Alhassanain(p) Network for Heritage and Islamic Thought

101. Verbs of Beginning. Past tense verbs like بَدأ ، أخَذَ ، جَعَلَ  

Verbs of Beginning. Past tense verbs like بَدأ ، أخَذَ ، جَعَلَ   may be used with a following verb in the present indicative. Both verbs agree with the subject which, if expressed, should be placed between them, as in:

بَدأ الناسُ يَتـَحَدَّثونَ عَنْ وَضع ِ الأطفال ِ في العِراق ِ.

The people began to talk about the situation of children in Iraq.

102. The Active Participle  إسمُ الفاعِل

In general, the meaning of the active participle is "performing/having performed" the action indicated by the verb. The English equivalent is commonly (a) an adjective ending in -ing, as in:

  (a)  النـِّساءُ السَّاکناتُ في هذِهِ الشـَّقـَّةِ طالِباتٌ

The women living in this apartment are students.

In addition, a great many Active Participles have taken on specific concrete meanings and are used as (b) ordinary nouns such as:

  (b)  کاتِبٌ ، عامِلٌ ، طالِبٌ ، حاکِمٌ ، باحِثٌ ، ساکِنٌ

The third possible use of the active participle is what the Arab Grammarians callthe circumstantial or Haal Construction.

حَضَرَتِ الطالبَة ُ إلی الصَّفِّ حامِلـَة ً کَتـُبَها .

   The student (f) came to class carrying her book.

103. The Derivation of the Active Participle.

The Active Participle derivation pattern for verb Form I is usuallyفاعِل . For the other forms (II-X), the pattern is to prefix (مـُ ) to the stem. The stem vowel on the second radical is always Kasra. An exception to that is for pattern IX, which has to be FatHa. Notice the following examples:

 (IV   ،  مُقبـِل ( (III)  ، مُساعِد(II)  مُدرِّس

 (VII) ، مَنصَرِف  ) VI)  ، مُتراسِل (V) مُتکـَلـِّم   

(X) مُستـَقبـِل     ، (IX)  ، مُحمَرّ (VIII)  مُستـَمِع

104. The nouns  أبٌ and  أخٌ 

The nouns  أبٌ and  أخٌ  will take long vowel markers instead of the usual short vowels. This usage is restricted to two conditions: (a) as a first term of Idaafa or (b) when a possessive pronoun is attached to either of them.

 (a) قابَلني أبو جاري.

قابَلتُ أبا جاري.

سَلـَّمتُ علی أبي جاري.

(b)    قابَلني أبوها.

 قابَلتُ أباها.

 سَلـَّمتُ علی أبيها.

105. The Haal Construction الحال

As indicated earlier the active participle can be used in the Haal Construction. It has to be indefinite and in the accusative case. It has to agree with the modified noun in number and gender. Also, you need to remember that theHaal could be a clause. Notice how the following sentence can be expressed.

حضَرَتِ الطالِبَة ُ إلی الصَّفِّ حامِلـَة ً کـُتـُبَها.

    The student (f) came to class carrying her book.

1. حضَرَتِ الطالِبَة ُ إلی الصَّفِّ وهي تـَحمِلُ کـُتـُبَها.

2. حضَرَتِ الطالِبَة ُ إلی الصَّفِّ تـَحمِلُ  کـُتـُبَها.     

You might have noticed that the verb of the Haal Clause has to be in the present indicative mood. Because the verb حَمَلَ is transitive, the active participle derived from it would take an object. That is why the nounکـُتـُبَها in the sentence above is in the accusative case.

Obviously, if a verb is intransitive, such as   ضَحِكَ , the active participlewill not require an object. Check the following sentence:

حَضَرَتِ الطالِبَة ُ إلی الصَّفِّ ضاحِکـَة ً.

The student (f) came to class smiling.

You need to remember that whether the Haal Construction  الحال is expressed by a verbal sentence or an equational sentence, the independent pronoun agrees with the noun modified by the .الحال

دَرَسَ العَرَبيَّة َوهو صَغيرٌ.

He studied Arabic while he was little/young.

106. The Passive Participle  إسم المَفعول 

The Passive Participle  إسم المَفعول  is only derived from transitive verbs. The basic meaning of the passive participle is "undergoing or having undergone the action

indicated by the verb." The most common use of the passive participle is as an adjective.

شاهَدتُ السَّيارةَ المَسروقـَة َ أمامَ مَکتبِ البَريدِ.

  I saw the stolen car in front of the post office.

Secondly, it can be used with غَيرُ as a second term of a fake Idaafa.

تَعتبـِرُها الجامِعَة ُ شخصاً غَيرَ مَرغوبٍ فيهِ.

