Lessons In Islamic Jurisprudence

This book is corrected and edited by Al-Hassanain (p) Institue for Islamic Heritage and Thought

Author: Ayatullah Muhammad Baqir as-Sadr
Translator: Roy Parviz Mottahedeh
Publisher: Oneworld Publications
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ISBN: 1-85168-324-0
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Preface
Introduction
The Nature of Islamic Law
The Historical Development of Islamic Law
The Nature of Islamic Jurisprudence
Reason and Convention
Medieval Western Law and Islamic Law
The Life of Sadr
Notes
1- Characterization of Jurisprudence
A Preliminary Word
Characterization of Jurisprudence
The Subject-Matter of Jurisprudence
The Discipline of Jurisprudence is the Logic of Legal Understanding
The Importance of the Discipline of Jurisprudence in the Practice of Derivation
Jurisprudence is to Legal Understanding as Theory is to Application
The Interaction Between Legal-Understanding Thought and Jurisprudential Thought
The Permissibility of the Process of Deriving Divine-Legal Rulings
2- Substantiating Arguments
The Divine-Law Ruling and its Subdivision
The Division of Rulings into Injunctive and Declaratory
Categories of the Injunctive Ruling
Areas of Discussion in the Discipline of Jurisprudence
Division of the discussion according to types
[Probativity of assurance is] the element common to both types
Type 1: substantiating arguments
Subdivisions of the discussion
1. The divine-law argument
A. The Verbal Divine-Law Argument (“Signification”)
Introduction
What “Designation” and “Lexical Connection” Are
What is “Use”?
Literal Speech and Figurative Speech
The Figurative is Sometimes Turned into the Literal
The Classification of Language into Substantive and Relational Meanings
The Form of the Sentence
The Complete Sentence and the Incomplete Sentence
The Lexical Signified and the Assentable Signified
Declarative and Performative Sentences
Significations Which Jurisprudence Discusses
i- The Form of the Imperative
ii. The Prohibitive Form of the Verb
iii. Absolute Expression
iv. Particles of Generality
v. The Particle of the Conditional
The Probativity of the Prima-Facie Meaning
Applications of the Principle of the Probativity of the Prima-facie Sense to Verbal Arguments
The Connected and Independent Context
Establishing the Source
B. The Non-Verbal Divine-Law Argument
Rational Arguments: the Study of Rational Connections
Subdivision of the Discussion
i. The Connection between Mandatory and Prohibited
ii. Does Prohibitedness Require Invalidation?
Connections Arising Between a Ruling and Its Subject
Promulgation and Actuality
The Subject of a Ruling
Connections Between a Ruling and its Dependent Object
Connections Arising Between a Ruling and its Necessary Preliminaries
Connections Within A Single Ruling
3- Procedural Principles
Introduction
1. The Fundamental Procedural Principle [Precaution]
2. The Secondary Procedural Principle
3. The Principle of the Inculpatoriness of Non-specific Knowledge
The inculpatoriness of non-specific knowledge
The analytical resolution of non-specific knowledge
Occasions of hesitation
4. The Presumption of Continuity
The previous condition of certainty
Doubt concerning persistence
Unity of the subject and the presumption of continuity
4- The Conflict of Arguments
1. Conflict Between Substantiating Arguments
The case of conflict between two verbal arguments
Other situations of conflict
2. Conflict Between [Procedural] Principles
3. Conflict Between the Two Types of Argument
Analytical Summary by the Translator
1. Characterization of Jurisprudence
1. AN INTRODUCTORY WORD
2. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DISCIPLINE OF JURISPRUDENCE
3 THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF JURISPRUDENCE
