kasrah in the aorist tense, for example:یَضرِبُ (he is hitting) becomesمَضرِب (camp site).

90. The time/place nouns are formed from verbs that have more than three letters by using their passive aorist tense form and substituting the aorist letter with a mīm with a dummah. For example:یُستَشفیَ (a cure was sought) becomesمُستَسفیَ (hospital).

91. An instrumental noun is a form that indicates the thing that the action was performed with. For example:مِبرَد (file).

92. Instrumental nouns are taken from transitive triliteral verbs. There are three forms that they have:

1.مِفعَل : for example:مِبرَد (file)

2.مِفعَلَة : for example:مِکنَسَة (broom)

3.مِفعال : for example:مِفتاح (key)

Infinitives

93. What is an infinitive?

94. How is an infinitive formed from triliteral verbs without increase letters?

95. How is an infinitive formed from triliteral verbs with increase letters?

96. How is an infinitive formed from quadriliteral verbs without increase letters?

97. How is an infinitive formed from quadriliteral verbs with increase letters?

98. Are there infinitives for verbs that have not been mentioned?

99. How is a mīmī infinitive formed from triliteral verbs?

100. How is a mīmī infinitive formed from verbs with more than three letters?

93. An infinitive is a noun that indicates a state or action without indicating its time. For exampleأخذٌ (removal) orتَسلیمٌ (submission)

94. There are many forms for infinitives taken from triliteral verbs without increase letters. They can be found in dictionaries. For example:نَصرٌ (help) andجُلوسٌ (sitting) and many more.

95. There are rules for the infinitives of triliteral verbs with increase letters:

• Form II - the infinitive of form II has the following form:تَفعیل , for example:قَدَّمَ becomesتَقدیم .

• Form III - the infinitive of form III has the following form:مُفاعَلَة , for example:نازَعَ becomesمُنازَعَة

• Form IV -إفعال , for example:أکرَمَ becomesإکرام

• Form V -تَفَعُّل , for example:تَأخَّرَ becomesتأخُّر

• Form VI -تَفاعُل , for example:تَباعَدَ becomesتَباعُد

• Form VII -اِنفعال , for example:اِنکَسَرَ becomesاِنکَسار

• Form VIII -اِفتِعال , for example:اِجتَمَعَ becomesاِجتِماع

• Form IX -اِفعِلال , for example:اِحمرَّ becomesاِحمِرار

• Form X -اِستِفعال , for example:اِستَرحَمَ becomesاِستِرحام

• Form XII -اِفعیعال , for example:اِحدَودَبَ becomesاِحدیداب

96. The two forms of the infinitive of quadriliteral verbs without increase letters are:فَعلَلَة andفِعلال , for example:دَحرَجَ becomesدَحرَجَة orدِحراج .

97. There are rules for the infinitives of quadriliteral verbs with increase letters:

• Form II -تَفَعلُل , for example:تَدَحرَجَ becomesتَدَحرُج

• Form III -اِفعِنلال , for example:اِحرَنجَمَ becomesاِحرِنجام

• Form IV -اِفعِلال , for example:اِطمَأنَّ becomesاِطمِئنان

98. There is an infinitive for triliteral and quadriliteral verbs with or without increase letters called a mīmī infinitive. It is called this because there is a mīm added to the beginning of it.

99. The mīmī infinitive is formed from triliteral verbs by putting them in the following forms:

•مَفعِل this form is used if the first root letter is a wāw. For example:وَعَدَ (he promised) becomesمَوعِد (promise).

•مَفعَل this from is used in all other cases. For example:أکَلَ (he ate) becomesمَأکَل (food).

100. The mīmī infinitive is formed from verbs with more than three letters by using the passive aorist tense and replacing the aorist letter with a mīm that has a dummah. For example:یُنحَدَرُ (is brought down) becomesمُنحَدَرٌ (fall).

Adjectives: The Active and Passive Participle

101. What is an active particple?

102. How is the active participle formed from triliteral verbs?

103. How is the active participle formed from other than triliteral verbs?

104. What is a passive participle?

105. How is a passive participle formed from triliteral verbs?

106. How is a passive participle formed from other than triliteral verbs?

107. From what type of verbs is the passive participle formed?

108. How many derived nouns are there that have more than three letters and one form?

101. The active participle is a form that indicates the performer of an action. For example:ضارِب (hitter).

102. The active participle is formed from triliteral verbs in the form ofفاعل . For exampleدَرَسَ (he studied) becomesدارِس (studier).