               The university considers her an undesirable person.

Thirdly, it can be used as a a regular noun.

مِنَ المَعروفِ أنَّ العَرَبَ ساهَموا مُساهَمَة ً عَظيمَة ً في الحَضارَةِ الأنسانيَّة ِ.

It is well known that the Arabs have greatly participated  in the world civilization.

107. The Derivation of Passive Participle  إسم المَفعول

You may derive a passive participle for Form I by using the patternمَفعول  . Examples are:

مُدَرِّس ، مَقروء ، مَکتوب ، مُستـَخدَم

For the other forms, you replace the stem Kasra vowel with FatHa, as in:

 مُقابَل ، مُکرَم ، مُحتـَرَم ، مَستـَخدَم

108. Negation Particle  لـَيسَ (Revisited)

In rule # 22, it was mentioned that any form ofلـَيسَ  is used to negate Equational Sentences. We also said in rule # 62 that present tense verbal sentences are negated by usingلا Please check the following sentences:

نـَعرِفُ أنَّ السَّادات کانَ واحِداً من أبطالِ الثورةِ المصريَّةِ.

We know that Sadaat was one of the heros of the Egyptian revolution.

لا نـَعرِفُ أنَّ السَّادات کانَ واحِداً من أبطالِ الثورةِ المصريَّةِ.

We don't know that Sadaat was one of the heros of the Egyptian revolution.

If, however,  the same sentence starts with a pronoun subject, Arabic allows you to negate it with لـَيسَ In fact, this form of negation is pretty strong.

نـَحنُ نـَعرِفُ أنَّ السَّادات کانَ واحِداً من أبطالِ الثورةِ المصريَّةِ.

لـَسنا نـَعرِفُ أنَّ السَّادات کانَ واحِداً من أبطالِ الثورةِ المصريَّةِ.

109. The Accusative of Distinction (Revisited)  ألتمييز .

In point # 48 we mentioned that کـَم , which means "how many," should always be followed by an idefinite noun

in the accusative case. Arab Grammarians called this nounالتمييز العَدَدي "The Distinction of Number." Consider the following example:

قـَرأتُ عِشرينَ کِتاباً خِلالَ العُطلـَةِ.

    I read twenty books during the break.

The underlined word could be articles, reports, magazines, charts, etc.

There is another form of this accusative noun which deals with kind/type. It is called      .التمييز النوعي Usually it is an indefinite singular noun/verbal noun which has the meaning of "with respect to, in terms of, as to," and thus involves some level of comparison.

هي أکثرُ الطلابِ استِعداداً للأمتحانِ.

As to preparedness for the exam, she is the most among all students.

However, it is not necessary that the accusative of distinction is limited to expressing comparison. Consider the following sentence:

مَلأتِ الأمُّ البَيتَ سَعادَةً.

The mother filled the house (with) happiness.

110. Particles of Exception  أدوات الأستثناء

This category includes:

إلاَّ ، عَدا ، حاشا ، سِوی ، خَلا

A noun that follows any of the above has to be in the accusative case. Examples are:

a. with an intransitive verb:

جاءَ الطلابُ إلاَّ خالِداً.

The students came, except for Khalid.

b. with a transitive verb:

زارَ الطلابُ المَتحَفَ إلاَّ خالداً

The students visited the museum, except for Khalid.

However, if the verb is negated and the semantics of the sentence imply that the noun which followsإلاَّ is the one who performed the verb's act, then Arabic allows you to put that noun in the nominative case.

لـَمْ يَذهَبِ الطلابُ إلی المَتحَفِ إلاَّ خالدٌ.

The students did not go to the museum, except for Khalid.

111. The Accusative of Purpose  المفعول لأجله   

The Accusative of Purpose  المفعول لأجله   is an indefinite, singular verbal noun in the accusative case. It gives information about why the action/verb is done. It can always be an answer to the question word .لماذا Consider the following sentences:

قامَ الطلابُ.

The students stood up.

لِماذا قامَ الطلابُ؟

Why did the students stand up?

قامَ الطلابُ احتِراماً للأستاذِ.

The students stood up in respect for the professor.

112. The Absolute Negation.

It was mentioned earlier that one has to use some form of لَيسَ to negate the Arabic equational sentence. However, Arab grammarians have also defined a rather "strong" semantic environment where you have to useÍ   instead. They called this method لا النافية للجِنس . Check the following examples:

1. There is a man in the house.             في البَيتِ رَجُلٌ.

2. There is no man in the house.لـَيسَ في البَيتِ رَجُلٌ.

3. There is a no man in the house.   لا رَجُلَ في البَيتِ.

Functional Arabic Verbs List

Depending on the type of the verb used in a sentence, there are three patterns of Arabic Verbal Sentences.