4. JURISPRUDENCE IS “THE LOGIC OF LEGAL UNDERSTANDING”
5. THE IMPORTANCE OF JURISPRUDENCE IN THE PROCEDURE OF DERIVATION
6. JURISPRUDENCE IS TO LEGAL UNDERSTANDING AS THEORY IS TO APPLICATION
7. THE INTERACTION OF JURISPRUDENTIAL THOUGHT AND LEGAL-UNDERSTANDING THOUGHT
8. THE PERMISSIBILITY OF THE PRACTICE OF DERIVATION
2. Substantiating Arguments
9. THE LEGAL RULING: DEFINITION AND SUBDIVISIONS
9a. The Division of Legal Rulings into “Injunctive” and “Declaratory”
9b. Categories of Injunctive Rulings Injunctive rulings are classified as
Part Two - Topics Investigated by Jurisprudence
10. DIVISION OF THE DISCUSSION ACCORDING TO TYPES
11. THE COMMON ELEMENT IN BOTH TYPES OF DERIVATION IS ASSURANCE
12. TYPE I: SUBSTANTIATING ARGUMENTS
12 a. Subdivision of the Discussion
1 3. DIVINE-LAW EVIDENCE
13 a. Part One: Verbal Divine-Law Evidence 13al. Signification
13ala. Introduction
13alb. About “Designation” and “Linguistic Connection”
13alc. About “Use”
13ald. “Literal” and “figurative”
13ale. Figurative May Become Literal
13aIf. Language Distinguishes “Substantive” and “Relational”Meanings
13alg. The Shape of the Sentence
13alh. Complete and Incomplete Sentences
13ali. The Lexical Signified and the Assentable Signified
13alj. Declarative and Performative Sentences
13alk. The Significations That Jurisprudence Considers
13a2. Probativity of the Prima Facie
13a2b. “Conjunct” and “Disjunct” Contexts
13a3. Establishing the Source
14. NON-VERBAL ARGUMENT IN DIVINE LAW
15. RATIONAL ARGUMENTS
15a. The Study of Rational Connections
15b. Subdivision of the Discussion
15c. Rational Connections Between Different Rulings
15cl. The Polarity of Mandatory and Prohibited
15c2. Does Prohibitedness Require Invalidation of a Contract?
15d. Relations Between a Ruling and its “Subject”
15dl. Promulgation and Actuality
15d2. The Subject of a Ruling
15e. Connections Between a Ruling and its “Dependent Object”
15f. Connections Between a Ruling and its “Necessary Preliminaries”
15g. Connections Within a Single Ruling
3. Procedural Principles
16. INTRODUCTION
17. THE BASIC PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLE
18. THE SECONDARY PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLE
19. THE INCULPATORINESS OF NON-SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE
19a. Introduction
19b. Inculpatoriness of Non-Specific Knowledge
19c. Resolution of Non-Specific Knowledge
19d. Occasions of Hesitation
20. THE PRESUMPTION OF CONTINUITY
20a. The Previous Condition of Certainty
20b. Doubt Concerning Persistence
20c. Unity of the Subject and the Continuity Presumption
4. Conflict of Arguments
21. THE CONFLICT OF ARGUMENTS
21a. Conflict Between Substantiating Arguments
21al. Conflict of Verbal Substantiating Arguments
21a2. Other Situations of Conflict
21b. Conflict Between Procedural Principles
21c. Conflict Between the Two Types of Argument
Glossary
Absolute expression ('itldq)
Account (khabar pi. 'akhbdr)
Actuality (fi'liyya)
Analogy (qiyds)
Argument (dalil pi. 'adilla)
Articulation, divine (khitab)
Assent, assentable (tasdiq, tasdiqt)
Assurance (qat’)
Assured (qat'i)
Chain (of transmission of hadith) ('isndd)
Clear Statement (baydn)
Common usage ('urf[n.] 'urfi [adj.])
Conditional [particle] (['adat ash-] sharp)
Conduct of reasonable people (sira 'uqald'iyya)
Conjecture (zanri)
Conjunctive context (qarina muttasila)
Consensus ('ijmd')
Context (qarina)
Continuity, presumption of (istishab)
Declarative sentence (jumla khabariyya)
Declaratory ruling (hukm wad'i)
Deficient argument (daltl naqis)
Dependent object [of a ruling] (muta'allaq [al-hukm])
Derivation, to derive (istinbdt)
Designation (wad')
Detailed Knowledge {'Urn tafsili)
Discretionary Opinion (istihsdri)
Dispensation (rukhsa)
Divine law (shari'a [n.] sharH [adj.] shar'an [adv.])