103. The actor form is formed from other than triliteral verbs by putting the verb in the active aorist tense and substituting the aorist letter with a mīm that has a dummah and giving the second to last letter a kasrah. For example:یُکرِمُ becomesمُکرِمٌ

104. The passive participle is a form that indicates what received an action. For exampleمَضروبٌ (the hit).

105. The passive participle is formed from triliteral verbs in the form ofمفعول . For example:کَتَبَ becomesمَکتُوبٌ

106. The passive participle is formed from other than triliteral verbs by putting the verb in the passive aorist tense and substituting the aorist letter with a mīm that has a dummah. For example:یُقَدُّمُ becomesمُقَدَّمٌ .

107. The passive participle is formed from transitive verbs, either transitive by themselves or verbs that are made transitive by a preposition.

108. The passive participle, mīmī infinitive and the time/place nouns that are formed from a verb with more than three letters all have the same form. They are differentiated by their meanings.

The Adjective

109. What is an adjective?

110. How is an adjective formed from a triliteral verb?

111. How is an adjective formed from a triliteral verb that indicates a color, defect or decoration?

112. How is an adjective formed from a non-triliteral verb?

109. An adjective is a form derived from an intransitive verb that slightly indicates an actor, except that it does not indicate the action of the actor, rather it indicates an established characteristic of the actor. For example:وَلَدٌ حَسَنٌ (a nice boy) orرَجُلٌ کَریمٌ (an honorable man). These adjectives are established characteristics found in the boy and man.

110. There is no rule in forming adjectives from triliteral verbs. They are formed in numerous forms. For example:طاهر (purified),عطشان (thirsty) andظریف (delicate).

111. The adjective formed from triliteral verbs that indicate color, defect or decoration is put into the formأفعل . For example:أسمَرالوَجه (a brown face),أعمیَ القَلبِ (a blind heart) andأهیَفُ القَد (a slender physique).

112. The adjective is formed from non-triliteral verbs by using the active participle form.

The Forms of Exaggeration

113. What are the forms of exaggeration?

114. How are the forms of exaggeration formed?

115. What do the forms fa'ūl and fa'īl mean?

116. What rule applies to the fa'ūl form and the noun it describes?

117. What rule applies to the fa'īl form and the noun it describes?

113. The forms of exaggeration are forms that bring about a change in the active participle to indicate exaggeration. For example:رَحِمَ (he showed mercy) becomesراحِمٌ (the merciful) which becomesرَحیمٌ (the very merciful).

114. The exaggeration form is only formed from triliteral verbs, but there is no rule one how to form them. The most famous forms are:

•فَعَّال: جَبَّار (giant)

•فَعَّالة: عَلّامة (high scholar)

•مِفعال: مِفضال (excellent)

•مِفعیل: مِسکین (destitute)

•فِعِّیل: صِدِّیق (very truthful)

•فَعِل: حَذِر (very cautious)

•فعیل: رَحیم (very merciful)

•فَعول: کَذوب (big liar)

115. The forms fa'ūl and fa'īl are used to indicate an actor or objective compliment. For example:رَسول is the same asمُرسَل andرَحیم is the same asرَاحِم .

116. The rule that applies to the form fa'ūl and the noun it describes is different depending on its meaning:

• If it has the meaning of an objective compliment it follows the noun it describes in gender. For example:هذا رَسول (this male messenger) andهذه رَسولَة (this female messenger).

• If it has the meaning of an actor it remains masculine even if the noun it is describing is feminine. For example:جاءَ الأبُ الحنونُ (the loving father came) andجائتَ الأُمُّ الحنونُ (the loving mother came). This is only the case if the described word is mentioned, if it is implied the adjective must follow the described word in gender. For example:جاءَ الحنونُ و الحنونَةُ (the loving [father] and the loving [mother] came).

117. The rule that applies to the form fa'īl and the noun it describes is different depending on its meaning:

• If it has the meaning of an actor it follows the noun it describes in gender. For example:هذا شَفیقٌ و هذه شَفیقةٌ (this male compassionate person and this female compassionate person).

• If it has the meaning of an objective compliment it remains masculine even if the noun it is describing is feminine. For example:جاءَ رجلٌ جَریحٌ (an injured man came) andجائت امرأةٌ جَریحٌ (an injured woman came). This is only the case if the described word is mentioned, if it is implied the adjective must follow the described word in gender. For example:جاءَ جَریحٌ و جَریحَةٌ (the injured [man] and the injured [woman] came).