 1. Basically, a transitive verb needs an object, and the pattern is:

(Option. Adv. Ph. 3) +(Op. Adv. 2) +(Op. Adv. Ph. 1) + Object + Subject+ Verb

طَبَخَت والدتي وَجبَة ً لذيذةٍبسُرعَةٍ (في مَطبَخِها)قَبلَ ساعَةٍ .

                                 1            2              3

My mother cooked a delicious meal in her kitchen an hour ago.

Optional means that you can have 1, 2 ,3,  or NONE of those adverbial phrases. The order depends on what you want to emphasize. The most important comes last.

2. An intransitive verb does not need an object, and the pattern is:

(Op. Adv. Ph. 3) +(Op. Adv. 2)+(Op. Adv. Ph. 1) + Subject+ Verb

جَلسَتْ اُختي وَحيدَة ً في غُرفتِها طولَ اليَومِ.

My sister sat by herself in her room all day long.

3. If the intransitive verb takes a preposition the pattern is:

(Op. Adv. Ph. 1) + Object of the Prep. + Preposition + Subject+ Verb

ذهَبَ أخي إلی المکتـَبَةِ مَنذ ُ ساعَةٍ.

My brother went to the library since an hour.

Please note the following :

* Indicates a "sick verb" which means that there is a long vowel among the 3 Radical Letters of its root.

** Indicates a double end "Shadda Verb."

Both types behave a little bit different from the regular verbs when they are conjugated to the various subject pronouns.

to travel  سافـَر1

 to eat  أکَـَل2

 to meet  قابَل3

 to write کـَتـَب4

 to drink شَرِب5

to ask سأل6

 to read. قـَرَأ  7

 to work, do  عَمُل8

 to obtain, get  حَصَل علی9

 to befriend with صادَق/ تَصادق معَ10

  * to buy  .إشتری11

 * to walk مَشی12

 to talk with  تَحَدَّثَ / تکـَلـَّم مَعَ13

 to talk about عَن    تَحَدَّثَ / تکـَلـَّم 14

  to hear سَمِع15

  to listen to  إستـَمَع إلی16

 to learn  عَلِمَ17

to learn sth.  تعلـَّم 18

 to play  لـَعِب19

  to go   ذَهَب20

      to leave تَرَك21

 to run  رَكَـَض22

 to ride  رَکِب23

 * to drive, lead  قاد24

 to cook  طـَبَخ25

 * to sleep  نام26

 *to wake up  صحا27

 **to shower  إستحَمَّ28

to welcome, receive someone   رَحَّب29

 to see, watch  شاهَد30

 to carry  حمَل31

to move, transfer نقل32

 to go up صَعد33

 to go down  نزل34

 to rent  إستأجر35

 to spend  صَرَف36

 to exchange (currency)  صَرَّف37

 * to stand up  وَقف38

 to sit down  جَلس39

 to dance  رَقص40

 * to sing  غنـَّی41

 to help, assist  ساعَد42

 to begin, start  بَدَأ43

 to complete, finish  أکمَل44

 to argue تَناقش 45

 to discuss  ناقش 46

 to look for  .بَحَث عن47

  * to fly  طار48

 to book, reserve حَجَز49

 to laugh ضَحِك50

 * to cry بکی51

 ** to like, love  أحبَّ52

 to hate   کَرِه53

* to visit  زار54

 to marry  تزوَّج55

 to elect  إنتخَب56

 to become sick  مَرِض57

to feel, sense  شَعَر58

to swim  سَبَح59

   to hug, embrace  حَضَن60

 to kiss  قبَّل61

 to open  فتح62

 to close  أغلق63

  to hit  ضَرَب64

 to jump قـَفـَز65

 to be informed  اُخبـِر66

 to teach دَرَّس ، عَلـَّم 67

  to wear  لَبِس68

  to take off   خَلَع69

  to drink  شَرِب70

 to answer  أجاب71

  to correspond with  تَراسَل72

 to be angry with  غَضِب مِن/علی73

 to compete with  تَنافَس74

 to take  أخَذ75

 * to give  أعطی76

 to author   ألـَّف77

 to steal  سَرَق78

 