Dogmatic belief ('aqida)
Doubt, doubtful (shakk, mashkuk)
Engagement (ishtighal)
Enjoin, injunction (faklif)
Evidence (hujjd)
Exculpatoriness (mu'adhdhiriyya)
Exemption (bard'a)
Explicit (mantuq)
Fifth, tax of one-fifth (khums)
Figurative [use of language] (majdz [n.], majdzi[ad).])
Friday prayer (saldt al-jum'a)
Generalization, generality ('umum)
Hadith (hadith)
Hierarchical subordination (ta'akhkhur rutbt)
Ijtihad (ijtihdd)
Imam {'imam pi. 'a'imma)
Imperative [verb form] ('amr)
Implicit (mafhum)
Inculpatoriness (munajjiziyya)
Indeterminate (mujmat)
Indication ('amdra)
Infallible person (ma'mm)
Inference (istidldt)
Injunctive ruling (hukm taklifi)
Integrating [phrase/clause/sentence] ([jumla] indimdjiyyd)
Intention (niyya)
Intention in use ('irdda isti'mdliyyd)
Intention to be serious ('irdda jiddiyya)
'Iqamah ('iqdmd)
Jurisconsult (mujtahid)
Jurisprudence ('usul al-fiqh)
Jurist (faqih)
The Lawgiver (ash-Shari*)
Legal agent (mukallaj)
Legal understanding (fiqh)
Lexical (lughawt)
Limit (ghdya)
Linguistic connection ('aldqa lughawiyyd)
Literal (haqiqt)
Necessary preliminary (muqaddama)
Non-specific knowledge {Him Hjmdll)
Opinion (ra'y )
Optional choice (takhyir)
Overruling (hakim)
Passage (siyaq)
Performative sentence (jumla 'inshd'iyya)
Practical position (maivqif 'amalt)
Precaution {ihtiyat)
Presumption of continuity (istishdb)
Presumptive (zannt)
Prevalence (shuhra)
Prima facie (zdhir [adj.] zuhur [n.])
Primary doubt (shakk badawt)
Priority ('mala)
Probative, probativity (hujji, hujjiyyd)
Procedural principle ('asl 'amali/qd'ida 'amaliyya pi. 'usul/qawd'id 'amaliyya)
Prohibitive [verb form] (nahy)
Promulgation (ja'l)
Prooftext (nass pi. nusus)
Pure, purity (fdhir, tahara )
Reason, rational ('aql [n.], 'aqli [adj.], 'aqlan [adv.])
Relational meaning (ma'nd harfi)
Reliable-source account (khabar ath-thiqa)
Response (fatwd)
Restrict(ion) (taqyid, qayd)
Ruling (hukm pi. 'ahkdm)
Self-evident (badiht)
Self-specifying designation (wad' ta'ayyuni)
Sequence of speech, passage (siydq)
Signification, to signify (dalala)
Single-source account (khabar al-wdhid pi. 'akhbdr al-'dhdd)
Source of law (Wpl. 'usul)
Specifying designation (wad' ta'yint)
Subject [of a ruling] (mawdu' [al-hukm])
Substantiating argument (dalil muhriz pi. 'adilla muhrizd)
Substantive meaning (ma'ndismi)
Succession in existence (fasalsulft l-wujud)
Sunna (sunna)
Tacit consent (taqrir)
Tradition (hadith or khabar pi. 'akhbdr)
Use [in communication] (isti'mdl)
Utterance (lafz pi. 'alfdz)
Wide-scale transmission (tawdtur)
Zihar form of “divorce” (zihdr)
Arabic Terms Mentioned in the Glossary

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