to think  فـَکـَّر79

 to believe  إعتَقَد80

 to immigrate  هاجَر81

 to attack  هاجَم82

 to live, reside  سَکن83

to graduate  تخَرَّج84

 to advertise, announce  أعلن85

   to smile  إبتَسَم86

 to use  إستعمُل87

 to employ  إستَخدَم88

 to mention  ذَکـَر89

 to remember   تذَکـَّر90

to assemble, meet   إجتَمَع91

*to borrow (not money)  إستعار92

to introduce   قدَّم93

to imagine  تصَوَّر94

to preserve, maintain  حافَظ علی95

** to solve  حَلَّ96

 to escape  هَرَب97

** to continue  واصَل98

 to greet   سَلـَّم علی99

* to arrive   وصَل100

* to find      101. وَجَد 

* to promise   102. وَعَد

* to invite   103. دعا

  to recover  104. إسترجَع

* to act cruely, to be harsh   قسا105

* to walk  مَشی106

 * to return عاد 107

*to  forget  نسي108

to criticize  إنتـَقـَد109

to influence, affect  أثـَّر110

to exit   خَرَج111

to enter  دَخَل112

to scream, shout  صَرَخ113

to whisper  هَمَس114

to cross  عَبَر115

to express   عَبَّر عَن116

*to say  قال117

*to buy  إشتری118

*to complain  شکا119

*to grow  نَما120

to win  رَبِح121

to lose  خَسِر122

to participate  شارَك123

*to fast   صام124

*to pray  صَلـَی125

*to build  بَنی126

to demolish, tear down   هَدَم127

to convert to Islam  أسلـَم 128

to surrender إستسلـَم 129

**to settle down  إستـَقـَرّ130

to be able تـَمَکـَّن131

to please   أفرَح132

to make happy   أسعَد133

to raise an issue  أثار134

*to add  أضاف135

to demand  طالـَب136

to happen  حَدَث137

*to remain, stay  بَقي138

to try  حاوَل139

*to be  کان140

to take place, occur  حَدَث141

to exert   بَذل142

to apologize  إعتذ َر143

*to want   تَمنـَّی144

**to respond  رَدّ145

to do   عَمِل146

to accept   قـَبـِل147

to decline, refuse رَفـَض148

to lose   فـَقـَد149

to expose   کَشـَف150

to push, pay   دَفـَع151

to deal with a matter, to eat a meal  تـَناوَل152

to discover إکتـَشَف153

*to repeat  أعاد154

to supervise   راقـَب155

to encourage  شَجَّع156

to lie  کذب157

to prefer  فـَضَّـل158

to trust  وَثِق159

**to continue  إستمَرّ160

*to accept وافق 161

**to decrease  قـَلّ162

*to increase إزداد 163

to appear ظهَر 164

to save  أنقـَذ165

to pressure  ضَغـَط علی166

*to come جاء 167

to differ  إختـَلـَف168

**to doubt  شَكّ169

to understand  فـَهِم170

to serve  [ خَدَم171

*to describe  وَصَف172

 **to think, believe  ظـنّ173

to wait   إنتـَظـَر174

to be late  تأخَّر175

to surprise  فاجأ176

to bother, harrass  أزعَج177

to calculate, assume    خَمَّن178

*to indicate  أشار إلی179

  to include   شَمِل180

 *to manage, direct     أدار181

to get closer   إقتـَرَب182

to accuse    إتـَّهَم183

to exceed     تـَجاوز184

to explain     شَرَح185

to define    حَدَّد186

to achieve, investigate     حَقـَّق187

to be exposed  إنکشَف188

to expect  توَقـَّع189

to carry out, execute  نـَفـَّذ190

to wonder, question oneself  تَساءَل191

*to stroll, walk around    تَمَشـَّی192

to succeed  نـَجَح193

to fail  فَشِل194

to commit a mistake, crime  إرتـَکـَب195

to honor   أکرَم196

to renew  جَدَّد197

to get angry  غَضِب198

to target إستـَهدف199

to be hesitant, to be spread (rumor)  تَرَدَّد200

to kill  قَتَل201

to wound  جَرِح 202

**to get ready  إستـَعَدّ203

 to allow  204. سَمَح  

to take  205. أخـَذ

to eat  206. أکـَل

to come, attend 207. حَضَر

to study 208. دَرَس

to mention 209. ذَکـَر

*to visit 210. زار

to live, reside 211. سَکـَن

to write 212. کـَتـَب

*to live 213. عاش

*to be absent 214. غاب 

to spend the night, evening 215. سَهَر

to memorize 216. حَفِظ

to wear 217. لـَبـِس

to play 218. لـَعِب

to smoke 219. دَخـَّن

to change sth. 220. غَـيَّر

to help 221. ساعَد

to travel 222. سافـَر

to be late  223. تـَأخَّر

to be busy 224. إنشَغـَل

to meet, assemble 225. إجتـَمَع

to move to 226. إنتـَقـَل إلی

to rent 227. إستأجَر

to welcome  228. إستـَقبَل

to leave  229. تَرَك

to occupy 230. إحتـَلّ